Deck 9: Human Development

Question 1

All of the following are examples of teratogens EXCEPT

A)folic acid.
B)lead.
C)X-rays.
D)mercury.
E)infectious organisms.

Answer 1

folic acid.

Question 2

Twenty-three-year-old Venetia is thinking about getting pregnant. Her doctor recommends that Venetia begin taking folic acid supplements in order to reduce the risk of ______ in her offspring.

A)miscarriage
B)fetal alcohol syndrome
C)spina bifida
D)rubella
E)sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 2

spina bifida

Question 3

Developmental psychologists describe prenatal development as occurring in

A)three stages: first, second, and third trimesters.
B)three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
C)nine stages corresponding to each month of pregnancy.
D)two stages: fertilization and pregnancy.
E)three stages: fertilization, pregnancy, and birth.

Answer 3

three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Question 4

The age of viability refers to the

A)youngest age at which it is safe for a female to be pregnant.
B)youngest age at which an embryo is likely to survive if born prematurely.
C)youngest age at which a fetus is capable of sustaining life on its own.
D)optimal age for women to become pregnant.
E)the point of pregnancy in which the mother should reduce her normal activities.

Question 5

Francesca, who is pregnant, has just felt the first movements of her developing offspring. Given what you know about prenatal development, at which month of pregnancy would you estimate Francesca to be?

A)second
B)third
C)fourth
D)sixth
E)eighth

Question 6

Generalizing from the Greek word on which it is based, "teras," which of the following words best describes the nature of a teratogen?

A)abnormal
B)risk
C)bad
D)monster
E)problem

Question 7

Louisa is pregnant with her first child. By which week of prenatal development are all of her offspring's major organ systems likely to have formed?

A)week six
B)week nine
C)week twelve
D)week twenty
E)week thirty

Question 8

Sharon is in the fourth week of her pregnancy. At which stage of prenatal development is her offspring?

A)conception
B)fetal
C)germinal
D)amniotic
E)embryonic

Question 9

The fetal stage of prenatal development lasts from

A)conception to week two.
B)conception to week eight.
C)implantation to week eight.
D)week nine through delivery.
E)week twelve through delivery.

Question 10

In prenatal development, the time between conception and about week two is called the

A)germinal stage.
B)fetal stage.
C)embryonic stage.
D)first trimester.
E)fertilization stage.

Question 11

According to the stages of development presented in the text, Carlotta's daughter Bella is considered in middle childhood when she is between ages

A)2 and 3.
B)3 and 6.
C)6 and 12.
D)3 and 12.
E)6 and 9.

Question 12

What is the correct order of stages in prenatal development?

A)germinal, embryonic, fetal
B)germinal, fetal, embryonic
C)embryonic, germinal, fetal
D)embryonic, fetal, germinal
E)fetal, germinal, embryonic

Question 13

Which of the following structures acts as a sort of shock absorber for the developing embryo or fetus?

A)amniotic sac
B)umbilical cord
C)neural tube
D)fallopian tube
E)placenta

Question 14

In prenatal development, the umbilical cord connects the

A)neural tube to the placenta.
B)placenta to the amniotic sac.
C)amniotic sac to the embryo.
D)embryo and fetus to the placenta.
E)embryo and fetus to the amniotic sac.

Question 15

Nolan was born with a hole in the tube surrounding his spinal cord. Which disorder does Nolan have?

A)German measles
B)Teratogenitis
C)Spina bifida
D)Rubella
E)Congenital syphilis

Question 16

Xan's offspring is in the embryonic stage of development. All but which of the following are occurring for Xan's offspring?

A)The neural tube is forming.
B)The head and blood vessels are forming.
C)A primitive heart has taken shape and begins beating.
D)The major organs are beginning to take shape.
E)The offspring has grown from one ounce to two pounds.

Question 17

The protective environment inside the mother's uterus is called the ______, and nutrients and waste materials are exchanged between the mother and embryo via the ______.

A)amniotic sac; placenta
B)placenta; amniotic sac
C)placenta; neural tube
D)umbilical cord; placenta
E)amniotic sac; neural tube

Question 18

A fertilized egg cell is called a(n)

A)teratogen.
B)zygote.
C)fetus.
D)embryo.
E)placenta.

Question 19

The biological unfolding of an organism according to its underlying genetic code is called

A)imprinting.
B)germination.
C)development.
D)puberty.
E)maturation.

Question 20

Teratogens that damage the arms and legs are most likely to have an effect during which weeks of pregnancy?

A)weeks 1 and 2
B)weeks 4 to 8
C)weeks 10 to 12
D)weeks 20 to 25
E)weeks 30 to 32

Question 21

If his development is normal, newborn baby Moses can be expected to do all but which of the following within his first week of life?

A)Hear a variety of sounds and be particularly sensitive to sounds falling within the frequency of the human voice.
B)Discriminate among different tastes.
C)Detect his mother's odor.
D)Discern his mother's voice from other female voices.
E)Differentiate various speech sounds.

Question 22

When two-week-old Carson's father strokes the baby's left cheek, Carson turns his head to the left. Carson's response is called the _______ reflex.

A)sucking
B)eyeblink
C)Moro
D)rooting
E)Babinski

Question 23

Impaired hearing and vision, deformed teeth and bones, and liver damage may occur as a result of which teratogen?

A)Congenital syphilis
B)Rubella
C)Spina bifida
D)Alcohol
E)Nicotine

Question 24

Joshua is a normal, six-day-old baby. He can be expected to do which of the following?

A)distinguish components of music, such as pitch and tempo
B)retain memory for faces
C)discriminate among happy, angry, and neutral facial expressions
D)detect the mother's odor
E)differentiate between various speech sounds, such as "ba" and "ma"

Question 25

Dontarius was born at thirty-one weeks of gestation with a birth weight of four pounds and twelve ounces. Dontarius is classified as

A)premature.
B)low birth weight.
C)both premature and low birth weight.
D)lacking the age of viability.
E)having FAS.

Question 26

Celia smokes heavily throughout her pregnancy. Celia is increasing the risk of ______ in her offspring.

A)deformed arms and legs
B)spina bifida
C)sudden infant death syndrome
D)liver damage
E)teeth and bone deformities

Question 27

Which reflex may have had the survival value in ancestral times of preventing infants from falling as their mothers carried them around all day?

A)the eyeblink reflex
B)the palmar grasp reflex
C)the Babinski reflex
D)the rooting reflex
E)the sucking reflex

Question 28

When Fernando babysits his niece, the infant grabs his long hair and won't let go until Fernando uncurls her fingers. Instead of getting mad at his niece for pulling his hair, Fernando understands that her actions are being driven by which reflex?

A)Moro
B)palmar grasp
C)Babinski
D)rooting
E)eyeblink

Question 29

Maternal smoking is associated with increased risk in the offspring with all of the following EXCEPT

A)reduced attention span.
B)deformed extremities.
C)learning problems.
D)behavioral problems.
E)childhood asthma.

Question 30

Regarding the effects of teratogens on prenatal development, it appears that

A)the embryonic stage is the one most susceptible to major damage to arms and legs from teratogens.
B)the fetal stage is the one most susceptible to major structural abnormalities from teratogens.
C)the germinal stage is the one most susceptible to major structural abnormalities from teratogens.
D)the amniotic stage is the one most susceptible to major structural abnormalities from teratogens.
E)all of the stages have an equal risk of major structural abnormalities from teratogens.

Question 31

An unlearned response to a particular stimulus is a(n)

A)teratogen.
B)habit.
C)reflex.
D)ability.
E)skill.

Question 32

If Maury's son's development is normal, Maury can expect that his son will develop depth perception by about what age?

A)3 months
B)6 months
C)9 months
D)12 months
E)18 months

Question 33

In the Moro reflex, a newborn infant

A)blinks for protection against light or foreign objects.
B)extends its arms and arches its back when its head falls backward or in response to loud noise.
C)turns its head towards a cheek that has been touched.
D)fans out and curls its toes when the sole of its foot is stroked.
E)curls its fingers around an object that touches the palm.

Question 34

The visual cliff apparatus tests infants' sensory abilities. What, specific aspect of the infant's sensory abilities does the device allow us to study?

A)Depth perception
B)Color vision
C)Sound discrimination
D)Visual discrimination
E)Visual tracking

Question 35

Between birth and adulthood the brain ______ in volume.

A)doubles
B)triples
C)quadruples
D)quintuples
E)sextuples

Question 36

Tara contracts Rubella during the early part of her pregnancy. Her offspring is at increased risk for developing

A)heart disease, deafness, and mental retardation.
B)lung disease and kidney damage.
C)liver disease and kidney damage.
D)facial deformities.
E)asthma.

Question 37

Of the five senses, which is the slowest to develop?

A)vision
B)hearing
C)touch
D)taste
E)smell

Question 38

Shawn was born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Shawn's symptoms may include all of the following EXCEPT

A)flattened nose.
B)missing extremities.
C)underdeveloped upper jaw.
D)widely spaced eyes.
E)mental retardation.

Question 39

When the sole of her foot is stroked, three-week-old Pam curls and fans her toes. Pam is demonstrating which reflex?

A)Babinski
B)Moro
C)rooting
D)palmar grasp
E)sucking

Question 40

Gregor weighed 7 pounds at birth. About how much is he likely to weigh on his first birthday?

A)14 or 15 pounds
B)21 or 22 pounds
C)28 or 29 pounds
D)32 or 33 pounds
E)unable to determine with information provided

Question 41

Compared to the other temperament groups, difficult infants are more likely to experience all but which of the following in childhood?

A)develop acting-out behaviors
B)develop mental health problems
C)be highly spirited
D)not be a "pushover"
E)anxiety or depression

Question 42

What type of infant temperament is generally associated with better adjustment in adulthood?

A)inhibited
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)easy
E)secure

Question 43

By the end of the first year of life, Evana has mastered the most difficult balancing problem ever to be encountered in her life. What skill has she mastered?

A)walking
B)crawling
C)creeping
D)balancing on one foot
E)standing without support

Question 44

If 6-month-old Mikhail's development is normal, he can be expected to do all but which of the following?

A)Grasp a stationary object
B)Sit without support
C)Roll over
D)Catch a moving object
E)Bring an object into his field of view

Question 45

When are newborn infants typically capable of imitating their parents' facial expressions?

A)within minutes of their birth
B)about 1 week of age
C)about 2 weeks of age
D)about 4 weeks of age
E)about 2 months of age

Question 46

Who studied the process of imprinting in geese and other species?

A)John Bowlby
B)Harry Harlow
C)Diana Baumrind
D)Konrad Lorenz
E)Mary Ainsworth

Question 47

Regarding infant sensory abilities, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Infants develop the ability to detect their mother's odor after three months of age.
B)Newborns can discriminate among different tastes and show a preference for sweetness.
C)Newborns can recognize a scrambled picture of their mother's face just as well as a properly arranged picture.
D)By about 4 to 6 months of age, infants show a preference for faces reflecting their own racial characteristics.
E)By about 2 months of age, infants have developed basic color vision.

Question 48

How are bonding and attachment different?

A)Bonding happens in animals, and attachment happens in humans.
B)Bonding happens with mothers, while attachment happens with mothers or fathers.
C)Bonding is the parent's tie to the infant, whereas attachment is the infant's tie to the caregiver.
D)The environment primarily influences bonding, while attachment is influenced primarily by genetics.
E)They are not different; they are alternate terms for the same concept.

Question 49

Regarding infants' learning abilities, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Research evidence shows that learning begins prenatally.
B)Infants can learn simple responses at young ages.
C)Infants can remember learned responses for days or weeks.
D)Infants as young as six months old can retain memories for faces.
E)Infants are active perceivers and passive learners in their environment.

Question 50

In descriptions of temperament, another term for "slow-to-warm-up" is

A)resistant.
B)detached.
C)inhibited.
D)insecure.
E)avoidant.

Question 51

Regarding the New York Longitudinal Study of temperament, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Investigators found that about 65 percent of children could be classified into one of the temperament groups.
B)The majority of children, 40 percent, were classified as easy children.
C)The least common classification assigned to children was "difficult," with 10 percent of children falling in this category.
D)The distinct types of temperament observed in infancy predict later differences in adjustment, with easy infants showing better adjustment.
E)The study demonstrated that basic temperament cannot be changed.

Question 52

In the film " Fly Away Home ," a group of abandoned goslings develop a strong bond with a young girl. Since their mother is not there, the girl teaches the geese to fly using an ultralite airplane. This film is a good example of which concept from development psychology?

A)Attachment
B)Parenting styles
C)Conservation
D)Temperament
E)Imprinting

Question 53

If Felicity's development is average, she can be expected to discriminate among happy, angry, and neutral facial expressions at what age?

A)at birth
B)2 to 4 weeks
C)1 to 2 months
D)4 to 6 months
E)10 to 12 months

Question 54

The New York Longitudinal Study identified ______ types of temperament, and they are called ______.

A)4; secure, insecure-avoidant, disorganized, and insecure-resistant
B)3; easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
C)3; Types A, B, and C
D)3; permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative
E)2; assimilating and accommodating

Question 55

Psychologists use the term _____ to describe a characteristic style of behavior or disposition.

A)habit
B)temperament
C)reflex
D)instinct
E)personality

Question 56

Children who react negatively to change and are generally irritable are classified as having what kind of temperament?

A)resistant
B)insecure
C)avoidant
D)difficult
E)slow-to-warm-up

Question 57

The formation of a strong bond of a newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth is called

A)bonding.
B)attachment.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.
E)imprinting.

Question 58

Pedro just began lifting his chin and bringing objects to his mouth. What age would you guess Pedro to be?

A)less than 2 weeks old
B)2 to 4 weeks old
C)4 to 8 weeks old
D)2 to 3 months old
E)4 to 6 months old

Question 59

Six-month-old Charlotte fits the characteristics of a slow-to-warm-up temperament. Charlotte would be expected to exhibit all but which of the following?

A)low activity level
B)interest in novel stimuli
C)need for more time in adjusting to new situations
D)mild distress in new situations
E)withdrawal in unfamiliar settings

Question 60

Eight-month-old Finnegan is playful and responds positively to changes. He generally has a happy mood, and he quickly developed a regular sleeping and feeding schedule. Based on this description from the New York Longitudinal Study, Finnegan would be categorized as a(n)______ child.

A)pleasant
B)secure
C)positive
D)easy
E)slow-to-warm-up

Question 61

Harriet is working on building a sense of independence and self-control. Generalizing from the theory of psychosocial development, Harriet is probably in which age group?

A)infancy
B)toddlerhood
C)preschool
D)middle childhood
E)adolescence

Question 62

Research examining the effects of full-time day care on infant attachment has found

A)strong evidence that day care interferes with attachment.
B)strong evidence that day care interferes with attachment, but only in high-quality day-care settings.
C)mixed evidence regarding the effects of day care on attachment.
D)no strong evidence that day care interferes with attachment.
E)compelling evidence that day care enhances attachment.

Question 63

Among parenting styles, rigid is to ______ as lax is to ______.

A)authoritative; permissive
B)authoritarian; authoritative
C)permissive; authoritarian
D)permissive; authoritative
E)authoritarian; permissive

Question 64

Which of the following parental actions is associated with children having more behavior problems?

A)excessive use of criticism, use of harsh punishment, and inconsistent discipline
B)excessive use of criticism and inconsistent discipline only
C)excessive use of criticism only
D)inconsistent discipline only
E)use of harsh punishment only

Question 65

Dr. Betts conducts a study of infant attachment. One child, Leon, seems confused during the observation period. He is unable to directly approach his caregiver, even when he is very distressed. From this description, it appears that Leon does not have a consistent strategy for dealing with separations and reunions. Leon's attachment style can best be described as

A)insecure-avoidant.
B)insecure-resistant.
C)insecure-difficult.
D)insecure-slow-to-warm-up.
E)disorganized/disoriented.

Question 66

When 11-month-old Ethan is in a new environment, he feels free to explore. However, he periodically "checks in" with his caregiver during exploration. If his caregiver leaves the room, Ethan sometimes cries and limits his exploration. Upon his caregiver's return, Ethan gives a warm greeting; then he begins his exploration again. Generalizing from research on attachment, Ethan's attachment would be described as

A)easy.
B)secure.
C)disorganized.
D)insecure-avoidant.
E)insecure-resistant.

Question 67

Research on attachment suggests that children who showed more secure attachments as infants are more likely than their less securely attached peers to show all but which of the following?

A)Better self-esteem
B)Better physical health
C)Fewer behavior problems
D)Better relationships with peers
E)Better overall psychological adjustment

Question 68

Other factors being equal, which child is at highest risk for negative outcomes in adolescence like poor school performance and low self-confidence?

A)a boy raised by permissive parents
B)a girl raised by permissive parents
C)a boy raised by authoritarian parents
D)a girl raised by authoritarian parents
E)a boy or girl raised by authoritative parents

Question 69

As discussed in the text, in which culture do fathers engage in more physical play than mothers with their children?

A)American
B)Chinese
C)Malaysian
D)Indian
E)Hmong

Question 70

Generalizing from attachment research, it appears that the majority of infants have which attachment style?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure-avoidant
C)insecure-resistant
D)secure
E)none of the above; attachment styles are distributed equally among infants

Question 71

Regarding peer relationships in childhood, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Peer relationships give children the opportunity to develop skills in relating to others.
B)Peer relationships can have negative consequences on a child's development.
C)The acceptance of peer group members can help shape a child's self-esteem.
D)Peer groups can influence a child's developing sense of competence.
E)Children and teens with a strong need for peer acceptance are less likely to engage in deviant activities.

Question 72

Andrew took the family car without permission. He seriously damaged it while joyriding. Afterwards, his parents bought him a car of his own. This is an example of which parenting style?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)restrictive
E)inconsistent

Question 73

In their research with baby rhesus monkeys, the Harlows demonstrated that ______ was a strong determinant of attachment.

A)contact comfort
B)a secure base
C)food
D)quality of care
E)temperament

Question 74

Which theorist identified stages of psychosocial development?

A)Lev Vygotsky
B)Mary Ainsworth
C)Jean Piaget
D)Lawrence Kohlberg
E)Erik Erikson

Question 75

Chris and Pat set limits for their children without being overcontrolling. Which style of parenting are they using?

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)assertive
E)assimilation

Question 76

In her research on attachment, Ainsworth noted ______ different styles of attachment, and they are called ______.

A)2; imprinting and bonding
B)3; easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
C)3; authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive
D)3; secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant
E)4; secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and slow-to-warm-up

Question 77

The Strange Situation was developed to study

A)imprinting in birds.
B)attachment in monkeys.
C)attachment in human infants.
D)bonding with surrogate mothers.
E)temperament of human infants.

Question 78

Aimee was late coming home from school. Even though she had a reasonable excuse, her parents grounded her for a month and suspended her allowance. This sounds like which style of parenting?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)inhibited
E)assertive

Question 79

Research on parenting styles suggests that the most effective parenting style is

A)authoritative.
B)authoritarian.
C)permissive.
D)secure.
E)assertive.

Question 80

If Derek is like the average American father, he is more likely than the mother to engage in which of the following activities with his infant daughter?

A)feeding her
B)changing her diaper
C)playing physically with her
D)bathing her
E)burping her