Deck 3: Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Reflexes that are controlled by a reflex arc are very _____ because the neural impulses controlling it _____.

A) intense; are very strong
B) quick; are very strong
C) quick; bypass the brain
D) intense; are integrated at the level of the thalamus

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Newborns tend to display

A) few basic reflexes.
B) several reflexes that grow stronger throughout childhood.
C) some reflexes that disappear within a few years.
D) pseudo-reflexes only.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The _____ response is a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus.

A) orienting
B) startle
C) flexion
D) reflex arc

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Flinching in response to a gunshot is an example of a(n) _____ behavior

A) operant
B) conditioned
C) elicited
D) instrumental

Question 5

When we quickly withdraw our hands from a sharp object, we do so because of messages that are

A) sent through the cerebellum and then routed through the amygdala.
B) routed directly through the spinal cord with no involvement of the brain.
C) sent through the hippocampus and then routed through the thalamus.
D) sent through the amygdala and then routed through the thalamus.

Question 6

The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely

A) automatic.
B) voluntary.
C) covert.
D) unconscious.

Question 7

Yelping in reaction to stubbing your toe is an example of a(n) _____ behavior.

A) instrumental
B) elicited
C) conditioned
D) operant

Question 8

A(n) _____ is a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus

A) fixed action pattern
B) reflex
C) operant
D) conditioned response

Question 9

Many reflexes are closely tied to

A) survival.
B) olfactory behavior.
C) play behavior.
D) social interaction.

Question 10

Many of the simpler reflexes are activated through a(n)

A) engram.
B) neural circuit in the hippocampus.
C) neural circuit in the cerebellum.
D) reflex arc.

Question 11

The _____ response involves the automatic removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot object, while the _____ response is a bodily movement designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus

A) orienting; flexion
B) flexion; orienting
C) flexion; startle
D) startle; flexion

Question 12

Catching a glimpse of a familiar individual out of the corner of your eye is likely to result in a(n)

A) fixed action pattern.
B) flexion response.
C) orienting response.
D) startle response.

Question 13

Which of the following reflexes in a newborn disappear in the baby within a few years?

A) The orienting reflex
B) The sucking reflex
C) The milk-let-down reflex
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 14

The startle response is a defensive reaction to a(n)

A) familiar stimulus.
B) auditory stimulus.
C) unexpected stimulus.
D) sign stimulus.

Question 15

The _____ response is a defensive reaction to an unexpected stimulus, while the _____ response involves the automatic removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot object.

A) orienting; flexion
B) flexion; startle
C) startle; flexion
D) orienting; startle

Question 16

Stepping on a nail is likely to result in a(n)

A) flexion response.
B) orienting response.
C) sign stimulus.
D) fixed action pattern.

Question 17

Which of the following would be considered a reflex?

A) A child avoids a dog that has bitten him.
B) A student studies for long hours to earn a high grade in a course.
C) A dog pricks up its ears at the sound of a car.
D) A cat steps on a treadle to open a gate.

Question 18

A reflex arc consists of the activation of a(n) _____ (in that order).

A) sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
B) motor neuron, interneuron, and sensory neuron
C) sensory neuron, motor neuron, and interneuron
D) interneuron, sensory neuron, and motor neuron

Question 19

Behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede them are called _____ behaviors.

A) smart
B) operant
C) conditioned
D) elicited

Question 20

A _____ is a set sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.

A) fixed action pattern
B) releaser
C) reflex arc
D) flexion response

Question 21

When workers down the street began using a jackhammer, a dog in the surrounding area reacted with fright at the unusual noise. An hour later, however, it was fast asleep, though the noise level remained the same. This is an example of

A) dishabituation.
B) disinhibition.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Question 22

Shock-elicited aggression in rats

A) cannot be modified by experience.
B) is a learned behavior pattern.
C) is more likely to occur in rats that have been trained to be aggressive than those that have not.
D) habituates very quickly with repeated shocks and is not variable.

Question 23

Fixed action patterns have evolved to help animals cope with certain aspects of their environment which, throughout the animals' evolutionary history, have

A) remained largely consistent.
B) been associated with social interaction.
C) been subjected to sudden changes.
D) been subjected to catastrophic changes.

Question 24

A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) inhibition
D) dishabituation

Question 25

The inborn tendency of a dog to scratch dirt after it urinates is an example of a(n)

A) reflex arc.
B) fixed action pattern.
C) conditioned response.
D) operant response.

Question 26

A very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in _____, while an extremely strong vibration (as in an earthquake) is likely to result in _____.

A) sensitization; habituation
B) habituation; sensitization
C) sensitization; disinhibition
D) habituation; dishabituation

Question 27

Becoming accustomed to the ongoing sound of a fan during a three-hour period one afternoon is an example of

A) short-term habituation.
B) long-term habituation.
C) dishabituation.
D) short-term dishabituation.

Question 28

A weakening of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus refers to _____, while a strengthening of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus refers to _____.

A) sensitization; habituation
B) habituation; sensitization
C) an orienting response; a flexion response
D) a flexion response; an orienting response

Question 29

Which of the following is illustrated by a deer's tendency to run in a zigzag manner when being pursued by a predator?

A) A fixed action pattern
B) A reflex arc
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 30

A dog indicating its desire to play by wagging its tail is an example of

A) a reflex arc.
B) a fixed action pattern.
C) adjunctive behavior.
D) operant behavior.

Question 31

The more you clap your hands, the more excited your dog becomes. This scenario is an example of 

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) dishabituation
D) disinhibition

Question 32

In general, a(n) _____ stimulus results in _____.

A) intense; habituation
B) moderate; sensitization followed by habituation
C) weak; sensitization
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 33

A _____ is a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern.

A) releaser
B) sign stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 34

The _____ stimulus for a male stickleback's aggressive actions is not the presence of the other male but the sight of its red underbelly.

A) sign
B) reflex
C) conditioned
D) modal

Question 35

Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is an example of

A) habituation.
B) sensitization.
C) classical conditioning.
D) disinhibition.

Question 36

Fixed action patterns are sometimes also called

A) conditioned responses.
B) reflex arcs.
C) species-specific behaviors.
D) flexion responses.

Question 37

Wesley finds that the creaking sound of chalk on a blackboard sends shivers down his spine. Moreover, the longer the sound persists, the more aversive it becomes. This scenario is as an example of

A) dishabituation.
B) disinhibition.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Question 38

During the spring, an animal engages in a stereotypic dance sequence whenever it sees a female. The female is best described as a ______, while the dance sequence is a ______. 

A) sign stimulus; reflex response
B) sensitizing stimulus; reflex response
C) sign stimulus; fixed action pattern
D) sensitizing stimulus; fixed action pattern

Question 39

The more often you try to attract your cat's attention, the less attention it pays to you. This scenario is an example of

A) habituation.
B) disinhibition.
C) sensitization.
D) compensatory processing.

Question 40

An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) inhibition
D) dishabituation

Question 41

According to the opponent-process theory,

A) the b-process is quick to increase and slow to decrease.
B) the a-process is slow to increase and slow to decrease.
C) the b-process is quick to increase and quick to decrease.
D) the b-process is slow to increase and slow to decrease.

Question 42

In general, you should find it easier to habituate to a _____ than to a _____.

A) low-intensity stimulus; high-intensity stimulus
B) high-intensity stimulus; low-intensity stimulus
C) sting; noise
D) high pitch sound; low pitch sound

Question 43

The Coolidge effect refers to the tendency of males of certain species to become more sexually aroused

A) with repeated presentations of the same female.
B) with presentations of different females.
C) following an aggressive incident.
D) following exposure to a pheromone.

Question 44

If the a-process tends to decrease body temperature, then the b-process will attempt to

A) again decrease body temperature.
B) first increase and then decrease body temperature.
C) first decrease and then increase body temperature.
D) increase body temperature.

Question 45

You hate having your teeth drilled at the dentist's office. According to the opponent-process theory, your heart rate will likely _____ during the drilling. Directly following the drilling, your heart rate will likely _____.

A) rise above normal; return to normal
B) rise above normal; stay above normal
C) rise above normal; drop below normal
D) drop below normal; return to normal

Question 46

During an exam, Vinita eventually stopped noticing that the student next to her was repeatedly sniffling. At one point, however, the lights in the room went off, after which she again noticed the sniffling. The reappearance of her reaction to the sniffling is as an example of

A) sensitization.
B) habituation.
C) dishabituation.
D) disinhibition.

Question 47

According to the opponent-process theory, the duration of the _____ tends to _____ with repeated presentations of the emotional event.

A) b-process; increase
B) a-process; increase
C) b-process; decrease
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 48

The _____ effect refers to the enhanced sexual arousal displayed by the males of some species when presented with _____.

A) Coolidge; different females
B) Kennedy; different females
C) Kennedy; releasing stimuli
D) Coolidge; releasing stimuli

Question 49

Under what conditions would you expect to be able to habituate more readily to a loud stimulus but not a quiet one?

A) If the loud stimulus is novel and the quiet stimulus is well-known
B) If the loud stimulus is natural and the quiet stimulus is artificial
C) If the quiet stimulus is dangerous and the loud stimulus is safe
D) If the quiet stimulus is natural and the loud stimulus is artificial

Question 50

According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, the _____ is elicited by the _____.

A) a-process; emotional event
B) a-process; b-process
C) b-process; a-process
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 51

When you first move to your new home, you are quite bothered by the sound of aircrafts taking off from the military base nearby. After a few weeks, however, it does not bother you anymore. This scenario is an example of

A) short-term habituation.
B) long-term habituation.
C) dishabituation.
D) long-term dishabituation.

Question 52

According to the opponent-process theory,

A) the b-process correlates closely with the emotional event.
B) the a-process mimics the b-process.
C) the a-process correlates closely with the presence of the emotional event.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 53

The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus is called

A) disinhibition.
B) sensitization.
C) delayed sensitization.
D) dishabituation.

Question 54

The process of _____ tends to _____.

A) sensitization; be stimulus specific
B) habituation; generalize to other stimuli
C) sensitization; generalize to other stimuli
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 55

According to the opponent-process theory, an event which produces a strong feeling of happiness is likely to be followed by

A) a period of unhappiness.
B) a brief period of mild happiness.
C) a lingering period of mild happiness.
D) an immediate return to one's normal emotions.

Question 56

The process of _____ tends to _____.

A) habituation; be more stimulus specific
B) sensitization; generalize to other stimuli
C) habituation; generalize to other stimuli
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following low-intensity stimuli would be most difficult to habituate to, and why?

A) The sight of a mosquito due to common bug phobias (that you do not have)
B) The humming of an air-conditioner because it is not a natural sound
C) The sound of running water because it is a natural sound
D) A buzzing mosquito because it is a natural threat

Question 58

According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, the purpose of the b-process is to

A) indicate when learning has occurred.
B) counteract the a-process.
C) facilitate the emotional event.
D) facilitate the a-process.

Question 59

From an evolutionary perspective, what function does habituation serve?

A) Habituation allows us to focus on currently relevant stimuli.
B) Habituation allows us to ignore irrelevant stimuli.
C) Habituation enhances our fight-or-flight responses.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 60

According to the opponent-process theory, following your recovery from a period of sickness, you may feel

A) still worse than normal.
B) normal.
C) better than normal.
D) somewhat angry.

Question 61

Another term for classical conditioning is

A) respondent conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) elicited conditioning.
D) instrumental conditioning.

Question 62

Classical conditioning is also known as

A) Pavlovian conditioning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 63

Who among the following is generally credited with the first systematic investigations into classical conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B. F. Skinner
C) E. B. Twitmyer
D) Clark Hull

Question 64

Many adventure sports, like snowboarding and parasailing, have become quite popular with many people. Which of the following partially accounts for this?

A) The processes of resensitization
B) The opponent-process theory of emotion
C) The processes of dishabituation
D) Conditioned desensitization

Question 65

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome was originally a(n) _____ since it did not elicit salivation.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) neutral response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus

Question 66

In _____, two stimuli are paired together with the result that one of the stimuli comes to elicit a response that it did not originally elicit.

A) dishabituation
B) classical conditioning
C) sensitization
D) operant conditioning

Question 67

Conditioning a rat to display a flexion response to a flash of light is an example of  

A) operant conditioning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 68

In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a dry, inedible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a

A) small amount of slimy saliva.
B) large amount of slimy saliva.
C) small amount of watery saliva.
D) large amount of watery saliva.

Question 69

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome becomes a(n) _____ after conditioning.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) instigating stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) reflexive stimulus

Question 70

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 71

When I see bullies, my feeling of fear is strongest almost immediately after seeing them. This is because

A) the b-process is strongest at the outset.
B) the a-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the b-process.
C) the b-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the a-process.
D) the effects of the a- and b-processes are at that point additive.

Question 72

According to the opponent-process theory, which of the following takes place with repeated presentations of an emotional event?

A) The b-process increases in both strength and duration.
B) The b-process decreases in both strength and duration.
C) The a-process decreases in duration but increases in strength.
D) The a-process increases in both strength and duration.

Question 73

Pavlov began to devote more and more resources to the study of salivary conditioning in dogs

A) after noting that the conditioning seemed to mysteriously come and go.
B) after research confirmed that these secretions could be accurately measured.
C) after he won the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
D) when he realized its importance for the study of psychoanalysis.

Question 74

According to the opponent-process theory, which of the following is likely to happen with repeated presentations of a stimulus that evokes a strong emotional response?

A) The a-process will last longer and become more intense.
B) The b-process will last longer and become more intense.
C) The a-process will become shorter in duration as well as more intense.
D) The b-process will become shorter in duration as well as more intense.

Question 75

In _____, a stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been paired with another stimulus.

A) classical conditioning
B) habituation
C) operant conditioning
D) sensitization

Question 76

In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a moist, edible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a

A) small amount of slimy saliva.
B) large amount of slimy saliva.
C) small amount of watery saliva.
D) large amount of watery saliva.

Question 77

During his study of the digestive process, Pavlov noted that the _____ of saliva could vary depending on the type of substance placed in a dog's mouth.

A) quantity
B) quality
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 78

Pavlov noted that sand in a dog's mouth tended to elicit a

A) small amount of slimy saliva.
B) large amount of slimy saliva.
C) small amount of watery saliva.
D) large amount of watery saliva.

Question 79

At about the same time that Pavlov began investigating classical conditioning in Russia, an American named _____ was also investigating it.

A) William James
B) John B. Watson
C) D. L. Humstead
D) E. B. Twitmyer

Question 80

According to the opponent-process theory, in an abusive relationship, the "honeymoon phase" that often follows an abusive episode

A) is representative of the a-process.
B) is representative of the b-process.
C) will grow stronger with repeated instances of abuse.
D) Both b and c are correct.