Deck 3: Victims and Victimization

Question 1

The _______________ view of elder abuse addresses the need of the abuser to maintain control through coercive measures and has been used to explain spousal abuse among elderly couples as well.

Answer 1

power and control

Question 2

According to recent statistics, ________________ is the most expensive crime for society.

Answer 2

murder or homicide

Question 3

_______________ occurs when the victim acts in a manner to incite violence, such as using threats or fighting words.

Answer 3

Active precipitation

Question 4

When a victim's physical weakness or psychological distress renders him or her incapable of resisting or deterring crime this is referred to as _____________________.

Question 5

According to the ______________________, those individuals who are victimized in adolescence are more likely to later engage in violent behavior themselves.

Question 6

Psychological reaction to a highly stressful situation, such as being victimized, in which symptoms may include depression, anxiety, and nightmares is called _________________.

Question 7

Target ______________ explains that some characteristics increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy, or destructive impulses in potential offenders.

Question 8

According to school victimization studies, public schools report about ______________ acts of violence per every 1,000 students.

Question 9

The _______________________ view holds that elder abuse results from the abusive individual learning to use violence to either resolve conflicts or obtain a desired outcome.

Question 10

Criminologists who focus their attention on victims of crime refer to themselves as _________.

Question 11

_____________________ are indirect losses suffered by crime victims, which include pain and suffering, decreased quality of life, and psychological stress.

Question 12

__________________ is the idea that the victim's behavior was the spark that ignited the subsequent offense.

Question 13

Hearing about a crime, even if untrue, helps increase __________________ fear among individuals.

Question 14

In the _______________________model, elder abuse can be attributed to the characteristics of both the elderly individual and the abuser who both are embedded in a larger sociocultural context.

Question 15

_______________ occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.

Question 16

The ____________________ explains  human behavior by including a range of potential influences, including impact of individual, relationship, community, and societal influences.

Question 17

The ________________ view of elder abuse deals with economics and negotiated exchanges of material and nonmaterial goods.

Question 18

_____________ theory explains that people become victims of crime because they reside in socially disorganized and high-crime areas.

Question 19

Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and neurotic performance of certain behaviors  is called ________________.

Question 20

_____________ is a disturbing form of violence, primarily domestic in nature, whereby children, relatives, and others abuse older individuals under their care.

Question 21

According to routine activities theory, __________________, such as watchful neighbors and police presence, are effective deterrents to crime.

Question 22

What percentage of public schools experience at least one criminal act at school each year?

A) ​65%
B) ​85%
C) ​75%
D) ​95%

Question 23

Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What of the following is true about the long-term stress suffered by victims?

A) Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time the child reaches adolescence.
B) Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than adult victims.
C) Childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations.
D) Unlike spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and homelessness.

Question 24

Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:

A) victimologists.
B) sociologists.
C) psychologists.
D) behaviorists.

Question 25

Government programs that help crime victims and witnesses, including compensation and court costs among other things, are referred to as __________________________.

Question 26

New York State's Sex Offender Registration Act is commonly known as ________________.

Question 27

In 1984 the federal government created the ______________________, which grants money to state compensation boards derived from fines and penalties imposed on offenders.

Question 28

Elderly individuals are more likely than younger individuals to be victims of which type of crime?

A) robbery
B) rape
C) fraud
D) murder

Question 29

The NCVS tells us that which of the following is most vulnerable to crime?

A) ​the West
B) ​large homes
C) ​urban homes
D) ​all of the above

Question 30

Routine activities theory was first articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and ______________.

Question 31

Referring to victims and their criminals, victims report that substance abuse was a factor in how many violent crime incidents?

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 32

Some believe that the relationship between victimization and criminality is __________ and that both victims and criminals are comprised of two separate groups.

A) ​spurious
B) ​reciprocal
C) ​radical
D) ​persistent

Question 33

Although it is difficult to estimate, the average cost of one murder to society is about:

A) $35,000
B) $500,000
C) $4,000,000
D) $9,000,000

Question 34

The NCVS shows that violent crimes are most likely to occur in:

A) ​open public areas.
B) ​schools.
C) ​behind closed doors.
D) ​wooded areas.

Question 35

Because of the influence of victim rights advocates, ________________ states now have some form of a Victim's Bill of Rights.

Question 36

The idea that victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to perpetrate crimes themselves is called the:

A) ​cycle of violence.
B) ​circle of life.
C) ​roundabout theory.
D) ​violence symmetry theory.

Question 37

Referring to the relationship between marital status and crime victimization, who is least likely to become a crime victim?

A) someone who is married
B) someone who has never married
C) someone who is divorced
D) someone who is a widow

Question 38

As adults, people who are victims of violence are also quite likely to later become perpetrators is referred to as:

A) the cycle of violence
B) double marginality
C) the revolving door
D) life course persistence theory

Question 39

What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?

A) The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
B) Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time the child reaches adulthood.
C) The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be long-term, lasting long after the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten.
D) Children are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of victimization, is short-term.

Question 40

Aftermath: Violence and Remaking of the Sel f by _________________ recounts the difficult times rape victims have recovering from the ordeal.

A) Libby Reed
B) Jessica Taylor
C) Susan Brison
D) Christine Estep

Question 41

When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as:

A) passive precipitation
B) active precipitation
C) aggressive precipitation
D) reactive precipitation

Question 42

Not being able to find a job, Nicole List becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month. On Nicole's most recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Nicole stood up and leaned over the representative's desk. In fear and frustration, the unemployment representative hit Nicole with a stapler that was on the desk. Nicole's victimization in this case might be termed:

A) passive precipitation
B) active precipitation
C) atoned  precipitation
D) reactive precipitation

Question 43

Numerous research efforts show that victims of interpersonal violence experience high rates of psychological problems.

Question 44

Most victims are referred to a specific set of services called

A) ​crisis intervention
B) ​priority programs
C) ​victim based initiatives
D) ​zero-tolerance interventions

Question 45

Vicarious fear is escalated by lurid news accounts of crime and violence.

Question 46

Which of the following is not typically covered by victim compensation programs?

A) replacement costs for stolen property
B) loss of wages
C) counseling expenses
D) medical expenses

Question 47

In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would be an example of:

A) suitable targets.
B) motivated offenders.
C) capable guardians.
D) protective sentinels.

Question 48

Rape and heroin drug use both cost the U.S. 20 billion dollars a year.

Question 49

Every state now has a set of legal rights that are primarily referred to as

A) ​The Victim Bill of Rights
B) ​Victim Reconciliation Acts
C) ​The Constitution of Victim Rights
D) ​Mediation laws

Question 50

The NCVS indicates that more than 25 million theft and violent victimizations occur each year.

Question 51

Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed:

A) hot targets.
B) hot spots.
C) suitable targets.
D) chronic spots.

Question 52

According to routine activities theory, if a person is intoxicated to the point where s/he is disoriented and walking home alone, s/he may be viewed as a more ________ than a nonintoxicated person walking with a group.

A) suitable target
B) capable guardian
C) motivated offender
D) potential mark

Question 53

Sexual assault and rape are the most expensive crimes yearly in the United States.

Question 54

Kleck's research on fighting back found that:

A) ​Many more criminals are killed each year by police officers than are killed by victims fighting back.
B) ​Collateral injury is relatively rare, and victims should be encouraged to fight back.
C) ​Collateral injury is relatively high, and victims should be encouraged to not fight back.
D) ​The more crime in an area, the less fear in the area.

Question 55

Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates _______ between 1960 and 1980 because the number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.

A) decreased
B) skyrocketed
C) remained stable
D) increased

Question 56

In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of:

A) suitable targets.
B) motivated offenders.
C) capable guardians.
D) protective sentinels.

Question 57

A local program to assist victims and witnesses with applying for compensation, transportation, crisis intervention, and other needs caused by a crime is known as:

A) social services.
B) a victim-witness assistance program.
C) a crime crisis center.
D) a guardian ad litem program.

Question 58

Victim impact information/victim impact statements are part of which act?

A) ​Federal Crime Act of 1994
B) ​Federal Lautenberg Act
C) ​Victims Crime Act of 1991
D) ​Violence Against Women Act

Question 59

According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily sellable objects such as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as:

A) hot targets.
B) hot spots.
C) suitable targets.
D) chronic spots.

Question 60

When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker, it is known as:

A) passive precipitation
B) active precipitation
C) aggressive precipitation
D) reactive precipitation

Question 61

Having something someone wants, such as a new big screen TV or a new car, makes one prone to victimization. This form of victimization is referred to as target gratifiability.

Question 62

Elder abuse is expected to decline over the next 20 years with a declining elderly population.

Question 63

The main concept of lifestyle theory is that something in the victim's lifestyle rather than a random occurrence is responsible for the victimization.

Question 64

More than 60% of rape victims admit the offender was an intimate, friend, acquaintance, or family member.

Question 65

Individuals living in the suburbs have slightly higher rates of victimization from theft than those in the inner city because of what researchers assume is the increased value of goods in the suburbs.

Question 66

According to the victim precipitation view, some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.

Question 67

Approximately two-thirds of sexual assaults and rapes occur at night, between the hours of 6 pm and 6 am.

Question 68

College-aged women's risk of sexual assault is higher than that of the general population.

Question 69

Deviant place theory states that criminals place themselves in situations of violent crime on purpose because of a desire to obtain goods or services that they could not obtain legally .

Question 70

Violence is more severe when perpetrated by males versus females as indicated by higher injury rates and increased fear.

Question 71

Based on statistics, theoretically one's risk of victimization can be reduced by staying home at night, moving to a rural area, and getting married.

Question 72

According to deviant place theory, deviant places are defined as lightly populated, residential neighborhoods with a disproportionate number of young males.

Question 73

The cycle of violence explains that offenders begin their criminal offending by starting small with simple thefts and progress in violence, finally peaking with sexual assaults and or murders.

Question 74

The NCVS indicates that rural, white homes in the Northeast are the most likely to contain crime victims or to be the target of theft offenses, such as burglary or larceny.

Question 75

Roughly about one hundred and sixty student and faculty deaths occur each year in schools, including homicides and suicides.

Question 76

Widows suffer the highest rate of victimization because of the vulnerability of being home alone.

Question 77

Active victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages the attacker.

Question 78

The news reports the escape of a prisoner in Chicago, and several hundred miles away in Pittsburgh, 68-year-old Karen Taylor locks her doors and waits up at night with a loaded shotgun in case the would-be criminal attempts to break into her house. This is an example of vicarious fear.

Question 79

The poorest Americans are also the most likely to be victims of violent and property crime.

Question 80

Blacks are more likely to be victims of violent crime than whites.