Deck 21: Meta-Analysis

Question 1

A researcher is interested in the social behavior of mice. He hypothesizes that mice from Strain A will be more social than mice from Strain B, and Strain B will be significantly more social than mice from Strain C. Mice from each of the three different strains (20 mice in each strain) are raised in a laboratory. The mice are group housed with members of its own strain. All the mice receive the exact same amount of food, water, and light over the first 10 weeks of life. At 11 weeks of age, each mouse is placed in a cage with a novel mouse from his own strain. The mouse's investigatory behavior toward the other mouse is timed for 10 minutes.
Given the above result, what might the experimenter do next?

A) abandon the hypothesis
B) run the experiment again with some mice group-housed and others singly-housed
C) run the same statistical tests again to see if the results change
D) both b and c

Answer 1

run the experiment again with some mice group-housed and others singly-housed

Question 2

In an experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of a memory-enhancing drug on the recall of a previously learned response. Either the drug or a placebo was administered to different groups of rats before the memory test. There were three trials of the memory test, and the dependent variable was the time it took the animal to make the correct response.
Suppose the analysis reveals a significant drug by trial interaction. What would we conclude about the effect of the drug on memory?

A) The effect of the delay is different for the drug and the placebo.
B) The drug has no effect on memory.
C) The trials have no affect on memory.
D) No conclusion can be reached without looking at the percent correct responses.

Answer 2

The effect of the delay is different for the drug and the placebo.

Question 3

The Morris water maze is used to examine spatial learning in animals. Mice, who are good swimmers, are placed in a large pool of water and must learn to find a clear platform located just under the water surface. The platform is their only escape from the pool. If they do not find the platform, they have to continue swimming until we take them out.
We want to report an effect size estimate that reflects the fact that the animals were able to find the platform faster on the 10^th trial that they did on the first trial. What would be the best measure to report?

A) the difference in mean times on the two trials in question
B) the standardized difference in mean times
C) the correlation between performance on the first and tenth trials
D) the squared correlation between the two trials

Answer 3

the standardized difference in mean times

Question 4

A researcher is interested in the social behavior of mice. He hypothesizes that mice from Strain A will be more social than mice from Strain B, and Strain B will be significantly more social than mice from Strain C. Mice from each of the three different strains (20 mice in each strain) are raised in a laboratory. The mice are group housed with members of its own strain. All the mice receive the exact same amount of food, water, and light over the first 10 weeks of life. At 11 weeks of age, each mouse is placed in a cage with a novel mouse from his own strain. The mouse's investigatory behavior toward the other mouse is timed for 10 minutes.
Which statistical analysis is most appropriate for testing this researcher's hypothesis?

A) One-way ANOVA
B) Repeated-measures ANOVA
C) Factorial ANOVA
D) Independent samples t-test

Question 5

In an experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of a memory-enhancing drug on the recall of a previously learned response. Either the drug or a placebo was administered to different groups of rats before the memory test. There were three trials of the memory test, and the dependent variable was the time it took the animal to make the correct response.
The proper analysis to evaluate the drug enhancement of memory is a(n)

A) t -test.
B) ANOVA with a within-subjects effect of trials.
C) one-way ANOVA.
D) factorial ANOVA.

Question 6

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
Which statistical analysis is most appropriate for testing this researcher's hypothesis?

A) Pearson's correlation
B) independent samples t-test
C) one-way ANOVA
D) repeated-measures ANOVA

Question 7

A researcher is interested in the social behavior of mice. He hypothesizes that mice from Strain A will be more social than mice from Strain B, and Strain B will be significantly more social than mice from Strain C. Mice from each of the three different strains (20 mice in each strain) are raised in a laboratory. The mice are group housed with members of its own strain. All the mice receive the exact same amount of food, water, and light over the first 10 weeks of life. At 11 weeks of age, each mouse is placed in a cage with a novel mouse from his own strain. The mouse's investigatory behavior toward the other mouse is timed for 10 minutes.
If the experimenter does decide to run this experiment again, what might the experimenter do to improve the chances of finding meaningful results?

A) double the number of mice in the isolated condition
B) use an analysis of variance instead of a t test
C) calculate an r-family measure of effect size
D) calculate the power given the anticipated means and standard deviations

Question 8

The Morris water maze is used to examine spatial learning in animals. Mice, who are good swimmers, are placed in a large pool of water and must learn to find a clear platform located just under the water surface. The platform is their only escape from the pool. If they do not find the platform, they have to continue swimming until we take them out.
We want to compare the amount of time the mice spent swimming in the first trial to the amount of time they spent swimming in the tenth trial. What statistical test should be conducted on these data?

A) t -test
B) correlation
C) factorial ANOVA
D) one way ANOVA

Question 9

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
Which statistic would result from the appropriate analysis?

A) F
B) t
C) χ ²
D) r

Question 10

In an experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of a memory-enhancing drug on the recall of a previously learned response. Either the drug or a placebo was administered to different groups of rats before the memory test. There were three trials of the memory test, and the dependent variable was the time it took the animal to make the correct response.
It seems reasonable that there is some sort of relationship between the number of trials it took to learn a response and the speed of response on the test trials. It would be interesting to know how the drug affects this relationship. How might you go about looking at this question?

A) Run a t test between the two groups' performance on the first test trial.
B) Correlate the number of learning trials with the speed of performance on the test trials.
C) Correlate number of learning trials and speed on test trials separately for the two drug conditions.
D) Use the Mann-Whitney test to compare the groups.

Question 11

In an experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of a memory-enhancing drug on the recall of a previously learned response. Either the drug or a placebo was administered to different groups of rats before the memory test. There were three trials of the memory test, and the dependent variable was the time it took the animal to make the correct response.
What assumption(s) would we need to make for this analysis?

A) The observations are independent.
B) The observations are normally distributed.
C) The animals are randomly assigned to drug treatments
D) both b and c

Question 12

The Morris water maze is used to examine spatial learning in animals. Mice, who are good swimmers, are placed in a large pool of water and must learn to find a clear platform located just under the water surface. The platform is their only escape from the pool. If they do not find the platform, they have to continue swimming until we take them out.
When mice perform in a Morris Water maze they sometimes become confused on a particular trial and take a long time to get to the platform. On other trials they are just lucky and go straight to it. How can we eliminate or reduce the influence of these unusual times?

A) compare medians instead of means
B) use trimmed means
C) toss out scores that we don't like
D) both a and b

Question 13

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
What is the dependent variable?

A) Length of marriage
B) Passage of time
C) Marital satisfaction
D) Age of partners

Question 14

In an experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of a memory-enhancing drug on the recall of a previously learned response. Either the drug or a placebo was administered to different groups of rats before the memory test. There were three trials of the memory test, and the dependent variable was the time it took the animal to make the correct response.
We want to compute an effect size estimate for the difference between drug and placebo treatments. We will take as our dependent variable for this computation each animal's mean response time over the three trials. What would be the best estimate of effect size?

A) The difference between the means of the two groups.
B) The difference between the group means divided by the square root of the pooled variance estimate.
C) The difference between the means divided by the standard deviation of the control group.
D) None of the above would be of any value.

Question 15

The Morris water maze is used to examine spatial learning in animals. Mice, who are good swimmers, are placed in a large pool of water and must learn to find a clear platform located just under the water surface. The platform is their only escape from the pool. If they do not find the platform, they have to continue swimming until we take them out.
If we think that we may have some aberrant times, what is the best way to identify them?

A) create a boxplot
B) prepare a stem-and-leaf display
C) use a pie chart
D) calculate the variance

Question 16

A researcher is interested in the social behavior of mice. He hypothesizes that mice from Strain A will be more social than mice from Strain B, and Strain B will be significantly more social than mice from Strain C. Mice from each of the three different strains (20 mice in each strain) are raised in a laboratory. The mice are group housed with members of its own strain. All the mice receive the exact same amount of food, water, and light over the first 10 weeks of life. At 11 weeks of age, each mouse is placed in a cage with a novel mouse from his own strain. The mouse's investigatory behavior toward the other mouse is timed for 10 minutes.
The researcher then decided to run the experiment again. This time mice of each strain were singly housed, isolated from members of their own strain for the 11 weeks. Now she finds that p = .048. This suggests

A) isolation reduces social interaction.
B) the researcher's original hypothesis was correct.
C) isolation might bring about strain differences in investigatory behavior.
D) mice enjoy isolation.

Question 17

The Morris water maze is used to examine spatial learning in animals. Mice, who are good swimmers, are placed in a large pool of water and must learn to find a clear platform located just under the water surface. The platform is their only escape from the pool. If they do not find the platform, they have to continue swimming until we take them out.
For one of the trials, the platform was removed from the pool and the amount of time the mouse spent in each of the four quadrants of the tank was recorded. What statistical test should be conducted on these data?

A) t -test
B) correlation
C) factorial ANOVA
D) repeated-measures ANOVA

Question 18

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
What is the independent variable?

A) Length of marriage
B) Passage of time
C) Marital satisfaction
D) Age of partners

Question 19

A researcher is interested in the social behavior of mice. He hypothesizes that mice from Strain A will be more social than mice from Strain B, and Strain B will be significantly more social than mice from Strain C. Mice from each of the three different strains (20 mice in each strain) are raised in a laboratory. The mice are group housed with members of its own strain. All the mice receive the exact same amount of food, water, and light over the first 10 weeks of life. At 11 weeks of age, each mouse is placed in a cage with a novel mouse from his own strain. The mouse's investigatory behavior toward the other mouse is timed for 10 minutes.
If, after running the appropriate analysis, the researcher finds a result with p = .50, what can she conclude?

A) Her hypothesis was supported by the analysis.
B) Different strains of mice do exhibit significantly different levels of social behavior.
C) Strain A is more social than Strain B, but not more than Strain C.
D) Different strains of mice do not exhibit significantly different levels of social behavior.

Question 20

In an experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of a memory-enhancing drug on the recall of a previously learned response. Either the drug or a placebo was administered to different groups of rats before the memory test. There were three trials of the memory test, and the dependent variable was the time it took the animal to make the correct response.
Why do we not need to use a multiple comparison procedure to compare the drug and control conditions?

A) The difference is obvious.
B) The difference is unimportant.
C) There are only two groups.
D) The test would not be appropriate unless we had at least four groups.

Question 21

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
If the experimenter had reason to believe that the data would be better analyzed by a nonparametric test, which would be the most appropriate test?

A) Wilcoxon's signed-ranks matched-pairs test
B) The Mann-Whitney test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) The Friedman test.

Question 22

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
If we see a relationship over time between television violence and children's expression of aggression, we could conclude that

A) violence causes aggression because people who watched violent television in third grade were also violent in third grade.
B) people who watched a lot of violence in third grade also watched violence in twelfth grade.
C) violence leads to aggression because violent TV is third grade was related to aggression in twelfth grade.
D) violence leads to aggression because being aggressive in third grade leads to watching violence in twelfth grade.

Question 23

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
How might this study be improved?

A) randomly sample students for the course
B) randomly assign students to take the course in the Fall or Spring
C) have a different instructor repeat the experiment using the texts in the opposite order
D) all of the above

Question 24

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
Why could the researcher not simply correlate the marital satisfaction score with the actual years of marriage?

A) The anticipated relationship is not linear.
B) The relationship is not curvilinear.
C) The length of marriage variable is discrete.
D) There will be too many outliers.

Question 25

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
What assumptions would the researcher have to make to analyze these data correctly?

A) Homogeneity of variance across groups
B) Normality of the satisfaction scores within each group.
C) Independence of observations
D) All of the above.

Question 26

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
What would be the appropriate analysis to ask if bird ownership was significantly associated with lung cancer?

A) a t test
B) a chi-square test
C) a one-way ANOVA
D) a correlation

Question 27

When you are interested in the degree of relationship between 2 continuous variables, you will most likely use Pearson correlation.

Question 28

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
What assumptions would need to underlie our analysis for this experiment?

A) The observations are independent.
B) There is no correlation between the variables.
C) Expected values would be normally distributed.
D) both a and c

Question 29

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
Which of the following tests would have been the most appropriate for this design?

A) chi-square(s)
B) correlation(s)
C) t -test(s)
D) multiple regression

Question 30

A researcher is interested in studying changes in marital satisfaction over the course of marriage. She hypothesizes that marital satisfaction is highest when couples are newly married, that it decreases during the middle years of marriage, but rises again during later years of marriage. In order to test her hypothesis, she recruits fifty married couples within each of the following conditions: (1) married less than 10 years; (2) married 15-20 years; (3) married more than 25 years. All 150 couples (50 from each condition) complete a standardized measure of marital satisfaction.
If there is a significant change with length of marriage, the researcher would find

A) a large value of the test statistic.
B) a small value of the test statistic.
C) either very large or very small values.
D) There is no way to know the size of the test statistic.

Question 31

When you are interested in the degree of relationship between 1 continuous dependent variable and multiple continuous predictor variables you will most likely use a Spearman correlation.

Question 32

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
The odds of having cancer for the bird owners are

A) 98/239 = 0.41
B) 98/(239 + 429) = 0.15
C) 98/(239 - 98) = 0.70
D) 98/101 = 0.97

Question 33

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
If we wanted to compute a standardized mean difference (
) in student satisfaction, our best standard deviation to use in the calculation could be

A) the average of the standard deviation of satisfaction scores in the fall and spring.
B) a pooled standard deviation.
C) the standard deviation of the scores collected from those students who used the new book.
D) both a and b

Question 34

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
What is the dependent variable in this study?

A) test score
B) answer to the evaluation question
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 35

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
How might this study be "improved" as a conclusive test of the hypothesis that birds cause cancer?

A) People should be randomly assigned to having a bird or not having a bird.
B) People should be randomly assigned to the lung cancer group.
C) The sample size should be greatly increased.
D) None of these would help the situation.

Question 36

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
How can we tell if the difference in the student opinion in the two semesters was a meaningful difference?

A) rely on a statistical test of significance
B) calculate an r -family measure of statistical significance
C) report a standardized mean difference
D) report a simple mean difference

Question 37

An instructor in Introductory Psychology wanted to know if the textbook she was using was as effective as other textbooks on the market. In order to test this, she decided that she would teach the course in the fall with the text she typically uses, and in the spring she would use a new text. After doing this, she compared the students' final grades and students' responses to an 'end of semester' evaluation question. The question was "How effective was the text for this course?" She discovered that students' grades increased from a mean of 78 in the fall to 83 in the spring. She also discovered that the students' opinion of the course's text increased from a mean of 4.5 (on a 7-point scale, the higher the better) in the fall to 4.9 in the spring. After running the appropriate statistical test(s), she discovered that both of these differences were statistically significant.
We have the most persuasive evidence of some phenomenon when

A) we have a very large sample.
B) we have very accurate measurements.
C) we have converging lines of evidence from a variety of studies.
D) we have a single tightly controlled experiment.

Question 38

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
We really do need a measure of effect size in this example. What would be an appropriate one?

A) the mean difference between bird owners and bird nonowners
B) the squared correlation between ownership and cancer
C) the odds ratio
D) relative risk

Question 39

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
Why would it be wrong to calculate relative risk in this study?

A) The study is a retrospective study.
B) Relative risk rarely tells us anything.
C) Risk is not a meaningful concept in this study.
D) both b and c

Question 40

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of having a pet on the response to medical problems and on mental health. But doctors in Berlin were interested in the effects of having a pet bird on lung cancer. (I assume they were wondering if birds might cause air pollution that could lead to lung cancer.) They asked 239 patients with lung cancer and 429 controls without lung cancer whether they had a pet bird. Ninety eight of the 239 patients did have a bird, while 101 of the 429 controls had a bird. (That strikes me as a very high percentage of bird owners, but those are the data.)
Without actually doing the arithmetic on paper, what conclusions would you be likely to draw from this study?

A) Birds have nothing to do with lung cancer.
B) Birds cause lung cancer.
C) People who keep birds are more likely to have lung cancer.
D) The data are inconclusive.

Question 41

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
Another member of Mary's committee recommended that she change this to a factorial design. That is, some people should receive CBT only, some support group only, some both, and some should be a waitlist control. [Everyone on a dissertation committee thinks that the study should be redesigned to address the question in which they are most interested. ☺]

Question 42

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
Mary's advisor recommended that she add a third group, who are in a support only condition to her design.

Question 43

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
An undergraduate working with John is doing an honors thesis using some of the data that John collected. She wants to know if there is a difference in the amount of parental monitoring for mothers versus fathers of the same child.

Question 44

An independent samples t-test is used to examine mean differences between 3 or more independent groups.

Question 45

Goodness-of-fit chi-square is used when there is only one categorical variable being categorized.

Question 46

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
Mary wants to know if there are treatment effects on acting out behavior (the number of incidents per month) between a group of adolescents who are in a wait list control group and a group of adolescents receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

Question 47

A factorial ANOVA is used when predicting more than one dependent variable.

Question 48

Repeated-measures ANOVA is used when comparing 2 or more related means.

Question 49

A chi-square test is used when the independent and dependent variables are continuous.

Question 50

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
John is interested in studying delinquent behavior. He thinks that low parental monitoring will be associated with more delinquent behaviors among adolescents. He plans to measure monitoring using a self-report measure of how often parents ask their children where they are going, with who, and how often parents do not know where their children are, etc. The measure of delinquent behavior is the adolescents self-report of the number of times they have engaged in delinquent acts (e.g., shoplifting, driving under the influence, fighting, graffiti, etc) during the past year.

Question 51

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
Mary's advisor is involved in a project examining the frequency of acting out in a group of 100 adolescents who she is contacting at age 12, 13, 14, and 15 to examine trends in acting out over time.

Question 52

An F value is frequently reported to describe the characteristics of a sample.

Question 53

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
Mary wants to know if an equal number of males and females volunteer for each of her groups (control group and CBT group).

Question 54

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
As part of a small side project, John wants to know if fathers monitor daughters more than sons.

Question 55

A related samples t-test is used to compare 2 related means.

Question 56

For each of the following examples, a) specify the independent and dependent variable b) note if they are categorical or continuous, c) note the type of question, and d) indicate which analysis would be most appropriate.
John's advisor suggests that John consider other factors, besides parental monitoring, such as the number of delinquent friends and the strength of future career aspirations that may contribute to delinquency.

Question 57

Distribution-free tests are used when there is a concern that the assumptions underlying parametric tests may be violated.