Deck 2: Determining Moral Behavior

Question 1

Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true?

A)Hypothetical imperatives command action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes or consequences.
B)Hypothetical imperatives refer to the concept that some things just must be and don't require further justification.
C)Hypothetical imperatives refer to the imperative that you should do your duty and act the way you want everyone else to act.
D)Hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following aligns with Barry's view of God's will?

A)God's will can only be known through a strict interpretation of the text of holy scriptures.
B)Just because an action feels wrong doesn't mean God doesn't want it.
C)Religious authorities are often muddled by their own wills and cannot accurately determine God's will.
D)God's will can be found in individuals, holy scriptures, and religious authorities in equal measure.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which is not considered a moral virtue?

A)Thriftiness
B)Industriousness
C)Love
D)Honesty

Answer 3

C

Question 4

"The Six Pillars of Character" echo what thinker's value system?

A)Aristotle
B)Kant
C)Bentham
D)St. Augustine

Question 5

Which of the following statements would be consistent with Jeremy Bentham's philosophy of utilitarianism?

A)Torturing a suspect as part of an interrogation would be justifiable if it saved lives.
B)Murder is the most immoral crime.
C)You should treat your fellow citizens as you yourself would be treated.
D)Pleasure derived from greed is worse than pleasure derived from charity.

Question 6

Aristotle is most closely associated with:

A)the ethics of virtue.
B)the categorical imperative.
C)ethical formalism.
D)the ethics of care.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is an example of a categorical imperative?

A)Killing is occasionally justifiable.
B)Catholic priests must never be married.
C)If you find a dollar on the street, you may keep it.
D)The ends must always justify the means.

Question 8

Utilitarianism is specifically aligned with:

A)the public good.
B)individual freedoms.
C)categorical imperatives.
D)human relationships and needs.

Question 9

Aristotle's principle of the Golden Mean stressed the importance of:

A)happiness.
B)excess.
C)moderation.
D)human nature.

Question 10

Which of the following is not part of an ethical system as described by Baelz?

A)They are prescriptive.
B)They are authoritative.
C)They are universal.
D)They are self-serving.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a part of the peacemaking process?

A)Connectedness
B)Caring
C)Justice
D)Mindfulness

Question 12

According to Kant, when is it permissible to lie?

A)When someone has you by the throat.
B)When someone's life is at stake.
C)When the person being lied to does not deserve the truth.
D)Never

Question 13

An ethical system which bases ethics largely upon one's character and possession of certain valued qualities is:

A)ethics of care.
B)ethics of virtue.
C)ethical formalism.
D)enlightened egoism.

Question 14

Immanuel Kant is most associated with which ethical system?

A)Utilitarianism
B)Ethics of care
C)Ethics of virtue
D)Ethical formalism

Question 15

Krogstand and Robertson described three principles of ethical decision making, which include all of the following except:

A)the imperative principle.
B)the utilitarian principle.
C)the generalization principle.
D)the caring principle.

Question 16

Which ethical system has been described as "feminine"?

A)Utilitarianism
B)Ethical formalism
C)Ethics of care
D)Natural law

Question 17

A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as:

A)a norm system.
B)an ethical system.
C)a morality guide.
D)a value inventory.

Question 18

Which is one of the "Six Pillars of Character" promulgated by the Josephson Institute of Ethics?

A)Self-sacrifice
B)Excellence
C)Religious faith
D)Citizenship

Question 19

What does a teleological ethical system judge?

A)The consequences of a thought
B)The consequences of an act
C)The totality of a life
D)The comparative virtues of an ethical system

Question 20

The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a God that is:

A)present in nature.
B)never questioned.
C)willful and rational.
D)a reflection of each individual.

Question 21

The environmental movement in the United States seeks to protect forests and other pristine lands. To most Americans, respecting natural lands and animals probably is consistent with their ethical system. In some other countries, laws protecting the lands do not exist. Farmers and ranchers routinely "slash and burn" in order to farm or raise livestock, and loggers harvest trees indiscriminately. There is no ethical dilemma, since their society accepts these practices as normal and necessary. Farmers, ranchers, and loggers in these countries engage in these practices because they deem it necessary to provide for their families. Because their focus is on providing for their families and communities, they are adhering to the ethical system known as:

A)ethics of care.
B)egoism.
C)psychological egoism.
D)golden mean.

Question 22

Mary is a newly hired police officer. One day, she observes two fellow officers removing drugs from the evidence room. Mary's values include a devotion to loyalty, so she is inclined to protect her fellow officers. At the same time, she also believes in upholding the law. Mary's situation is an example of:

A)an ethical dilemma.
B)cultural relativism.
C)universality.
D)Aristotle's "golden mean."

Question 23

Which religious system specifies that ethical conduct must be based on universal love and compassion for all living beings?

A)Buddhism
B)Judaism
C)Islam
D)Hinduism

Question 24

Mary is a newly hired police officer. One day, she observes two fellow officers removing drugs from the evidence room. Mary's values include a devotion to loyalty, so she is inclined to protect her fellow officers. At the same time, she also believes in upholding the law. Mary's decision to report the crime had negative effects for the two officers involved, and for Mary personally. However, the rest of the community has benefited from the removal of corrupt police officers. A(n)______________ viewpoint would find this outcome to be ethical.

A)absolutist
B)utilitarian
C)egoist
D)imperative

Question 25

George has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber. The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of George's kids if he does not hand over his wallet. As stated in the scenario, George donates to charity but still provides a comfortable life for his family. He has found a balance between the competing virtues of giving to the less fortunate while also ensuring that he provides for his family. This is an illustration of:

A)ethical formalism.
B)relativism.
C)situational ethics.
D)principle of the golden mean.

Question 26

Which system suggests that there are no moral absolutes, and that what is deemed "good" and "bad" can be different from group to group?

A)Moral absolutism
B)Ethical relativism
C)Sub-cultural moralism
D)Global relativism

Question 27

The environmental movement in the United States seeks to protect forests and other pristine lands. To most Americans, respecting natural lands and animals probably is consistent with their ethical system. In some other countries, laws protecting the lands do not exist. Farmers and ranchers routinely "slash and burn" in order to farm or raise livestock, and loggers harvest trees indiscriminately. There is no ethical dilemma, since their society accepts these practices as normal and necessary. In America, state, federal, and local governments have enacted laws to protect forests from destruction. Through these laws, the overall community is protected, even though individuals may be negatively affected. By meeting the needs of the overall community, these laws exhibit:

A)principle of forfeiture.
B)principle of the golden mean.
C)hypothetical imperative.
D)utilitarianism.

Question 28

Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for:

A)absolutism.
B)relativism.
C)formalism.
D)pluralism.

Question 29

George has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber. The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of George's kids if he does not hand over his wallet. George has always professed non-violence, but in this instance, he fights the robber to protect his child. Technically, by fighting, he is violating his moral belief that one should be non-violent. His decision to fight in this instance is an example of:

A)absolutism.
B)universality.
C)egoism.
D)situational ethics.

Question 30

In this instance, their society's definitions differ from the American definitions. This is an example of:

A)deontology.
B)egoism.
C)cultural relativism.
D)absolutism.

Question 31

Because ethical formalism requires moral behavior regardless of the circumstances, it can be considered a(n)________________ system.

A)theological
B)absolutist
C)legalist
D)relativist

Question 32

Altruistic acts that benefit the individual by ensuring reciprocal assistance reflect:

A)enlightened egoism.
B)altruistic egoism.
C)psychological egoism.
D)religious egoism.

Question 33

____________ suggests that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral.

A)Altruism
B)Narcissism
C)Egoism
D)Philanthropy

Question 34

George has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber. The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of George's kids if he does not hand over his wallet. A deontological response to the situation would require George to:

A)remain passive, regardless of the consequences.
B)consider the wishes of the robber as well as his own.
C)fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict.
D)only be concerned with protecting himself.

Question 35

Which ethical system embraces human's inclination for self-preservation?

A)Ethical formalism
B)Natural law
C)Ethics of care
D)Ethics of virtue

Question 36

The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations is called:

A)moral pluralism.
B)utilitarianism.
C)ethical formalism.
D)natural law.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the principle of forfeiture is false?

A)It holds that people who treat others as means to an end forfeit the right to protection of their own freedom and well-being.
B)It holds that people who aggress forfeit their own right to be protected from harm.
C)It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable.
D)It holds that lying to a person who threatens harm is acceptable.

Question 38

George has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber. The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of George's kids if he does not hand over his wallet. A teleological response to the situation would require George to:

A)remain passive, regardless of the consequences.
B)pray for guidance.
C)fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict.
D)only be concerned with protecting himself.

Question 39

Mary is a newly hired police officer. One day, she observes two fellow officers removing drugs from the evidence room. Mary's values include a devotion to loyalty, so she is inclined to protect her fellow officers. At the same time, she also believes in upholding the law. Mary decides to report the crime that she observed, even though it will mean that her fellow officers will lose their jobs and might also be prosecuted. She has decided that the other officers brought this upon themselves; they were originally worthy of her loyalty, but lost that loyalty through their own actions. This illustrates:

A)ethical formalism.
B)egoism.
C)principle of forfeiture.
D)principle of the golden mean.

Question 40

Someone who gives to charity or volunteers for the purpose of creating emotional pleasure for himself is exhibiting:

A)enlightened egoism.
B)altruistic egoism.
C)psychological egoism.
D)religious egoism.

Question 41

Telling a lie to someone who doesn't deserve the truth is not a lie according to ethical formalism.

Question 42

Ethical formalism is a _________ system of ethics.

Question 43

______________ is a concept that holds that when an act is considered wrong then it is wrong for all people.

Question 44

______________ is an ethical system that favors acts that result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Question 45

"Situational ethics" is an extension of Aristotelian philosophy.

Question 46

Kant emphasized that a bad act would be considered ethical if it resulted in a good consequence.

Question 47

Egoism is usually the only ethical system that can justify the behavior of one performing an illegal or harmful act.

Question 48

The concept that some things must just be, without need for justification or rationalization, is called the ______________ .

Question 49

Utilitarianism emphasizes the rights of the individual.

Question 50

Socrates believed that ignorance leads to bad behavior because if one were rational and wise, he or she would know what virtue was and behave accordingly.

Question 51

The definition of eudaimonia or happiness is equivalent to the idea of hedonism.

Question 52

Under ______________ ethics, the murder of one person would be justified if it resulted in many others being saved.

Question 53

Under the ethics of virtue philosophy, it is possible to have an excess of honor, truth, or shame.

Question 54

Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical system.

Question 55

Giving someone a car because they need it is a good act according to ethical formalism, even if he later dies in a crash because the brakes failed.

Question 56

A man makes a donation to charity for the purpose of looking good to his friends. A deontological review of this action would find it immoral.

Question 57

Ethical systems are the same as moral rules.

Question 58

Aristotle believed that, by nature, we are born "good" and some later learn to be evil.

Question 59

The most commonly utilized ethical systems are religion and utilitarianism.

Question 60

Natural law is considered a "feminine" ethics.

Question 61

Review the case of Detective Russell Poole and the LAPD. Identify the ethical systems represented by the actions of the Detective and the Chief Parks.

Question 62

______________ suggests that preservation of one's own being is a basic principle of morality.

Question 63

Compare and contrast Aristotle's ethics of virtue with Kant's ethics of good will. Are there any similarities? What are the most fundamental differences?

Question 64

______________ is an ethical system that defines good as meeting needs and preserving and enriching relationships .

Question 65

Compare the natural law system with religion.

Question 66

Harris used the term___________ instead of ethical systems.

Question 67

Socrates identified four virtues: fortitude, temperance, ______________ , and ______________ .

Question 68

Describe two teleological ethical systems and describe two deontological systems.

Question 69

Compare psychological egoism to enlightened egoism. Does one or the other possess sufficient characteristics to be called an ethical system?

Question 70

The concept that egoism may appear to be altruistic because it is in one's long-term best interest to help others in order to receive help in return is _________ ______________ .

Question 71

As defined in the text, a(n)______________ is a person's source of moral principles and includes the underlying premises upon which one bases judgments.

Question 72

Define cultural relativism. Provide examples.

Question 73

Discuss the arguments against and supporting relativism. Do the same for absolutism.

Question 74

The ________________ refers to the idea that when one violates someone else's rights, he gives up his own right to be treated under the principles of respect.

Question 75

Describe and discuss the ethics of virtue ethical system. Provide examples.

Question 76

Describe another way of resolving ethical dilemmas that does not use the ethical systems.

Question 77

Discuss the similarities between the religious systems presented in the chapter.

Question 78

The term ______________ refers to the idea that many values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional to the culture that holds them.

Question 79

Jesus is considered a prophet in the religion of

Question 80

______________ is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal truths different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors.