Deck 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime

Question 1

A _______________________________ is a survey in which data about all variables related to a given population are collected in order to determine crime rates.

Answer 1

cross-sectional survey

Question 2

A type of survey in which criminals are surveyed to gain a true representation of criminal offending not captured by official measures such as the UCR are called _________________,

Answer 2

self-report surveys

Question 3

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft is known as a ____________________.

Answer 3

Burglary

Question 4

___________________ refers to the fact that as individuals get older, they are less likely to criminally offend.

Question 5

Crimes are cleared in two ways: through arrest, charging, and being turned over to the court or through _________________

Question 6

The ________________________________ requires local law enforcement to provide a brief account of each arrest within 22 categories of crime patterns.

Question 7

Global calculations show that roughly 450,000 people are murdered each year, with over one-third of these deaths occurring in ______________________.

Question 8

Traditionally, about ______________ percent of all reported index crimes are cleared by arrest each year.

Question 9

______________  are those committed by indigent people as a result of legitimate opportunities for economic gain.

Question 10

_________ is referred to as the unlawful attack against another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury

Question 11

In regard to the Uniform Crime Reports, the three areas of concern for validity and reliability issues are law enforcement, reporting practices, and _____________________

Question 12

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's __________________ is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics.

Question 13

Crimes that have no purpose except accomplishing the goal at hand, for instance shooting somebody, are called _______________.

Question 14

Selecting subjects based on their ethnic or racial background is known as ________________________

Question 15

___________________ is referred to as the selection of a limited number of people from a larger group for study.

Question 16

The eight crimes, because of their seriousness and frequency, that the FBI reports on in an annual report and include crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery are referred to as __________________

Question 17

The ___________________ is responsible for compiling the large database of statistics known as the Uniform Crime Report.

Question 18

Most reported crimes occur during the months of August and ______________.

Question 19

A sample of subjects whose behavior is followed over a period of time is referred to as a _______________.

Question 20

The Bureau of Justice Statistics sponsors one of the largest victim-related surveys, known as the ______________________.

Question 21

The best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is known as:

A) The Bell Curve
B) National Crime Victimization Survey
C) Uniform Incident Reporting Systems
D) Uniform Crime Report

Question 22

Because cohort research is extremely difficult and time-consuming, another approach is to take an intact cohort from the past and collect data from their educational, family, police, and hospital records. This research format is known as a/an:

A) reverse cohort study.
B) transplant study.
C) exposition cohort study.
D) retrospective cohort study.

Question 23

The combination of North and South American account for 31% of the world homicides ranking this area _________ worldwide.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) tenth

Question 24

About 2/3s of murders and 40% of robberies include firearms with the weapon of choice most often a:

A) uzi
B) shotgun
C) handgun
D) taser

Question 25

The 1972 landmark research by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Selling was titled ___________________

Question 26

Most crimes occur in July and August with the exception of murder which occurs frequently in

A) ​December and January
B) ​September and October
C) ​February and March
D) ​May and June

Question 27

A research approach that asks participants, often prisoners, to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed:

A) field observation
B) cross-sectional research
C) a self-report survey
D) meta-analysis

Question 28

Which of the following crimes has the highest clearance rate because of arrests?

A) robbery
B) murder
C) motor vehicle theft
D) rape

Question 29

A person who repeatedly commits crime and whose life is centered around criminal activity is referred to as a ________________

Question 30

When measured with UCR data, official statistics indicate that crime rates in inner cities and high poverty areas are generally _______________ compared to wealthier, higher class neighborhoods.

A) higher
B) lower
C) the same
D) too difficult to measure

Question 31

The Richmond, Virginia Police Department used ______ to identify and target locations associated with increased random gunfire during the previous year's New Year's Eve holiday in order to deploy police resources to those areas.

A) dumpster diving
B) meta-analysis
C) data mining
D) systematic review

Question 32

Part I crimes are also referred to as _____________ and include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson, and _____________.

A) indices, embezzlement
B) indices, domestic violence
C) index crimes, larceny
D) index crimes, embezzlement

Question 33

If criminologists want to see the direct effect of one factor on another, such as determining whether playing violent video games will cause players to act aggressively, they conduct:

A) experimental research
B) aggregate data research
C) cohort research
D) survey research

Question 34

Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction between the two is:

A) the ability of the NCVS to identify crimes committed against those under the age of twelve.
B) the ability of the UCR to identify the social dimension of fear.
C) the ability of the UCR to measure unreported crime.
D) the ability of the NCVS to measure unreported crime.

Question 35

Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, especially over time, is termed:

A) sampling
B) cross-sectional research
C) meta-analysis
D) cohort research

Question 36

The assumption that those who commit deviant acts at a young age are more likely to offend as adults is referred to as ________________.

Question 37

According to statistics in the text, how many gang members are in the United States?

A) 100,000
B) 400,000
C) 650,000
D) 800,000

Question 38

A controversial law in the state of ________________________ allows for law enforcement to stop or detain individuals they believe are in violation of immigration laws.

Question 39

The fact that low rates of offending are noticeable with females because of the idea that the criminal justice system treats them lightly is referred to as the _____________________.

Question 40

Which of the following best portrays the validity concern/s which impact data collection methods for the UCR?

A) reporting practices
B) methodological problems
C) reporting practices and law enforcement practices
D) reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices

Question 41

Elderly males (over the age of 65) are primarily arrested more often for __________, while elderly females are arrested for ___________.

A) murder, larceny
B) alcohol-related crimes, larceny
C) larceny, forgery
D) alcohol-related crimes, embezzlement

Question 42

According to recent UCR data, which of the following statements is most true?

A) Teen crime has risen sharply while adult crime has dropped slowly.
B) Teen crime has dropped at a rate of over three to one as compared with adult crime.
C) Teen crime has risen at a rate of nearly four to one as compared with adult crime.
D) No clear difference is noticeable between teen and adult crime rates.

Question 43

This view holds that the best predictor of future criminality is past criminality.

A) continuity of crime
B) delinquent subculture theory
C) racial threat hypothesis
D) early childhood assumption

Question 44

The belief that as the percentage of minorities increases in a population, so does the added attention and stress placed on this group by police presence, is known as _________________.

A) Wendall Holmes theory
B) racial threat hypothesis
C) double marginality hypothesis
D) minority profiling hypothesis

Question 45

The idea that those who offend early in life and commit more serious crimes in adolescence will continue as adults is known as:

A) gender theory
B) the masculinity hypothesis
C) the chivalry hypothesis
D) persistence

Question 46

The belief that lower rates of criminal offending by females can be explained by their second-class standing in society is called:

A) The Citadel hypothesis.
B) Conservative feminist theory.
C) Marxist feminist theory.
D) Liberal feminist theory.

Question 47

Of the cohort studies listed in the text, one of the most important findings is that:

A) people with a history of violence and mental disease are less likely to kill when they use a knife or other weapon.
B) adult offending and juvenile offending are not correlated.
C) persistent juvenile offending is correlated with poor education and less job satisfaction as an adult.
D) persistent juvenile offenders are most likely to continue their criminal careers as adults.

Question 48

The masculine hypothesis, which stated that most female crime was committed by more masculine females who possessed male traits, was developed by:

A) Keith Bell.
B) Paul Klenowski.
C) Cesare Lombroso.
D) Albert Cohen.

Question 49

Because of the amount of disposable income at this time of the month, crime rates may be higher.

A) on the first day of the month
B) on the fifteenth day of the month
C) at the end of the month
D) Crime is consistent throughout the month

Question 50

Which of the following is a characteristic used to predict chronic offending?

A) school-attendance problems
B) patterns of  running away from home
C) childhood sexual abuse
D) all of the above

Question 51

__________ are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger against society.

A) Instrumental crimes
B) Expressive crimes
C) Double marginality crimes
D) Strict-liability crimes

Question 52

For every one murder perpetrated by a female, how many murders are perpetrated by males?

A) three
B) seven
C) eleven
D) fifteen

Question 53

Wolfgang and colleagues' research depicted that a small percentage of the population was responsible for a large percentage of crime. These individuals are known as:

A) chronic offenders.
B) criminal typology offenders.
C) the delinquent subculture.
D) nonutilitarian offenders.

Question 54

Those unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other illegal activities. These activities are known as:

A) instrumental crimes.
B) expressive crimes.
C) double marginality crimes.
D) strict-liability crimes.

Question 55

Policy in which offenders convicted of three felony offenses receive a mandatory life sentence.

A) repeat offender law
B) Megan's law
C) felony persistence law
D) three-strikes law

Question 56

The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers which of the following variables?

A) gender and age
B) social class and economics
C) race and ethnicity
D) season and climate

Question 57

A crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of the following conditions?

A) on an August day with a temperature of 80 degrees
B) on a July day with a temperature of 98 degrees
C) on an April day with a temperature of 78 degrees
D) on a November day with a temperature of 67 degrees

Question 58

The hypothesis that teens and kids commit crime in groups more often than they act individually is known as the:

A) symmetry hypothesis
B) group offending hypothesis
C) association hypothesis
D) co-offending hypothesis

Question 59

According to the ____ hypothesis, the criminality of females is masked because of the generally benevolent and protective attitude toward women in our society.

A) masculinity
B) chivalry
C) feminist
D) magnanimity

Question 60

According to Wolfgang's study, chronic offenders account for a large amount crime but make up only what percentage of the population?

A) 3%
B) 6%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 61

Most kids who commit crime as teens discontinue their criminal ways by adulthood.

Question 62

Motor vehicle cases are cleared by arrests at rates two times higher than larcenies cleared by arrest.

Question 63

The UCR was created in 1982 to replace the outdated NIBRS system.

Question 64

The idea that women/girls are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system is referred to as the "cheater theory."

Question 65

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) began in 1973 and is one of the most comprehensive methods of data collection on victimization in the United States.

Question 66

Survey data derived from all age, race, gender, and income characteristics measured simultaneously is referred to as a cross-sectional study.

Question 67

The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.

Question 68

The more serious the crime the more likely the victim will report it.

Question 69

Burglaries occur most often in September, especially in college towns, because of the influx of new residents in the towns.

Question 70

About 80% of all murders and 70% of all robberies use firearms.

Question 71

The liberal feminist view focuses on women's role as second-class citizens based on economic and social positions.

Question 72

Self-report data appear to be more stable than UCR and NCVS data indicate.

Question 73

A retroactive cohort study is one that uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back at their early offending and other characteristics such as education and income status.

Question 74

Minor traffic crimes are the primary data collected in Part II index crimes, which allows for grant money and safer-streets funding for cities based on traffic data.

Question 75

One of the ways in which crimes are cleared is through arrest.

Question 76

Part I index crimes consist of eight crimes, four of which are personal crimes and four of which are property crimes.

Question 77

The Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.

Question 78

Cohort research involves studying a group of people who share common characteristics over a period of time.

Question 79

Deviance in adolescence is fueled by a need for money and sex and is reinforced by close peer relationships.

Question 80

Most self-report studies tend to focus on juvenile offending.