Deck 23: Principles of Evolution

Question 1

Darwin's observations led to his proposal that evolution occurred due to ____. ​

A)random chance
B)climatic changes
C)natural selection
D)migration
E)interaction of species

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Darwin spent five years doing research while sailing on the ____. ​

A)H.M S.Pinafore
B)H.M S.Beagle
C)H.M S.Constitution
D)H.M S.Independence
E)H.M S.Weatherford

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Chance changes in a gene pool are known as ____. ​

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)phenotype variations
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Members of a population share all of the following EXCEPT ____. ​

A)phenotypes
B)morphological traits
C)physiological traits
D)behavioral traits
E)genetic makeup

Question 5

The term that describes large-scale patterns and rates of change among groups of species is ____. ​

A)microevolution
B)macroevolution
C)gene pool
D)genetic drift
E)group divergence

Question 6

The scientist who proposed that populations would outgrow its resources was ____. ​

A)Malthus
B)Crick
C)Watson
D)Darwin
E)Smith

Question 7

Changes in what are the basis for microevolution? ​

A)genes
B)behavior
C)physiology
D)mitosis ​
E)phenotypes

Question 8

The process that accounts for the most changes a mix of alleles in a gene pool is ____. ​

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)phenotype variations
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Question 9

The scientist who developed the theory of natural selection was ____. ​

A)Malthus
B)Crick
C)Watson
D)Darwin
E)Smith

Question 10

What is the term for a genetic change in a line of descent over time?  ​

A)speciation
B)transformation
C)reproduction
D)evolution
E)mutation

Question 11

With regard to traits, attached earlobes is considered ____. ​

A)a neutral trait
B)a beneficial trait
C)a mutation
D)deleterious
E)adaptive

Question 12

In the theory of evolution, which of the following evolves? ​

A)phyla
B)classes
C)populations
D)individuals
E)kingdoms

Question 13

After his return to England, Darwin most pondered which question? ​

A)What could explain the great numbers and variety of species?
B)Does the fossil evidence support uniformitarianism?
C)Are the extinct and living armadillos the same species?
D)Did Galápagos mockingbirds have a common mainland ancestor?
E)Will natural selection work in England?

Question 14

After the theory of natural selection was proposed, how many years did it take for the work in genetics to provide supporting insights? ​

A)20
B)50
C)70
D)90
E)100

Question 15

The term that describes cumulative genetic changes that give rise to new species is ____. ​

A)microevolution
B)macroevolution
C)gene pooling
D)genetic drift
E)group divergence

Question 16

The history of life on Earth spans nearly ____. ​

A)1 million years
B)100 million years
C)1 billion years
D)4 billion years
E)10 billion years

Question 17

The physical movement of alleles between populations is known as ____. ​

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)gene flow
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Question 18

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area is a ____. ​

A)population
B)species pool
C)gene pool
D)genetic drift
E)group divergence

Question 19

The total numbers and kinds of genes in a given population is the ____. ​

A)population genotype
B)species pool
C)gene pool
D)genetic drift
E)group divergence

Question 20

One of the basic principles of evolution is the concept of ____. ​

A)genetic drift
B)divergent physiology
C)economic diversity
D)a shared ancestor
E)creationism

Question 21

What term defines the characteristics that suit an organism to the conditions of a particular environment? ​

A)genotypes
B)genetic drift
C)adaptations
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Question 22

Organisms are more likely to be preserved under which condition? ​

A)surface burial
B)anaerobic environment
C)slow burial
D)decay in water
E)wind and water erosion

Question 23

The term reproductive isolation mechanism refers to ____. ​

A)specific areas where males compete or display for females
B)the process by which sexual selection evolves within a population
C)a blockage of gene flow between populations
D)the inability of a species to continue reproduction
E)legal limits to procreation

Question 24

Fossilization begins ____. ​

A)when an organism's remains are found underwater
B)when decay begins
C)after an organism is buried in sediments
D)immediately after stratification ends
E)after speciation

Question 25

The layering of sediments above fossil remains is called ____. ​

A)sedimentation
B)divergence
C)stratification
D)entombment
E)layering sequence

Question 26

Divergence may lead to ____. ​

A)genetic drift
B)speciation
C)balanced polymorphism
D)gene flow
E)genetic equilibrium

Question 27

The founder effect is an important component of ____. ​

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)gene flow
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Question 28

In modern day Finland, the blond hair and blue eyes of most individuals is the result of ____. ​

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)gene flow
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Question 29

What is NOT a viable explanation for the lack of fossil records for more species? ​

A)Movement of Earth's crust have destroyed fossils.
B)Many species have not been preserved.
C)Population density is too small to produce fossils that survive.
D)Certain environments do not produce fossils as well as others.
E)Body sizes are too large to become fossilized.

Question 30

Fossils currently exist for about how many species? ​

A)1,000
B)10,000
C)100,000
D)250,000
E)500,000

Question 31

Which of the following explains how fossils in South America and Africa are similar? ​

A)fossilization
B)fossilization dating
C)plate kinetics
D)plate tectonics
E)radiometric dating

Question 32

Successful mating can only occur between members of the same ____. ​

A)population
B)order
C)species
D)kingdom
E)class

Question 33

The use of isotope decay to determine the age of rock samples that contain fossils is known as ____. ​

A)fossilization decay
B)fossilization dating
C)biogeography
D)plate tectonics
E)radiometric dating

Question 34

Complete reproductive isolation is evidence that what has occurred? ​

A)extinction
B)speciation
C)polyploidy
D)hybridization
E)gene flow

Question 35

Natural selection is best summarized as ____. ​

A)mutation in various species
B)independent assortment of genes during meiosis
C)the difference in survival and reproduction in a population
D)changes in chromosome number or structure
E)the adaptation of varying individuals to changes in the environment

Question 36

The study of the world-wide distribution of plants and animals is ____. ​

A)fossilization
B)fossilization dating
C)biogeography
D)plate tectonics
E)radiometric dating

Question 37

One part of Darwin's theory is that individuals with certain traits have an increased competitive edge. The source of these traits in individuals is due to ____. ​

A)adaptation to the stress
B)development over a lifetime
C)inheritance from birth
D)mutation after birth
E)allele changes after birth

Question 38

New alleles in a population come about through ____. ​

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)gene flow
D)inheritance
E)mutations

Question 39

Reproductive isolation often occurs due to ____. ​

A)geographic separation
B)species incompatibility
C)mutation
D)genetic drift
E)natural selection

Question 40

The buildup of genetic differences between isolated populations is ____. ​

A)gene flow
B)genetic equilibrium
C)divergence
D)adaptation
E)natural selection

Question 41

In which kingdom do humans belong? ​

A)Eukarya
B)Animalia
C)Mammalia
D)Primates
E)Homininae

Question 42

The bones in bat wings and those in the human arm are ____. ​

A)homologous structures
B)comparative structures
C)analogous structures
D)repetitive structures
E)vestigial structures

Question 43

Early in Earth's history, there was a massive "supercontinent" known as ____. ​

A)Gondwana
B)Pangea
C)Botswana
D)Pellagra
E)Panagra

Question 44

The human coccyx bone and muscles that move the human ear are ____. ​

A)homologous structures
B)comparative structures
C)analogous structures ​
D)repetitive structures
E)vestigial structures

Question 45

What is NOT a viable explanation for mass extinction? ​

A)collisions between Earth and other bodies in the solar system
B)continental movements
C)adaptive radiation of new predator species in many lineages
D)alterations in sea level
E)habitat destruction

Question 46

When comparing the gene coding for cytochrome c in several species, it was noted that humans and chimpanzees share the identical amino acid sequence. This means that ____. ​

A)humans and chimpanzees can mate and produce viable offspring
B)humans evolved from chimpanzees
C)over time, chimpanzees will eventually evolve into primitive humans
D)humans and chimpanzees are closely related in evolutionary time
E)chimpanzees will eventually evolve to become human

Question 47

The term sapiens in Homo sapiens represents the ____. ​

A)class
B)order
C)family
D)genus
E)species

Question 48

When new species move into a wide range of habitats during microevolution, it is known as ____. ​

A)adaptive radiation
B)natural selection
C)genetic drift
D)mass extinction
E)minor extinction

Question 49

Comparing the body form of different groups to reconstruct evolutionary history is ____. ​

A)comparative morphology
B)comparative physiology
C)homology
D)morphological divergence
E)adaptive radiation

Question 50

Which classification represents all of the species that are similar to one another and distinct from others with respect to certain traits? ​

A)class
B)order
C)family
D)genus
E)species

Question 51

Which of the following has been used to measure the relatedness of primates? ​

A)hemoglobin
B)blood types
C)embryonic development
D)bone structures
E)brain shape

Question 52

Body parts that are similar in different lineages because they are adapted to the same environment are ____. ​

A)homologous structures
B)comparative structures
C)analogous structures
D)repetitive structures
E)vestigial structures

Question 53

Although birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians are different, evidence of their evolutionary links is provided by ____. ​

A)chemical analysis
B)comparison of adult body forms
C)comparison of ways in which their embryos develop
D)time of gestation
E)comparing life expectancies

Question 54

The disappearance of dinosaurs about 65 million years ago is an example of ____. ​

A)adaptive radiation
B)natural selection
C)genetic drift
D)mass extinction
E)minor extinction

Question 55

The body shape of a dolphin and a tuna are ____. ​

A)homologous structures
B)comparative structures
C)analogous structures
D)repetitive structures
E)vestigial structures

Question 56

Background extinction is a measure of the ____. ​

A)rate of species turnover at the end of geological eras
B)number of species that suffer extinction at the beginning of geological eras
C)steady rate of species turnover within a lineage throughout most of their evolutionary history
D)lowest rate of species turnover within a lineage observed within a geological era
E)animals that appear in the dense forest

Question 57

What is the LEAST useful indicator of an evolutionary relationship? ​

A)base sequence in DNA
B)amino acid sequence in a protein
C)similar ecological requirements
D)similar embryonic development
E)similar polypeptides

Question 58

Which ancestors of modern humans migrated out of Africa to populate the rest of the world? ​

A)Homo habilis
B)Homo erectus
C)Neanderthals
D)Cro Magnon
E)Homo sapiens

Question 59

In which order do humans belong? ​

A)Eukarya
B)Animalia
C)Mammalia
D)Primates
E)Homininae

Question 60

Body parts that are similar in different lineages because the lineages have a common ancestor are ____. ​

A)homologous structures
B)comparative structures
C)analogous structures
D)repetitive structures
E)vestigial structures

Question 61

About how many million years ago were the ancestors of humans becoming distinct from apes? ​

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)eight
E)ten

Question 62

What terms refers to the action of wrapping around an object? ​

A)flexion
B)abduction
C)circumduction
D)prehensile
E)opposition

Question 63

The great apes and first hominids arose from a common ancestor about how many million years ago? ​

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7
E)9

Question 64

Which species is the modern ancestor of modern humans? ​

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Australopithecus afarensis
D)Homo floreiensis
E)Neanderthals

Question 65

The most recent level of evolution in primates is considered to be in ____. ​

A)brain expansion
B)behavior and culture
C)dentition
D)hand grip
E)daytime vision

Question 66

About how many million years ago did humans of the genus Homo first inhabit eastern Africa? ​

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
E)10

Question 67

Which of the following was NOT part of the Earth's primitive atmosphere? ​

A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)hydrogen
D)water vapor
E)inert gases

Question 68

The famous skeleton named Lucy belong to which species? ​

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Australopithecus afarensis
D)Homo floreiensis
E)Neanderthals

Question 69

Which species are our closest primate relatives? ​

A)bonobos
B)gorillas
C)orangutans
D)gibbons
E)lemurs

Question 70

The primates first arose about how many million years ago? ​

A)30
B)40
C)50
D)60
E)70

Question 71

The belief that humans arose in sub-Saharan Africa and then moved out is which model of evolution? ​

A)classic
B)retroactive
C)multiregional
D)migratory
E)African emergence

Question 72

The sum total of behavior patterns of a social group, passed between generations by learning and symbolic behavior, is ____. ​

A)society
B)folklore
C)culture
D)personality
E)adaptation

Question 73

Which species originated in Africa around 200,000-100,000 years ago? ​

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Australopithecus afarensis
D)Homo floreiensis
E)Homo sapiens

Question 74

What characteristic relates to shifting of the foramen magnum from the base of the skull to a more anterior position? ​

A)changes in vision
B)changes in teeth and jaws
C)bipedalism
D)changes in brain size and development
E)behavioral changes

Question 75

What characteristic was the key change in the origin of human and human-like species? ​

A)changes in vision
B)changes in teeth and jaws
C)bipedalism
D)changes in brain size and development
E)behavioral changes

Question 76

What characteristic suggested that the diet of early primates changed from eating insects, fruits and leaves to a mixed diet? ​

A)changes in vision
B)changes in teeth and jaws
C)Bipedalism
D)changes in brain size and development
E)behavioral changes

Question 77

It appears that Homo sapiens moved from ____. ​

A)India to central Asia to China and Siberia to southeast Asia
B)southeast Asia to China and Siberia to India to central Asia
C)central Asia to India to southeast Asia and southern China
D)China and Siberia to the Americas to India to southeast Asia
E)southeast Asia to China and Siberia to the Americas to India

Question 78

Which species name means "upright man"? ​

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Australopithecus afarensis
D)Homo floreiensis
E)Neanderthals

Question 79

What term refers to the action of touching the thumb to the tips of the other fingers? ​

A)Flexion
B)Abduction
C)Circumduction
D)Prehensile
E)Opposition

Question 80

Which species is named for their ability to use tools? ​

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Australopithecus afarensis
D)Homo floreiensis ​
E)Neanderthals