Deck 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Marxism is an example of social conflict theory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The tangible costs of crime are large.

Question 5

Personal lifestyles do not influence exposure to victimization.

Question 6

Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly.

Question 7

Fear of crime is the greatest in urban areas.

Question 8

Freud proposed a psychoanalytic theory that crime is caused by unconscious drives and forces.

Question 9

Most theories about crime are based on men.

Question 10

Emilie Durkheim believed that crime was an unnatural part of social life.

Question 11

Victims are generally to blame for the crime that occurred against them

Question 12

Reduction in crime rates reduces the fear of crime.

Question 13

Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 14

The intangible costs of crime are small.

Question 15

Television feeds our fear of crime

Question 16

A state of anomie is where rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.

Question 17

Cesare Lombroso's medical training led him to believe that certain people are born criminals.

Question 18

Wealthy people are better able to take measures to protect themselves from some types of crime.

Question 19

Classical criminology argues that criminal behavior is irrational.

Question 20

Similar to men, women who engage in criminal activity disproportionately come from poor families.

Question 21

The Justice for All Act of 2004 created legislative guarantees of victim rights in eight different categories .

Question 22

According to the recent statistics, the highest percentage of Americans fears/worries about in terms of personal victimization is:

A)mugging.
B)murder.
C)identity theft.
D)terrorism.

Question 23

Crime has many kinds of costs, including economic, psychological, and emotional.

Question 24

Theories of crime causation do not affect laws and crime policies.

Question 25

"Criminal behavior is rational" is a view held by those supporting a biological explanation of crime.

Question 26

Labeling is an example of a social process theory.

Question 27

If crime is learned behavior, then policies to promote stable families should exist.

Question 28

As the status of women changes some believe that the women will commit more crimes.

Question 29

The fear of crime is greatest in

A)rural areas.
B)suburban areas.
C)urban areas.
D)the workplace.

Question 30

Cesare Lombroso postulated that physical traits distinguish criminals as a feature of the biological explanation of crime.

Question 31

Wilson and Herrnstein's book Crime and Human Nature (1985)argued that certain biological factors such as sex, age, body type, and intelligence predispose some people to crime.

Question 32

Crime victims may not file lawsuits against the offenders who injured them .

Question 33

Public opinion polls indicate that as many as 60% of Americans are afraid to walk in their neighborhoods at night.

Question 34

According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following does not affect victimization?

A)Exposure
B)Associations
C)Lifestyle
D)Self-control

Question 35

Low-income city dwellers tend not to be the victims of crime as much as wealthy city-dwellers because thieves target those with wealth.

Question 36

According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following groups is most likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?

A)Elderly white females
B)Elderly white males
C)Elderly black females
D)Young black males
E)Young white males

Question 37

Crime in poor areas is always

A)high.
B)low.
C)moderate.
D)affected by many factors.

Question 38

Repetitive victimization refers to individuals who are victimized by crime more than once during a relatively brief period of time.

Question 39

Which of the following is true about crime in America?

A)Crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
B)Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
C)Crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
D)Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.

Question 40

According to your text, which of the following statements best reflects racial victim crime statistics?

A)Most violent crime is interracial.
B)Whites are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
C)Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
D)African Americans and other minorities are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.

Question 41

If a person is defined as criminogenic, this means that he or she

A)became a criminal as an adult.
B)was born a criminal.
C)became a criminal as a result of a traumatic experience.
D)will never become a criminal.

Question 42

________ theory, a type of social process theory, stresses that social links keep people in line with accepted norms.

A)Labeling
B)Learning
C)Control
D)Normal

Question 43

Which theory contains the idea that any person, regardless of education, class, or upbringing, can become a criminal?

A)Biological theory
B)Social process theory
C)Social conflict theory
D)Social structure theory

Question 44

Who created the theory of differential association?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)James Q. Wilson
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Edwin Sutherland

Question 45

Which theorist argued that the women's movement increased the role of women in criminal activity?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Freda Adler
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Richard Herrnstein

Question 46

Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from a(n)

A)overdeveloped id.
B)perfectly developed ego.
C)underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego.
D)underdeveloped or overdeveloped ego.

Question 47

______________ explanations view the cause of criminal behavior from a mental condition, a personality disturbance, or limited intellect

A)Biological
B)Psychological
C)Criminogenic
D)Sociological

Question 48

Which stage of life is the most significant in Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?

A)Fetal development
B)Early childhood
C)Early adulthood
D)Middle age

Question 49

What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?

A)The gender gap, and the differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
B)The fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious crimes
C)The role of victimization in offending, and the disparate treatment of minority offenders
D)The income inequality between men and women, and the fact that women are more likely to live with their children

Question 50

Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on

A)adult experiences causing criminal behavior.
B)social explanations of crime.
C)biological explanations of crime.
D)unconscious drives and forces explaining crime.

Question 51

Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?

A)Criminal behavior is rational.
B)People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
C)Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
D)Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.

Question 52

A ________ explanation of criminal acts argues that being a member of a social group shapes behavior.

A)biological
B)psychological
C)sociological
D)physiological

Question 53

In relation to men, women commit _____ crime.

A)more
B)the same amount of
C)less
D)more violent

Question 54

Prior to the 1970s, why was it assumed that women did not commit serious crimes?

A)Women were not physically strong enough.
B)Women were assumed to be very dependent and nurturing.
C)Women were not given the opportunities to commit serious crimes.
D)Women were too intelligent.

Question 55

What are the three social process theories?

A)Learning, control, and labeling
B)Biological, psychological, and sociological
C)Id, ego, and superego
D)Critical, radical, and Marxist

Question 56

The fear of crime is fed by

A)television.
B)news media.
C)personal communication in social networks.
D)A ll of the above feed the fear of crime.

Question 57

Which theory views family and peers as primary influences on criminal activity?

A)Control theory
B)Labeling theory
C)Learning theory
D)Conflict theory

Question 58

Which type of criminology uses science to study the body, mind, and environment of the offender?

A)Classical
B)Neoclassical
C)Positivist
D)Victimology

Question 59

Which theory involves the use of the criminal law to control society's poor and have-nots?

A)Social conflict
B)Learning
C)Social structure
D)Labeling

Question 60

Most women criminals come from __________ families.

A)upper-class
B)middle-class
C)lower-class
D)upper-middle-class

Question 61

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.  He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night.  Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing.  He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game.  As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks.  Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.  He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game.  Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch.  Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage.
Jeff receives assistance from a volunteer agency that helps to navigate the court system.  Such a group is often referred to as a(n)_________ assistance program.

A)inmate
B)legal aid
C)offender
D)victim

Question 62

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.  He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night.  Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing.  He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game.  As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks.  Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.  He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game.  Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch.  Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage.
 Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him.  This would be known as

A)victim precipitation.
B)revictimization.
C)repetitive victimization.
D)victimization.

Question 63

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.  He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night.  Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing.  He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game.  As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks.  Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.  He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game.  Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch.  Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage.
Because Jeff and his coworkers attend a bar late at night, they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal activity.  This is known as _________ theory.

A)lifestyle-exposure
B)routine activities
C)social control
D)learning

Question 64

Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?

A)Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will.
B)Human behavior is determined by free will.
C)Criminals are different from noncriminals.
D)Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 65

Acco rding to _______ theory, crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment.

A)Biological
B)Psychological
C)Social structure
D)Social process

Question 66

Christina is a single mother of two children.  She grew up in a home filled with violence.  Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years.  Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4.  She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in.  Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.  She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman.  Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs.  Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer.  She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence.
Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed crimes because women are seeking

A)equality.
B)transition.
C)financial gain.
D)structure.

Question 67

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.  When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang.  He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging.  Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.  Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.  Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he was just about to do.  The coach immediately was able to assist Dominic to get out of the gang.  He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually leads to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his "friends."  Edwin Sutherland referred to this as

A)anomie.
B)strain.
C)differential association.
D)process.

Question 68

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.  He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night.  Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing.  He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game.  As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks.  Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.  He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game.  Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch.  Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage.
Jeff will most likely file a _____ lawsuit against the offenders who injured him, which will not be difficult to win.

A)criminal
B)tort
C)civil
D)motion

Question 69

Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community organizations, such as

A)neighborhood associations.
B)parent-teacher organizations.
C)church groups.
D)all of the above.

Question 70

Which of the following is more closely linked to the exposure to crime?

A)Having a higher income
B)Living in a rural area
C)Living in a suburban area
D)Living in a city

Question 71

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.  He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night.  Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL team was playing.  He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game.  As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks.  Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.  He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the game.  Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch.  Within minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage.
  This was Jeff's first ever problem at the bar.  Which of the following would therefore apply to Jeff's situation?

A)patron aggression.
B)victimization
C)situational victimization.
D)revictimization

Question 72

Which medical researcher suggested that when environmental lead finds its way into the developing brain, it disturbs impulse control?

A)Cesar Lombroso
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Emile Durkheim
D)Herbert Needleman

Question 73

Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?

A)The right to be questioned by the accused
B)The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding, parole proceeding, release, or escape of the accused
C)The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor
D)The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay

Question 74

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.  When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang.  He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging.  Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.  Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.  Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he was just about to do.  The coach immediately was able to assist Dominic to get out of the gang.  He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually leads to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
Dominic participated in crime as a teen, but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself.  Which theory would Dominic's case best support?

A)Psychological theory
B)Life course theory
C)Sociological theory
D)Gender theory

Question 75

Christina is a single mother of two children.  She grew up in a home filled with violence.  Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years.  Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4.  She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in.  Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.  She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman.  Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs.  Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer.  She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence.
Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina's criminal behavior based on her formative years?

A)Psychological
B)Social contract
C)Social process
D)Social structure

Question 76

Christina is a single mother of two children.  She grew up in a home filled with violence.  Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years.  Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4.  She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in.  Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.  She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman.  Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs.  Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer.  She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence.
Christina's depression played a significant part in her criminal lifestyle.  Which theory best explains this and why this is so?

A)Gender explanations
B)Life course explanations
C)Sociological explanations
D)Psychological explanations

Question 77

Women's share of arrests is the highest for which type of crime?

A)Robbery
B)Rape
C)Murder
D)Larceny-theft

Question 78

Christina is a single mother of two children.  She grew up in a home filled with violence.  Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years.  Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4.  She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in.  Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.  She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman.  Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs.  Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer.  She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence.
Christina now lives in an upscale neighborhood and is in a committed stable relationship.  She is a different person and has no interest in crime.  Which major theory of criminality would best explain this change?

A)Psychological
B)Social contract
C)Social process
D)Social structure

Question 79

Which of the following is a common measure taken by poorer individuals in an attempt to reduce the fear of crime?

A)Hiring private security companies
B)Moving to the suburbs
C)Installing home security systems
D)Working in the night shift

Question 80

The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime is referred to as

A)victim precipitation.
B)revictimization.
C)repetitive victimization.
D)victim notification.