Deck 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

Most social scientists believe that humans are naturally nonviolent, and that society fosters and encourages violence.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In domestic violence, aggression is highest between siblings.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Males are more likely than females to engage in the tend and befriend syndrome.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Maureen is really frustrated that the contractor working on her house is taking so long. But she doesn't want to yell at him because she is worried he will not produce quality work for her if she does. Instead, she yells and snipes at her husband. Maureen's aggression is ____.

A)displaced
B)violent
C)instrumental
D)proactive

Question 5

Marlon tends to see other people's interactions as aggressive in nature. Marlon is showing the hostile perception bias.

Question 6

The weapons effect is the tendency for aggression to increase as a result of the mere presence of a weapon.

Question 7

An example of an injunctive norm is: "Most people think that it is cool to drive an expensive car."

Question 8

Social psychologists define aggression in a very specific way. According to that definition, which of the following is an example of aggression?

A)A man committing suicide
B)A surgeon drilling into a person's head during brain surgery
C)A child calling her older brother cruel and hurtful names
D)A disgruntled employee fantasizing about punching his boss in the face

Question 9

The history of running amok indicates that some aggression is simply uncontrollable.

Question 10

Social psychologists define aggression in a very specific way. According to that definition, which of the following is NOT an example of aggression?

A)A mafia "hit man" who kills for paychecks
B)A disgruntled employee who fantasizes about shouting at his boss
C)A woman who tries to backstab an ex-lover by sending a package of incriminating photos to his new girlfriend, but mistakenly sends the package to the wrong address.
D)A boy who posts mean comments about a fellow classmate on MySpace.

Question 11

Aggression reduces frustration and also reduces the later tendency to be aggressive.

Question 12

Higher levels of plasma testosterone probably increase aggression slightly, but the outcome of winning and dominating affects testosterone levels just as much.

Question 13

Based on the definition of aggression given in the textbook, suicide is NOT a form of aggression.

Question 14

Freud called the aggressive instinct "thanatos."

Question 15

Some people who shoplift do so for the excitement and thrill of getting away with something rather than for the material goods.

Question 16

Most social psychologists define aggression as ____.

A)any feeling, thought, or behavior that harms another person-regardless of intention and regardless of the other person's motivations
B)any feeling, thought, or behavior in which harm is intentionally rendered to another person and the other person is motivated to avoid harm
C)any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm
D)any behavior intended to harm another person-regardless of the other person's motivations

Question 17

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can sometimes influence people to behave more aggressively. This has been shown to be true regardless of whether the audience consists of adults or children.

Question 18

While males commit most of the violent acts around the world, there are some societies in which females commit the majority of the violence.

Question 19

Most victims of child abuse go on to become abusers of their own children.

Question 20

According to the text, most social psychologists define aggression as an ____ and state ____.

A)intentional action; that the victim must be motivated to avoid it
B)intentional action; nothing about the victim
C)intentional or unintentional action; nothing about the victim
D)intentional thought or action; that the victim must be motivated to avoid it

Question 21

According to ____, human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts.

A)Richard Nisbett
B)Walter Mischel
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Albert Bandura

Question 22

The textbook defines violence as ____ that ____ extreme harm, such as injury or death.

A)a type of aggression; is intended to cause
B)a type of aggression; results in
C)something different from aggression; is intended to cause
D)something different from aggression; results in

Question 23

Recent data on violence in the world suggests that ____.

A)it is increasing dramatically over time
B)it is the same in amount as it has always been
C)it is decreasing over time
D)it has become nonexistent

Question 24

Use of the Internet to bully others is called ____.

A)identity theft
B)virtual littering
C)antisocial behavior
D)cyberbullying

Question 25

Persistent aggression by a perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim is called ____.

A)bullying
B)cyberbullying
C)indirect aggression
D)displaced aggression

Question 26

The fact that violence and aggression appear to be decreasing over time are consistent with which theme of the book?

A)Nature says yes, culture says no.
B)Nature says no, culture says yes.
C)The bad is stronger than the good.
D)The good is stronger than the bad.

Question 27

Based on the definitions in the text, it is most accurate to say that ____.

A)aggression is a type of violence
B)violence is a type of antisocial behavior
C)antisocial behavior is a type of aggression
D)antisocial behavior is a type of violence

Question 28

What distinguishes bullying from other acts of aggression?

A)It is physical in nature.
B)It is social in nature.
C)It is persistent.
D)It is short-lived.

Question 29

Freud proposed that people have a life-giving instinct as well as a "death instinct." He called the latter ____.

A)Jocasta
B)Eros
C)Oedipus
D)Thanatos

Question 30

Which scenario illustrates instrumental aggression?

A)Rachel pushes Ted so that she can rush past him to catch a glass that is about to fall off the counter.
B)Rachel fantasizes about punching Ted, who has been getting on her nerves lately.
C)Rachel hits Ted, but only because Ted just hit her.
D)Rachel is thinking about planting drugs in Ted's desk at work so that she can get Ted fired and take over his job.

Question 31

Which situation is an example of hostile aggression?

A)Mr. W fantasizes about punching his enemy in the face.
B)Mr. X accidentally knocks his friend over a balcony.
C)Mr. Y intentionally humiliates an annoying co-worker.
D)Dr. Z gives a patient a painful injection.

Question 32

The FBI classifies ____ as violent crimes.

A)homicide, forcible rape, burglary, and robbery
B)homicide, assault, rape, and arson
C)homicide, aggravated assault, forcible rape, and robbery
D)homicide, robbery, assault, and sexual abuse

Question 33

According to the definitions of aggression and violence used in the text, which statement is true?

A)All aggressive acts are violent, and all violent acts are aggressive.
B)All aggressive acts are violent, but not all violent acts are aggressive.
C)Not all aggressive acts are violent, but all violent acts are aggressive.
D)Not all aggressive acts are violent, and not all violent acts are aggressive.

Question 34

Another term for instrumental aggression is ____.

A)proactive aggression
B)zero-sum aggression
C)self-defense
D)reciprocal aggression

Question 35

The main difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression lies in ____.

A)the motive(s)of the aggressor
B)whether the aggressive act is violent or non-violent
C)the outcome of the aggressive act
D)the emotions of the victim(s)

Question 36

At the most general level, the term antisocial behavior refers to ____.

A)behavior that damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable
B)any aggressive behavior or violent behavior
C)any behavior that harms those who are close to the perpetrator
D)behavior that is aberrant is some way and that the perpetrator enacts alone

Question 37

Which example is least indicative of antisocial behavior?

A)cruelly gossiping about an enemy
B)boxing in a professional boxing match
C)refusing to leave the house or talk to any friends or family
D)killing someone for pay (as a "hit man")

Question 38

In his early writings, Freud proposed that humans have a constructive, life-giving instinct, which he called ____.

A)Thanatos
B)Eros
C)Jocasta
D)Ares

Question 39

Thad is angry at his football coach for making him sit out the next game. Thad talks about his coach behind the coach's back to the other players. Thad is displaying ____ aggression.

A)displaced
B)direct
C)indirect
D)instrumental

Question 40

Which scenario describes aggression, but not violence?

A)Gracie, who shoves a child who is taking too long to get a drink, causing the child to bump into the drinking fountain and split her lip
B)Indira, who is angry that her brother got a bigger cookie than her, and deliberately trips him so she can take his cookie
C)Maryln, who is very competitive and, who, when another child runs faster, deliberately stomps on the other child's feet
D)Riley, who wants some computer time and, when her sister refuses to yield, hits her until she does

Question 41

Angry moods tend to lead to increased aggression because ____.

A)angry people believe lashing out will improve their mood
B)angry people believe lashing out will make their mood worse
C)angry moods lead to decreased arousal
D)angry moods lead to little differences in arousal levels

Question 42

The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is known as ____.

A)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
B)the hostile expectation bias
C)relational aggression theory
D)displacement

Question 43

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be most accurate to say that ____.

A)humans are naturally more or less nonviolent, and that society encourages violence
B)humans are naturally somewhat violent, but that society can significantly change and shape aggressive patterns
C)humans are naturally violent, and society can ultimately have only a limited impact on levels of aggression
D)human aggression varies enormously across time and location-with some societies showing no violence at all and others showing large amounts of violence-and is therefore likely to be purely a product of culture

Question 44

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modeling (observing and copying others' behaviors). Which statement best describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?

A)Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior. However, nonaggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behavior.
B)Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior and nonaggressive models can decrease it.
C)Aggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behavior. However,  nonaggressive models can decrease aggressive behavior.
D)Neither aggressive models nor nonaggressive models appear to have much impact on people's behavior.

Question 45

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____.

A)Freud's theories about aggression
B)social learning theory
C)behaviorist theories about aggression
D)evolutionary theories about aggression

Question 46

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.

A)seems to be basically correct for describing hostile aggression, but does not account for instrumental aggression
B)seems to be basically correct for describing same-sex, competitive forms of aggression, but does not account for other forms of aggression
C)needs a major overhaul
D)is basically right, but did not go far enough in specifying how people decide whether or not to act upon aggressive impulses

Question 47

Jayson is walking down a busy sidewalk, when someone going the opposite direction bumps into him. Jayson thinks the person meant to bump him to be rude. Jayson is most clearly exhibiting the ____.

A)hostile attribution bias
B)hostile expectation bias
C)hostile perception bias
D)indirect perception bias

Question 48

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for ____.

A)the idea of catharsis
B)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
C)social learning theory
D)the idea of displaced aggression

Question 49

What will always lead(s)to aggression?

A)frustration (but not anger)
B)anger (but not frustration)
C)both frustration and anger
D)neither frustration nor anger

Question 50

Which of the following is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?

A)Richard Nisbett's "culture of honor" research
B)Muzafer Sherif's "Robber's Cave" research
C)Philip Zimbardo's "Stanford prison" research
D)Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research

Question 51

Olivia watches several pornographic films and then-without even realizing it-imitates some of the behaviors from the films when she is with her boyfriend. The social learning process at play here is called ____.

A)projection
B)monitoring
C)validation
D)modeling

Question 52

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.

A)but only if the model is live (rather than filmed)
B)but only if the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
C)but only if the model is live (rather than filmed)AND the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
D)regardless of whether the model is live or filmed, and regardless of whether the model's

Question 53

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?

A)They experience catharsis.
B)They show a decrease in prosocial behaviors and an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.
C)They experience catharsis and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.
D)They experience catharsis, show a decrease in prosocial behaviors, and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.

Question 54

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things-by direct experience and by observing others.

A)instrumental learning theory
B)social learning theory
C)relational aggression theory
D)the cultural relativity hypothesis

Question 55

Tina watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants. Later that day, Tina yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants. The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.

A)projection
B)monitoring
C)validation
D)modeling

Question 56

What does the text conclude about the human "instinct" for aggression?

A)There is no such thing.
B)Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and culture seems to have little impact on it.
C)Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and, in general, culture tends to feed that instinct and encourage even more aggression.
D)Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, but, in general, culture tends to curb that instinct and reduce aggression.

Question 57

Jayson accidentally bumped into a guy as he was walking down the street. He anticipates that the fellow will assume the "bump" was purposeful and will react aggressively. Jayson is exhibiting the ____ bias.

A)hostile attribution
B)hostile perception
C)hostile expectation
D)indirect expectation

Question 58

What do most experts today say about the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)Most agree that frustration always prompts aggression, but most also agree that aggression can occur in the absence of frustration.
B)Most agree that aggression always arises from frustration, but most also agree that frustration does not always lead to aggression.
C)Most agree that frustration and aggression are strongly linked, but most disagree with the idea that one always involves the other.
D)Most agree with the hypothesis in full.

Question 59

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.

A)suicidal thinking
B)a destructive, death instinct
C)any same-sex competitive activity
D)an aggressive personality type

Question 60

In the initial conceptualization of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.

A)blocking or interfering with a goal
B)a mild form of anger
C)anything that reduced pleasure
D)anything that wounded a person's ego or sense of self-esteem

Question 61

The tend and befriend syndrome is ____.

A)a female pattern of responding to general stress
B)a style of responding to aggressive threats that is often taught in anger-management therapies
C)a style of responding to aggressive threats that is characteristic of some (non-human)animals when confronted by dominant opponents
D)a general orientation toward others that many people take on when encountering new, ambiguous situations

Question 62

Females are more likely than males to engage in ____ aggression.

A)physical
B)indirect
C)direct
D)relational

Question 63

The tendency for people to perceive ambiguous actions by others as evidence of hostility is known as the ____.

A)hostile attribution bias
B)ultimate attribution error
C)fundamental attribution error
D)Type A attributional style

Question 64

The main difference between the hostile perception bias and the hostile attribution bias is that the former concerns ____ while the latter concerns ____.

A)events external to you as well as events that occur to you; just events that occur to you
B)emotions; cognitions
C)sensory experiences; interpretations of information
D)what might happen in the future; what has already happened

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of social aggression?

A)A 10-year-old girl refusing to speak to a classmate out of jealousy
B)A 10-year-old boy shoving a classmate for taking his ball
C)A 30-year-old man punching his wife
D)A 30-year-old woman littering

Question 66

The risk of domestic violence for single women (women who are divorced, separated, co-habiting, or never married)is approximately _____ the risk for married women.

A)three times higher than
B)the same as
C)half as high as
D)one-tenth as high as

Question 67

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a term used to describe violence in the home?

A)domestic violence
B)family violence
C)intimate partner violence
D)culture of honor

Question 68

What is most accurate about cyberbullying?

A)The perpetrator uses the tend and befriend tactic.
B)The perpetrator does not use relational aggression.
C)The perpetrator cannot know the victim.
D)The perpetrator can be anonymous.

Question 69

As discussed in your text, the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as evidence of hostility is ____.

A)common among non-human animals, but rare among humans
B)the norm among both humans and non-human animals, and probably something that is genetically "hardwired"
C)probably uniquely human, because other animals do not have the mental hardware to make complex attributions
D)unique to people with antisocial personality disorder

Question 70

The idea that people use aggression as a way to relate to others highlights the ____ nature of aggression.

A)antisocial
B)social
C)direct
D)indirect

Question 71

The idea that people use aggression to try to get what they want illustrates that aggression is ____.

A)a form of social influence
B)a response to frustration
C)an instinct
D)caused by testosterone

Question 72

Research on aggression in toddlers and young children suggests that this group resorts to aggression to resolve conflicts ____.

A)more than any adolescent or adult group (e.g., even criminal or gang groups)-but does not end up committing many extremely violent crimes
B)more than any adolescent or adult group (e.g., even criminal or gang groups)-and ends up committing many extremely violent crimes
C)much less than adolescent or adult groups-and does not end up inflicting much damage or committing many extremely violent crimes
D)much less than adolescent or adult groups-but ends up committing many extremely violent crimes

Question 73

Incidents in which males coerce females into having sex are fairly common, and can have serious, traumatic consequences for victims. As discussed in the text, how do such incidents compare to cases in which females coerce males into having sex?

A)These cases are also fairly common, with equally traumatic consequences.
B)These cases are also fairly common, but have less traumatic consequences.
C)These cases are extremely rare, but have equally traumatic consequences when they do occur.
D)These cases are extremely rare, and have less traumatic consequences.

Question 74

Consider the hostile attribution bias, the hostile perception bias, and the hostile expectation bias. People who are characteristically aggressive tend to show ____ more than people who aren't.

A)just the first bias
B)all three biases
C)just the third bias
D)just the first and third biases

Question 75

Roger overhears loud voices in the apartment next door, and immediately assumes that his neighbors are engaged in a domestic battle. He then talks on the phone with his friend Lamont, and learns that his friend had a very bad day: Lamont lost his job AND discovered a large dent in his car. Roger jumps to some quick conclusions. "Someone is trying to attack you," he advises Lamont. "They dented your car on purpose. It is probably no accident that you lost your job this week either; someone there is out to get you!" Roger's quick assumptions about others' intentions indicate a ____.

A)Type A attributional bias
B)hostile expectation bias
C)hostile perception bias
D)fundamental attribution error

Question 76

Jayson is eating lunch alone at a restaurant. He sees two people talking animatedly, and interprets it as arguing. Jayson is exhibiting the ____.

A)hostile attribution bias
B)hostile perception bias
C)hostile expectation bias
D)indirect expectation bias

Question 77

When male rats are under stress, they respond by either fighting or running away (i.e., with the fight or flight syndrome). By contrast, female rats respond with ____.

A)the right or flight syndrome
B)the tend and befriend syndrome
C)flight only
D)a tendency to hide

Question 78

Research suggests that male rats who are under stress respond with the fight or flight syndrome, while female rats who are under stress respond with the tend and befriend syndrome. Does the same pattern hold true for humans?

A)In general, yes, this pattern holds true for humans.
B)In general, no-men and women show a mix of both syndromes.
C)In general, no-women show the same fight or flight syndrome as men.
D)In general, no-men show the fight or flight syndrome while women show a simple tendency for flight.

Question 79

As discussed in the text, sexually coercive men (men who commit date rapes or stranger rapes)tend to ____.

A)have low self-esteem
B)be narcissistic
C)have alcohol or substance-related disorders
D)have erectile dysfunctions

Question 80

Just as Evelyn reached the bus stop, her bus pulled away. "I knew it," she muttered to herself, "the bus driver hates me." Just as she reached the lobby at work, the elevator doors were closing. "My co-workers probably saw me but let the doors close anyway," she thought. Later that day, she encountered some problems with her computer. "I bet someone was messing with my computer," she thought, "probably trying to make me screw up and look bad. Grrr." Based on these incidents, it appears that Evelyn has a ____.

A)hostile attribution bias
B)Type A attributional style
C)tendency to make the ultimate attribution error
D)hostile expectation bias