Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Seven-year-old Ben is riding his bike to the park to meet some friends. He stops at a stop sign and signals his intention to turn left into the park. Ben's memory of the laws of the road is an example of __________ memory, whereas his ability to ride the bike shows __________ memory.

A)episodic; semantic
B)semantic; episodic
C)episodic; procedural
D)semantic; procedural

Answer 1

semantic; procedural

Question 2

The three basic processes of memory are

A)recognition, storage, and retrieval.
B)encoding, storage, and forgetting.
C)encoding, storage, and retrieval.
D)encoding, storage, and maintenance.

Answer 2

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 3

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called

A)storage
B)retrieval.
C)encoding.
D)processing.

Answer 3

encoding.

Question 4

Janis was at the mall when she saw a bright pink hat with flowers on it. Suddenly, Janis felt anxious, upset, and frightened, but she did not understand why. What Janis subconsciously remembered was that when she was five years old, she wore a similar hat to school, and everyone laughed and threw rocks at her. This is an example of a(n)__________ memory because she had not intended to recall the information from her long-term memory.

A)semantic
B)implicit
C)procedural
D)explicit

Question 5

Corbin memorized a list of state capitals for his geography exam. Once he had done so, they became __________ memories.

A)implicit
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)procedural

Question 6

"The best Fighting Illini basketball game I ever went to was against Michigan State, back in 1998," said Brent. "There was a fight, and our guys won by about 20 points." Brent's recollection is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A)procedural
B)sequential
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 7

Remembering what the word summer means requires __________ memory, while remembering what you did on July 4, 1996, requires __________ memory.

A)episodic; semantic
B)episodic; procedural
C)procedural; episodic
D)semantic; episodic

Question 8

When Martha is asked to describe where the state of Alabama is located, she is unable to name the states that are right next to it. She is then asked the same question while looking at a picture of the map of the United States with no state names on it. She immediately points to Alabama and is able to name several of the neighboring states. Martha originally had trouble remembering Alabama's location because of poor

A)recall.
B)recognition.
C)elaborative rehearsal.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 9

Caden can remember quite vividly the first time his dad took him out to learn how to ride a bike because he didn't use training wheels and took a nasty spill, scraping his knee badly. He remembers the pain, the blood running down his leg, and his father carrying him back home to get cleaned up. This would best be described as a(n)__________ memory.

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)implicit
D)episodic

Question 10

As Minna smelled the hay and manure in the barn, she began to feel uneasy. Although she wasn't consciously aware of it, she was recalling the night that she was at the circus and was nearly stepped on by an elephant. This is an example of __________ memory.

A)sensory
B)procedural
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 11

Before they take a test, Nick and Gavin are told by their instructor, "You are not allowed to use your books or notes, and looking at another person's exam is prohibited." When Gus asks what the instructor said, Shawn answers, "He told us not to cheat." Shawn's memory of what the instructor said has been encoded

A)acoustically.
B)procedurally.
C)semantically.
D)visually.

Question 12

Even though Samantha cannot explain how she is able to wiggle her nose, she always remembers how to do it. Samantha's memory for her nose wiggling is an example of __________ memory.

A)procedural
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)mnemonic

Question 13

During a game of Trivial Pursuit, Robyn is asked for the capital of Australia. After thinking for a few moments she says, correctly, "Canberra." This is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A)implicit
B)episodic
C)explicit
D)procedural

Question 14

To discourage his children from smoking, a father showed them the extremely graphic pictures of withered, blackened, and perforated lungs of a dead smoker. Afterward, when confronted with peers offering cigarettes, the "lung pictures" came into the children's minds. This is an example of

A)procedural knowledge.
B)auditory memory.
C)visual memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 15

Arthur saw a man vandalizing an ATM at the local bank. Police ask him to look at a line-up and try to identify the man he saw. Arthur is being asked to engage which type of memory retrieval process?

A)Recall
B)Rehearsal
C)Recognition
D)Relearning

Question 16

In the process of learning the specific techniques of his job, Arlen will need to keep this new information in his memory for a long time. This part of the memory process is known as

A)retrieval.
B)recall.
C)storage.
D)encoding.

Question 17

Felicia is a witness in a traffic accident court case. When asked by the attorney to describe what she witnessed, Felicia tells her perspective as she saw it unfold. Felicia's memories of the accident are considered __________ memories because she was intentionally trying to access the memories that were needed.

A)procedural
B)state-dependent
C)elaboratively rehearsed
D)explicit

Question 18

Melvin got a new phone number at the beginning of the semester. At first, he repeated it to himself numerous times to remember it, but by the end of the semester, he easily remembers it. When he was holding the number in short-term memory at the beginning, the information is most likely __________, and once it is in his long-term memory, it is __________.

A)auditory; semantic
B)visual; semantic
C)auditory; episodic
D)visual; episodic

Question 19

Valerie is teaching Parker how to play the guitar. Valerie instructs Parker to sit across from her and watch her finger movements as she plays a song. She has found this method more effective than attempting to verbally explain the complicated series of finger movements. Valerie's teaching strategy indicates that her memory of how to play the guitar is stored as a(n)__________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)procedural
D)sensory

Question 20

Matilda asks Becky, "How was your spring break?" As Becky describes her vacation, she begins to feel guilty because she subconsciously recalls how her parents criticized her for taking a trip instead of getting caught up in her studies. Becky's recollection of her vacation is an example of a(n)__________ memory, and her feeling of guilt is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A)implicit; explicit
B)semantic; episodic
C)episodic; semantic
D)explicit; implicit

Question 21

Elka can remember the phone number she just looked up only by repeating it over and over. When she stops saying it out loud, she forgets it. Elka is using __________ rehearsal to keep the information in __________ memory.

A)maintenance; short-term
B)maintenance; sensory
C)elaborative; short-term
D)elaborative; sensory

Question 22

Which is not a type of memory that is proposed by the information-processing model?

A)Sensory memory
B)Short-term memory
C)Repressed memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 23

Sara is trying to remember the name of the movie in which John Cusack plays a baseball player. She eventually remembers that the name of the movie is Eight Men Out , but she also starts thinking about other John Cusack movies as well as other baseball movies. The fact that Sara also thought about this additional related information is best explained by the __________ model of memory.

A)parallel distributed processing
B)transfer-appropriate processing
C)levels-of-processing
D)information-processing

Question 24

According to the information-processing model of memory, when all three types of memory work together, as in reading,

A)the sensory registers hold information to match with information in long-term memory.
B)early parts of the sentence are held in short-term memory to compare to words in long-term memory.
C)light from the page is converted to neural activity stored in short-term memory.
D)memory is not necessary because all the input is present.

Question 25

Jane is trying to remember the order in which stars are classed by heat for her astronomy class. If instead of just trying to remember the sequence of letters (OBAFGKM), she comes up with the mnemonic of "Oh Be A Fine Guy, Kiss Me," the __________ model of memory suggests that she should remember it better because she is creating more thorough connections and associations.

A)transfer-appropriate processing
B)parallel distributed processing
C)levels-of-processing
D)information-processing

Question 26

Bart tells Lisa about his new cat, Scratchy. Even though Bart does not mention that Scratchy has fur, Lisa knows this because she makes this generalization from the facts she knows about cats. Lisa's generalization about Scratchy best demonstrates

A)the relearning method.
B)a false memory.
C)the feeling-of-knowing experience.
D)a parallel distributed processing model of memory.

Question 27

Which model of memory might best explain how the brain works when a person is multitasking (for example, talking on the telephone while cooking dinner and watching the kids play in the driveway)?

A)Information-processing
B)Transfer-appropriate processing
C)Levels-of-processing
D)Parallel distributed processing

Question 28

According to the ________ model of memory, data must process through sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, in that order.

A)information-processing
B)levels-of-processing
C)parallel distributed processing
D)encoding specificity

Question 29

If Greta is having an essay exam, she studies one way. If she is having a multiple-choice exam, she studies a different way. Greta's actions best support the __________ model of memory.

A)transfer-appropriate processing
B)information-processing
C)levels-of-processing
D)parallel distributed processing

Question 30

Homer is trying to remember the different functions of the control panel at the nuclear power plant where he works. He remembers the functions of the different buttons by thinking about the types of donuts that the buttons most resemble. For example, he is supposed to press a red button to shut off the reactors when they are about to have a meltdown. He remembers this because the red button reminds him of cherry donuts, which he eats only during hot weather. The type of processing that Homer is using is __________ rehearsal.

A)state-specific
B)elaborative
C)maintenance
D)transfer-appropriate

Question 31

Last semester, Raul studied abroad in Spain. When his history teacher began lecturing on Spain, many of Raul's memories were simultaneously activated: bull fights, tasty sangria, and flamenco dancers. This example best illustrates the __________ model of memory.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)encoding specificity
C)parallel distributed processing
D)transfer-appropriate processing

Question 32

In his biology class, Marcus is trying to remember the correct order of stratification (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species). He tries to create a sentence that will help him remember it, and comes up with "Keep Praying Cars Only Fly Green Spacemen." This is an example of _______ rehearsal, since he is tapping in a past memory of flying spacemen in a movie that he once saw.

A)transferred
B)elaborative
C)maintenance
D)secondary

Question 33

Jacques and Pierre are studying for their Spanish exam. Pierre is creating associations between vocabulary words and English words that sound similar. Jacques is repeating vocabulary words over and over.. All else being equal, Pierre is more likely to do better on the Spanish exam because he is using __________ rehearsal and Jacques is using __________ rehearsal.

A)maintenance; elaborative
B)maintenance; transfer-appropriate
C)elaborative; maintenance
D)transfer-appropriate; maintenance

Question 34

Before studying for the midterm exam, Class A was told to expect a multiple-choice test and Class B was told to expect an essay test. Both classes actually got a multiple-choice test, and Class A performed better on the test. This result is most consistent with the __________ model of memory.

A)levels-of-processing
B)information-processing
C)parallel distributed processing
D)transfer-appropriate processing

Question 35

Which of the following factors is most critical for your ability to store information so that it is available for retrieval at a later date?

A)Thinking about new information in relation to existing knowledge
B)The length of exposure to the information
C)Shifting from medium- to high-stimulus intensity
D)Using a systematic scanning pattern

Question 36

James is going to the store to buy the following items: shampoo, ice cream, bananas, bread, juice, milk, toothpaste, and pretzels. Instead of making a list, he repeats the list over and over to himself and comes home with only the shampoo, ice cream, and bananas. James was using __________ rehearsal and remembered only the first few items on the list due to the __________ effect.

A)elaborative; primacy
B)maintenance; primacy
C)maintenance; recency
D)elaborative; recency

Question 37

According to the information-processing model of memory, if a person completely loses the ability for __________ memory, which is the first level of memory storage, the person will not be able to form any memories of any kind.

A)short-term
B)sensory
C)semantic
D)long-term

Question 38

Today it is Joe's turn to pick up lunch for the staff at his office. Things have been particularly busy at work, and Joe didn't have time to write down each person's order. Instead, he is trying to remember their orders by repeating to himself over and over "three buster burgers, one chicken club, two waffle fries, and a strawberry sundae" while he waits in the line at Fred's Burger Barn. Joe's memory strategy is called

A)elaborative rehearsal.
B)parallel distributed processing.
C)chunking.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 39

Which teacher is forgetting the concept of transfer-appropriate processing?

A)Professor Larriby regularly shows up late to class but penalizes students when they are tardy.
B)Dr. McCoy gives students extra credit opportunities on every test.
C)Professor Wieters allows students to listen to music through headphones while they take tests, but they must promise not to cheat.
D)Dr. Trumbo gives student weekly multiple-choice quizzes, but gives the final exam in an all-essay format.

Question 40

As you read this question, your sensory registers are converting light energy into neural activity, your short-term memory is holding the first part of the question, and your long-term memory is helping you recognize and understand the words. This best supports the __________ model of memory.

A)transfer-appropriate processing
B)parallel distributed processing
C)information-processing
D)levels-of-processing

Question 41

Baxter suffers from a brain condition that causes him to see the world as a series of still images instead of the normal continuous flow the rest of us experience. One explanation for this condition is that he has a problem with his __________ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)procedural

Question 42

When Frances went to work this morning, she checked her voice mail. Her boss had left her a message outlining twenty-six tasks she needed to complete. Unfortunately, the message was accidentally deleted after Frances listened to it once. Because she did not write down the tasks as she listened to the message, how many of the tasks will Frances most likely remember?

A)One to four
B)Five to nine
C)Ten to fourteen
D)Fifteen to nineteen

Question 43

The variable that largely determines whether information is moved from the sensory registers to short-term memory is

A)selective attention.
B)rehearsal.
C)chunking.
D)serial search.

Question 44

You give your friend instructions about what to buy for a party by quickly rattling off fifteen unrelated grocery store items. Then to check whether your friend got all the information, you ask him to repeat the grocery list back to you. Based on the "magic number" identified by George Miller, you should expect that your friend will recall about __________ items.

A)two
B)fifteen
C)four
D)seven

Question 45

Newt was delivering a speech prepared by his aide to a large gathering of people. Because he was running late and hadn't memorized any of the speech, none of it was committed to his long-term memory. After looking at the speech, what would be the longest amount of time that he could talk directly from the speech without looking down before he'd lose all of the information?

A)Five seconds
B)Eighteen seconds
C)One minute
D)Five minutes

Question 46

Ewald is preparing to go to an orchestra competition, and he hopes to win the first seat in the viola section. He plays the Beethoven symphony over and over again while playing his part, listening carefully to the sound of the various cello parts in the music. He does not even "hear" the violins, trumpets, or other instruments because he is so focused on the cello section. Ewald is demonstrating

A)selective attention.
B)parallel processing.
C)encoding transfer.
D)the serial position effect.

Question 47

Stuart is trying to remember the word car . If he makes a mistake in recalling the word within fifteen seconds of hearing it, which of the following words would he be most likely to mistakenly recall instead?

A)Fun
B)Heavy
C)Jar
D)Auto

Question 48

Marcie found that remembering her ATM card number and pin number was much easier when she grouped the twelve numbers into sets of threes instead of trying to remember twelve separate numbers. What technique is Marcie using to extend her short-term memory capacity?

A)Mnemonic strategies
B)Stringing
C)Chunking
D)Method of loci

Question 49

If the letters OBACKFIBHJCA are rearranged into HBO-JFK-CIA-ABC, they become much easier to store in short-term memory. This phenomenon illustrates the usefulness of __________ in short-term memory.

A)rehearsal
B)chunking
C)peg-word systems
D)the method of loci

Question 50

Information is retained in visual sensory memory for __________.

A)sixty seconds
B)about one-fourth of a second
C)twenty seconds
D)thirty seconds

Question 51

Tami lights a sparkler and hands it to her young son, Jacob. She tells Jacob to write his name in the air with the sparkler. She can see this "writing" after he manipulates the sparkler in front of him because the light from the sparkler is briefly held in her __________ memory.

A)sensory
B)working
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 52

Warren is trying to remember the following list: table, rock, phone, and apple. When recalling the list from his short-term memory, he makes a mistake and recalls the wrong word when trying to remember the word rock . Which of the following will most likely be the word that Warren recalls instead of rock?

A)Clock
B)Stone
C)Hair
D)Round

Question 53

You look up the phone number of your favorite pizza maker and say it over and over to yourself as you walk across the room to the phone. Before you reach the phone, your roommate bursts in and exclaims, "Look at this-it's the new Pink album!" "Cool!" you reply. Then you become frustrated because you cannot remember the phone number. This is most likely due to interruption in the process of

A)decay.
B)proactive inhibition.
C)selective attention.
D)the primacy effect.

Question 54

Quintin needed to call the local department store to see if his catalog order was in. He found the telephone number in the phone book, mentally rehearsed the number, and called the department store. Most likely, this number was stored in his __________ memory.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 55

Short-term memory is also frequently referred to as ________ memory.

A)explicit
B)semantic
C)executive
D)working

Question 56

Liora opens her textbook and begins to read. As her eyes scan the page, each word remains in her __________ memory for less than a second, just long enough for the next phase of memory to take over.

A)episodic
B)working
C)sensory
D)short-term

Question 57

Damon has an average memory, and he is trying to keep a seven-digit phone number in his short-term memory. This number is likely to be

A)too long for him to keep in short-term memory.
B)forgotten after one second if it is unrehearsed.
C)encoded acoustically rather than semantically.
D)remembered if Damon's levels of acetylcholine are low.

Question 58

Anissa is trying to memorize a string of letters. She is having problems because she keeps mixing up the letter C with other letters that sound similar to it. This type of error in encoding is most likely to occur in __________ memory.

A)semantic
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)long-term

Question 59

The concept of selective attention is best demonstrated in which of the following examples?

A)Remembering the names of your clients by creating clever mental associations
B)Learning to play a song by listening to only the cello parts of a string quartet
C)Recalling only fond memories of your sister when you are feeling happy
D)Using a familiar location as a means to remember a long list of groceries you need to buy

Question 60

While walking across the quad with your friend Dan, you run into an old girlfriend, Wendy. Only seconds after being introduced to Dan, Wendy says to him, "So, Stan, what's your major?" Noticing that Dan appears agitated about his name being messed up, you explain, "Hey, Dan, information is usually __________ encoded into short-term memory, and this kind of error is common."

A)visually
B)semantically
C)procedurally
D)acoustically

Question 61

Keri is forty years old and has had many experiences throughout her life. Which of the following would she be likely to remember most clearly?

A)Being a student in third grade
B)Participating in a psychology experiment
C)Her favorite dress in high school
D)Her wedding at twenty-two years of age

Question 62

Buster was hungry for a Garcia's pizza. Because he was new in town, he didn't have the number memorized. He looked up the number and repeated it to himself as he went to the phone. This helped the number stay in Buster's __________ memory.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)mnemonic

Question 63

The magic number for the capacity of short-term memory seems to be __________, but this can be increased by using __________.

A)7 ± 2; chunking
B)7 ± 2; retroactive inhibition
C)unlimited; chunking
D)unlimited; metamemory

Question 64

Your friend is ordering pizza and wants to know what toppings you want. You say "pepperoni, sausage, green peppers, olives, mushrooms, onions, tomatoes, and pineapple." Your friend doesn't write this down but then dials the pizza place and places the order. Which of the following toppings is your friend most likely to forget?

A)Pepperoni
B)Pineapple
C)Sausage
D)Mushrooms

Question 65

Short-term memory can store __________ item(s), and the duration of storage is __________.

A)only one; approximately one hour
B)an average of seven; about twenty seconds
C)approximately twelve; over sixty seconds
D)unlimited; unlimited

Question 66

In a memory experiment, participants heard the sentence "They turned in their papers late, so they didn't get full credit." Two minutes later, the participants were asked whether they heard the sentence above or "Their papers were turned in late, so they didn't get full credit." Many participants incorrectly reported that they heard the second version. This is because __________ memory primarily uses __________ encoding.

A)short-term; semantic
B)short-term; acoustic
C)long-term; semantic
D)long-term; acoustic

Question 67

Max's mother tells him she needs laundry detergent, bread, milk, crackers, cola, tortillas, eggs, and green beans. She tells him to write it down so he won't forget, but he insists he doesn't need to. When he gets home from the store he has the laundry detergent, bread, milk, crackers, and cola but apologizes because he forgot the other things she needed. Max's memory of the grocery list illustrates

A)only the primacy effect.
B)only the recency effect.
C)primacy and recency effects.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 68

You are ordering dinner with a group of five friends at a restaurant. You notice that the waiter has neither pad nor pencil but relies on memory to get the orders correct. Assume that the waiter will report the orders to the kitchen right away (he won't do any intervening mental tasks). To give yourself the best chance of getting what you ordered, you should attempt to give your order to the waiter

A)first, second, or third.
B)third or fourth.
C)fourth, fifth, or sixth.
D)first, second, fifth, or sixth.

Question 69

Dolly is conducting a study in which she asks basketball players from several colleges to recall their win-loss outcomes of certain games in the past season. She found that some players incorrectly remember game outcomes, even when they were considered important games. This example highlights that

A)recall is susceptible to interference from short-term memory.
B)the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon also affects long-term retrieval.
C)long-term memories are subject to major errors and distortion.
D)only flashbulb memories tend to retain their accuracy in long-term memory.

Question 70

Polina participated in a short-term memory experiment. The experimenter read aloud a list of twenty objects, and Polina had to mentally rate how effective each object would be if she was stranded on a deserted island. The experimenter then asked her to count backward by threes from one hundred. This task, known as __________, ensures Polina does not rehearse the information to keep it in her short-term memory.

A)motivated forgetting
B)chunking
C)the Brown-Peterson distractor technique
D)the relearning method

Question 71

Toni has to remember her shopping list, which contains the following items: lemons, saw, beer, napkins, apples, lettuce, nails, cups, juice, newspaper, magazine, milk, and screwdriver. She decides to mentally place the items in categories: (1)lemons, apples, lettuce; (2)beer, juice, milk; (3)saw, nails, screwdriver; (4)newspaper, magazine; and (5)napkins, cups. Which of the following did Toni not use in this process?

A)Chunking
B)Long-term memory
C)The Brown-Peterson distractor technique
D)Short-term memory

Question 72

Jammin' Jamie, a disc jockey for a local radio station, plays requests that listeners phone in between 11 a.m. and noon. There are lots of requests, and Jamie usually forgets all but the last few requests. This pattern is an example of the __________ effect.

A)primacy
B)recency
C)context
D)interference

Question 73

Brando is applying for a doctoral internship, and he is going to interview on the same day as seven other applicants. If he wants to take advantage of the primacy effect, what should he attempt to do?

A)Be the first candidate interviewed
B)Be the last candidate interviewed
C)Wear loud colors so that he is more memorable
D)Memorize the credentials of the interviewers so that he can impress them

Question 74

Most older adults can remember exactly when and where they heard of the attempted assassination of President Reagan in the early 1980s. Such so-called __________ memories, which occur when emotionally impactful events happen, are usually very detailed and vivid.

A)latent
B)emotion-dependent
C)state-dependent
D)flashbulb

Question 75

People in an experiment read a passage and then are asked to identify a list of statements that the passage may or may not have contained. The people are good at recognizing statements with the same meaning as the ones that they have heard, but they cannot identify the exact wording of these statements. This is due to

A)chunking.
B)dual-coding theory.
C)inadequate rehearsal.
D)semantic encoding.

Question 76

Counterfeiters depend on the fact that people's long-term memory often does not contain specific details but only general meanings. They are relying on the gaps that occur in memory when people

A)have an ability to chunk.
B)employ sensory memory.
C)have no immediate memory span.
D)use semantic encoding.

Question 77

Long-term memory is normally capable of retaining how many pieces of information?

A)Seven pieces of information
B)Five-to-nine chunks of information
C)An indefinite amount of information
D)About one million pieces of information

Question 78

After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book, Franklin discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone. Assuming that Franklin is not rehearsing the number, he will be able to remember the telephone number for about

A)one second.
B)ten seconds.
C)twenty seconds.
D)two minutes.

Question 79

Alberto arrived at a party and was introduced in order to Sandra, Frank, Jake, and Helen. Later in the evening, he could remember only Sandra's name. This is an example of

A)fixation.
B)episodic memory.
C)the primacy effect.
D)motivated forgetting.

Question 80

Yuri is going to Cancun for spring break. His mother insists that he bring back a Mexican blanket, a silver bracelet, earrings, a shell, some white sand, a sombrero, an onyx pillbox, a necklace, a poncho, and a pair of shoes. He pulls out a piece of paper to start making a list after she mentions what she wants, but he cannot remember all of the items. What is the most likely explanation?

A)The information was coded iconically.
B)The information was coded semantically.
C)His short-term memory will not hold ten items.
D)He was using long-term memory with a parallel search.