Deck 12: Disordered Eating and Exercise Patterns in Athletes

Question 1

What is the prevalence of bulimia nervosa in late-adolescent and early-adult females?

A)0.5-1.0%
B)1-3%
C)8-10%
D)12-15%

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Disordered eating in athletes is particularly hard to define because an athlete's normal eating pattern may be one of ____.

A)no restraint
B)mild restraint
C)normal restraint
D)extreme restraint

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One sign of disordered eating is _____.

A)the tendency of eating when hungry and stopping when full
B)the inability to eat when hungry and stop when full
C)including small amounts of junk food in diet
D)occasional overeating

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Why are eating disorders classified as psychiatric diseases?

A)The fundamental causes involve issues such as body image and control.
B)Eating disorders are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain.
C)Eating disorders have few physiological effects.
D)Health insurance reimbursement is higher for psychiatric diseases.

Question 5

If a female athlete is having almost non-existent menstrual periods, experiencing recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, and resolving to train more and eat less than usual, she may ____.

A)have anorexia athletica and need immediate attention
B)have disordered eating, but will not need treatment
C)not need to be approached because her behaviors are common to athletes
D)have anorexia athletica, a form of anorexia that does not need treatment

Question 6

Because some athletes must follow fairly strict eating guidelines to support their training, recovery, and performance goals, it is ____.

A)particularly hard to define normal eating in athletes
B)easy for them to follow the well-defined guidelines for normal eating
C)nearly impossible to achieve
D)suggested they follow a restrictive diet plan

Question 7

In most cases of anorexia nervosa, weight loss is achieved primarily by ____, and ____ may be a secondary method used.

A)voluntary starvation; excessive exercise
B)excessive exercise; overuse of laxatives
C)self-induced vomiting; voluntary starvation
D)overuse of laxatives; excessive exercise

Question 8

Two methods used by individuals with bulimia nervosa to prevent food from being absorbed are vomiting and ____.

A)diuretics
B)laxatives
C)enemas
D)starvation

Question 9

A normal amount of exercise is ____.

A)enhanced by a low body weight
B)more achievable if athletes employ a restrictive diet
C)supportive of training and performance
D)impossible to determine

Question 10

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), lists which one of the following as a criterion for anorexia nervosa?

A)Persistent lack of recognition of seriousness of current low body weight
B)Feeling that one can not stop eating or control what or how much one is eating
C)Misuse of laxatives and diuretics
D)Recurrent self-induced vomiting to prevent weight gain

Question 11

For adults, a weight corresponding to a BMI of ____ or less is considered significantly low or less than minimally normal.

A)11
B)15
C)17
D)21

Question 12

Which statement best fits with a description of normal eating?

A)Eating only nutritious foods and trying to consume a perfect diet
B)Eating even when not hungry
C)Extreme control over amount and type of food
D)Using moderate constraint in food selection to get nutritious food, but not missing out on pleasurable food

Question 13

The best description of "normal" eating is ____.

A)unplanned
B)systematic
C)flexible
D)ritualistic

Question 14

Disordered eating ____.

A)is indicated by being underweight
B)is indicated by being a normal weight
C)is indicated by being overweight
D)cannot be predicted by body weight

Question 15

How do the terms eating disorder and disordered eating compare?

A)These are interchangeable terms.
B)Disordered eating is a precise term while eating disorder is a general term.
C)An eating disorder has specified criteria but disordered eating is not well defined.
D)Disordered eating has specified criteria but an eating disorder does not.

Question 16

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa share many clinical features, although ____ is a major difference between these two conditions.

A)body image
B)psychological pathology
C)body weight
D)emphasis on diet

Question 17

What is the prevalence of anorexia nervosa in late-adolescent and early-adult females?

A)0.5-1.0%
B)1-3%
C)8-10%
D)12-15%

Question 18

The two subtypes of anorexia nervosa are ____.

A)anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
B)anorexic nervosa and anorexia athletica
C)restricting type and binge-eating\purging type
D)restricting type and athletica type

Question 19

Which statement is true about an athlete's progression from a normal eating pattern to disordered eating and then to an eating disorder?

A)This progression always occurs due to the pressures that athletes face.
B)This progression is influenced only eating behaviors, and is independent of exercise behaviors.
C)This progression is driven exclusively by psychological stresses.
D)This progression is caused by many factors, including inappropriate eating and dieting, training demands, and psychological stresses.

Question 20

Diagnosing anorexia nervosa takes skill because ____.

A)it must be determined if a person is below the normal weight for any given age and height
B)it must be determined if a person is above the normal weight for any given age and height
C)there is not a single normal weight for any given age and height
D)people rarely seek treatment for this condition

Question 21

The best definition of excessive exercise is ____.

A)exercise equivalent to running more than 50 miles\week
B)exercise equivalent to running more than 100 miles\week
C)exercise equivalent to running more than 150 miles\week
D)being unable to determine the amount of exercise that is excessive

Question 22

An unhealthy obsession with healthy eating describes ____.

A)anorexia athletica
B)anorexia nervosa
C)bulimia nervosa
D)orthorexia nervosa

Question 23

The most common method of purging by those with bulimia is ____.

A)laxatives
B)self-induced vomiting
C)the use of ipecac
D)enemas

Question 24

In which sport are athletes likely to meet the criteria for anorexia athletica but rarely for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?

A)Gymnastics
B)Wrestling
C)Ballet
D)Long-distance running

Question 25

An individual demonstrates some signs of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa but does not fully meet the criteria for either. How would this condition be characterized?

A)Anorexia nervosa, purging type
B)Binge eating disorder
C)Eating disorder not otherwise specified
D)"Normal" eating

Question 26

Which of the following characteristics is least likely associated with anorexia athletica?

A)Voluntary excessive exercise
B)Weight cycling
C)Losing body fat to improve performance
D)Lifelong struggle with abnormal eating patterns

Question 27

Which behavior would least likely to be associated with a binge-eating disorder?

A)Eating much more rapidly than normal
B)Eating until feeling uncomfortably full
C)Using compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
D)Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty after bingeing

Question 28

What characterizes body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

A)Excessive concern with perceived body defects
B)Being severely underweight
C)Being severely obese
D)Displaying and eating disorder

Question 29

What is one of the reasons why combat athletes, such as wrestlers, who restrict food and purge to "make weight" are not considered to have an eating disorder?

A)They possess the psychological pathology that accompanies eating disorders but it is not severe.
B)They do not base their self-esteem on weight.
C)They do not fall within the normal range on tests of eating attitudes.
D)They are immune to developing eating disorders.

Question 30

Which condition is much more prevalent in males than in females?

A)Anorexia athletica.
B)The Adonis complex.
C)Bulimia nervosa.
D)Binge-eating.

Question 31

Which condition listed below is the most prevalent in athletes?

A)Anorexia nervosa.
B)Bulimia nervosa.
C)Disordered eating.
D)All of the above have approximately the same prevalence.

Question 32

The incidence of exercise dependence or excessive physical activity may be as high as ____ percent among patients with diagnosed eating disorders.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 33

The prevalence of anorexia athletica is ____.

A)much greater than anorexia nervosa
B)much less than anorexia nervosa, restricting type
C)much less than anorexia nervosa, binge-eating\purging type
D)difficult to determine because few studies have been performed

Question 34

What is weight cycling?

A)Rotating types of weight-bearing activities
B)Alternating between dieting and bingeing
C)Repeated weight loss and weight gain
D)Riding a bicycle with added weights in order to accelerate loss of body fat

Question 35

Another name for reverse anorexia is ____.

A)bulimia
B)muscle dysmorphia
C)overeating
D)anorexia nervosa, binge-eating\purging type

Question 36

A binge is described as eating a large amount of food that is ____.

A)greater than 2000 calories in 2 hours or less
B)relative to the individual's usual pattern of eating, in 2 hours or less
C)greater than 2000 calories in 30 minutes or less
D)relative to the individual's usual pattern of eating, in 30 minutes or less

Question 37

Which of the following criterion is least likely to indicate secondary exercise dependence?

A)Impaired physical and behavioral functioning
B)Unsuccessful efforts to control exercise
C)Absence of an eating disorder
D)Lying about exercise volume

Question 38

Therapy for bulimia nervosa should focus most on issues surrounding both self-esteem and ____.

A)self-control
B)family history
C)a perfect diet
D)exercise patterns

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the condition known as muscle dysmorphia?

A)Excessive protein synthesis in skeletal muscles.
B)Severe psychological distress if not able to exercise.
C)Lack of increase in muscle mass despite appropriate eating and exercise.
D)Preoccupation and dissatisfaction with muscle size.

Question 40

Which of the following is true regarding male athletes and eating disorders?

A)Eating disorders have only been documented in female athletes.
B)Eating disorders have been documented in males but only in wrestlers and bodybuilders.
C)Eating disorders in male athletes have been reported but the prevalence is low.
D)The prevalence of eating disorders in male athletes is approaching that of female athletes.

Question 41

Why does the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission recommend that coaches not be involved in determining or evaluating an athlete's weight or body composition?

A)Coaches always choose a weight that is too low.
B)Coaches typically have the most influence over an athlete's behavior.
C)Coaches do not have the time to closely monitor the athlete's diet.
D)Coaches cause eating disorders.

Question 42

Eating disorders and disordered eating differ in their degree of severity.

Question 43

The onset of anorexia nervosa is most common during late adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 44

Eating disorders are classified as psychiatric diseases because control, body image, and self-esteem are underlying factors.

Question 45

If the presence of an eating disorder is suspected, which is the most appropriate course of action for a coach to take?

A)Give the athlete time to resolve the issue before taking any action.
B)Ask an assistant coach or athletic trainer to talk directly to the athlete.
C)Meet with the athlete and casually discuss his or her food intake.
D)Immediately refer the athlete to a trained professional for further evaluation.

Question 46

Normal eating involves moderate restraint.

Question 47

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimum body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight.

Question 48

In females, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa is greater than the prevalence of anorexia nervosa.

Question 49

Low energy availability is defined as a(n)____.

A)energy expenditure that routinely exceeds energy intake
B)low energy intake caused by an eating disorder
C)hormonal disruption that results in the delayed uptake of glucose
D)reduced metabolic rate due to self-imposed starvation

Question 50

Amenorrhea is defined as an ____.

A)abnormally high concentration of estrogen-related hormones
B)absence or suppression of menstruation
C)excess production of testosterone in females
D)absence of normal testosterone production in males

Question 51

Normal eating is defined as meeting all of the body's physiological needs.

Question 52

Which term is used to describe normal menstruation?

A)Amenorrhea
B)Eumenorrhea
C)Periodization
D)Luteinization

Question 53

Anorexia nervosa means loss of appetite due to nervousness, which describes the first symptom that usually occurs.

Question 54

What are the three distinct but interrelated factors associated with the Female Athlete Triad?

A)Health, fitness, and longevity
B)Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia athletica
C)Appearance, performance, and optimal body weight
D)Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

Question 55

What effect does amenorrhea in athletes have on stress fractures?

A)Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to lower bone mineral density.
B)Prevalence of stress fractures is lower in those with amenorrhea due to lower bone mineral density.
C)Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to higher bone mineral density resulting from exercise.
D)Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to higher bone mineral density common in all athletes.

Question 56

Osteopenia is defined as a low ____.

A)bone mineral density
B)bone mineral density with changes in bone microarchitecture
C)calcium intake in the presence of amenorrhea
D)calcium intake over several decades

Question 57

Studies conducted in amenorrheic distance runners suggest that ____.

A)long-duration, weight-bearing exercise compensates for the loss of bone mineral density associated with amenorrhea
B)bone mineral density declines in the first six months and then stabilizes due to long-duration, weight-bearing exercise
C)osteopenia and osteoporosis do occur despite long-duration, weight-bearing exercise
D)loss of bone mineral density is primarily a result of very low calcium intake, not exercise

Question 58

Disordered eating is hard to define but easy to recognize.

Question 59

Normal eating in elite athletes is hard to define but is typically characterized by discipline but not obsession.

Question 60

What is the likely cause of the amenorrhea in those diagnosed with the Female Athlete Triad?

A)Extremely low body fat stores
B)Low energy availability
C)Increase in stress hormones due to exercise
D)Contraceptive techniques that result in absent menstruation

Question 61

Little is known about eating disorders and disordered eating in males.

Question 62

Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with low estrogen secretion that results in the loss of calcium from bone.

Question 63

Suppression of menstruation in female athletes is due to low body fat stores.

Question 64

Irregular or absent menstruation results in a loss of bone mineral density and is associated with a greater incidence of lower leg stress fractures in distance runners.

Question 65

One of the results of a prolonged energy deficit is the suppression of menstruation in female athletes.

Question 66

Diagnosing exercise dependence or voluntary excessive exercise is relatively easy because the diagnostic criterion is specific for the maximum amount of exercise that should be performed in a week.

Question 67

Weight cycling is a common characteristic of both anorexia athletica and anorexia nervosa.

Question 68

Those with bulimia nervosa are usually obese.

Question 69

Most wrestlers that use self-induced vomiting and laxatives to "make weight" also have eating disorders.

Question 70

Many highly trained athletes monitor their caloric intake but one of the distinguishing features of an athlete with a disordered eating pattern is that caloric intake is inadequate.

Question 71

Athletes with and without disordered eating patterns share many features of their diet and exercise patterns but differ in their actions and perspectives.

Question 72

It is recommended that coaches not suggest to an athlete that weight should be reduced because of the influence the coach has over an athlete's behavior.

Question 73

The term "mixed eating disorder" is also used to describe anorexia athletica and anorexia nervosa.

Question 74

Any female athlete can be at risk for the Female Athlete Triad.

Question 75

High-volume weight-bearing exercise offsets the loss of bone mineral density that would otherwise occur in amenorrheic athletes.

Question 76

Eating disorders are psychiatric diseases; therefore, treatment programs are limited to psychological therapy.

Question 77

Sports considered at high risk for development of disordered eating include bodybuilding, lightweight rowing, and distance running.

Question 78

In those with anorexia athletica, the primary purpose of a low body weight is performance rather than appearance.

Question 79

Those with bulimia nervosa most commonly purge by using laxatives.

Question 80

Coaches' comments and behaviors are the primary cause of athletes' eating disorders.