Deck 5: Lnfancy First 24 Months

Question 1

How does culture influence motor development during infancy?

A) Cultures provide different opportunities for motor exploration in infancy.
B) Cultures differ in how babies move through the sequence of motor accomplishments from rolling over to sitting and standing.
C) Cultures differ in the role that genetics plays in guiding individual differences in motor skills.
D) Motor development is largely a matter of genetically guided pathways; cultures have little impact on motor development.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What effect do sweet-tasting substances have on newborns?

A) They have a calming effect.
B) They increase the baby's irritability.
C) They increase activity level.
D) They give babies the hiccups.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Caroline holds her newborn baby in her arms and watches as the baby gazes at her. The baby seems to be staring at a spot on Caroline's forehead. She wonders what is so interesting about her forehead. What explanation can you give for this?

A) Babies tend to gaze at the eyes and mouth of a face.
B) Babies recognize an inner eye just above the eyebrows.
C) Babies tend to focus attention on borders and contours; the hairline is a type of border.
D) Babies are looking for a sign of contentment on the mother's face which is expressed on the forehead.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The purpose of the Apgar score, which is calculated twice within the first 5 minutes of birth, is to

A) measure infant intelligence.
B) measure the quality of parental investment in the newborn at birth.
C) assess an infant's life signs to determine the need for intervention at birth.
D) decide whether the newborn infant has been exposed to prenatal teratogens.

Question 5

Jermaine was born as a very low birth-weight baby. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE of Jermaine?

A) He will be calm and easily soothed.
B) He will have unpleasant, high-pitched cries.
C) He will have delicate, physically attractive features.
D) He will easily establish a rhythmic pattern of interaction.

Question 6

Which of the following conditions places an infant at greater risk for developmental problems?

A) Low weight for gestational age
B) Being "post-term"
C) High weight for gestational age
D) High birth weight

Question 7

Margot's baby Jack just reached the age at which he can see objects as well as his mother. How old is Jack?

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 7 months
D) 9 months

Question 8

Early strategies for tactile exploration, which then leads to the ability to identify objects visually include

A) smiling and cooing.
B) sucking and mouthing.
C) listening and watching.
D) chewing and swallowing.

Question 9

Harriet's baby was born with a condition on his largest sensory organ and the first organ to develop during the prenatal period. Where is Harriet's baby's condition?

A) Nose
B) Skin
C) Ears
D) Eyes

Question 10

An infant who is able to use different techniques for sucking from a breast and sucking from a bottle is demonstrating

A) sensorimotor intelligence.
B) social referencing.
C) object permanence.
D) internalization.

Question 11

As soon as Barbara's baby was born, the doctors performed a series of routine evaluative tests, twice within the first 5 minutes of the birth. What is this series of tests called?

A) The Babinski reflex test
B) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
C) The Infant Visual Perception Test
D) The Apgar scoring method

Question 12

Heather's unborn baby is most likely to hear what while still in utero?

A) No sounds at all
B) Television programs
C) The telephone ringing
D) The mother's heartbeat

Question 13

Which statement best describes plasticity?

A) The neurons in the infant's brain are connected in a random manner, and all the patterns depend on experience.
B) The basic organization of areas of the brain depend on early experience.
C) There is no relationship between experience and neural development.
D) Sensory experiences can strengthen certain neural pathways; less used pathways may disappear.

Question 14

In the development of reaching and pushing, which of the following is the earliest behavior likely to be observed?

A) Grasping a moving object
B) Holding an object in both hands
C) Picking up a piece of yarn using index finger and thumb
D) Reaching into a jar to pull out a candy

Question 15

What would provide evidence that habituation has occurred?

A) The infant opens her mouth to mimic the mother's open mouth.
B) The infant visually follows the caregiver who is walking across the room.
C) The infant's response decreases each time she sees the same red teddy bear.
D) The infants loses interest in sucking her thumb.

Question 16

The reflexive motor responses of the newborn infant serve to

A) facilitate the infant's survival.
B) allow the infants to control their muscles.
C) enable the infant to exhibit voluntary movement.
D) allow the infant to communicate with the caregiver.

Question 17

Motor reflexes undergo some transformations during infancy. What is the typical pattern of change? Think about reaching and grasping as an example.

A) Motor control begins in the hands and fingers and moves toward the trunk.
B) Motor control shifts from the feet to the hands and shoulders.
C) Involuntary behavior disappears and voluntary behavior emerges with practice.
D) Voluntary behavior becomes involuntary behavior.

Question 18

Rachel's baby boy was born at 5 pounds, 3 ounces. Which of the following is TRUE of Rachel's newborn?

A) He is a low birth-weight baby.
B) He is a high birth-weight baby.
C) He is a premature baby.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 19

Cultures such as Africa and Central America hold infants upright rather than lying them down in a cradle or crib. Infants in these cultures tend to

A) walk at an earlier age than western infants.
B) walk at a later age than western infants.
C) speak at a later age than western infants.
D) do none of these.

Question 20

Jordan is 3 months old. By this age, he should be able to

A) distinguish his parent's face from the face of a stranger.
B) pick up a toy from a basket and put it back.
C) sit up alone without support.
D) speak well enough to be understood.

Question 21

One cognitive explanation for an infant's experience of separation anxiety is that the

A) baby lacks object permanence.
B) baby is insecurely attached.
C) baby has not yet learned to crawl after the caregiver.
D) baby has no ability to distinguish the caregiver from a stranger.

Question 22

When infants begin to be able to modify their needs for security to include the needs and goals of their caregiver, we say they are achieving a

A) disorganized attachment.
B) goal-corrected partnership.
C) capacity fore categorization.
D) reactive temperament.

Question 23

How does one assess an infant's grasp of object permanence?

A) Give a baby a new object, something the baby has never seen before, and observe how the baby plays with it.
B) Remove an object from a baby's view and observe whether or not the baby pursues the object.
C) Take an object away from a baby and place it among two or three other objects. See if the baby can select the familiar object.
D) Tell the baby "bye-bye" and then see if the baby waves bye-bye to you.

Question 24

What is the adaptive role of the capacity for categorization?

A) It allows you to approach each object as if it were completely novel.
B) It offers a channel for the expression and interpretation of emotions.
C) It allows for sensory and motor exploration of new objects in the environment.
D) It reduces the amount of information that must be processed for each instance of the category.

Question 25

Objects do not cease to exist when they are out of 3-year-old Tommy's reach or view. This concept is referred to as

A) a scheme.
B) primitive causality.
C) a means-end relationship.
D) object permanence.

Question 26

At about what age will Thadeus form an internal, mental representation of the object of attachment?

A) 9 to 12 months
B) 6 to 9 months
C) 3 to 6 months
D) Birth to 3 months

Question 27

Robin has basic sensory, cognitive, and motor structures that allow her to see, pick up, and move her toys. When she shakes her rattle and it makes a pleasing sound, her mother laughs and says, "Good girl." Later, Robin picks up the rattle again, watching her mother for a positive reaction. According to the "Theory theory," Robin is

A) testing her predictions based on previous experience.
B) gazing and concentrating.
C) seeking parental warmth.
D) acting on an innate understanding of the world.

Question 28

What are the first and last phases in the development of causal schemes during the sensorimotor period?

A) Reflexes; experimentation with new means
B) Reflexes; insight
C) First habits; insight
D) First habits; experimentation with means

Question 29

What is one contribution of emotions to survival in infants?

A) The first indication of sensorimotor adaptation
B) To provide a mechanism for species variability
C) To serve as adult-infant communication
D) To enhance fitness

Question 30

Which of the following is the process through which people develop specific, positive, emotional bonds with others?

A) Attachment
B) Social referencing
C) Emotional differentiation
D) Categorization of social objects

Question 31

Renee Baillargeon has conducted a number of studies to examine infants' reactions to objects that are hidden from view. Infants as young as 4 months appear to be surprised when a toy car emerges from behind a screen when it should have been blocked. What is the basic purpose of her studies?

A) To detect dimensions of visual acuity in infants
B) To determine an infant's ability to track a moving object
C) To demonstrate that infants have a mental image of an object even when it is out of view
D) To present information about infants' sense of touch to soft objects

Question 32

Differentiate between Piaget's and Baillargeon's views of object permanence.

A) Piaget's view of object permanence required the infant to pursue, whereas Baillargeon's view observed change in looking time.
B) Baillargeon's view of object permanence required the infant to pursue, whereas Piaget's view observed change in looking time.
C) Piaget's view of object permanence dealt only with infants, whereas Baillargeon's view observed both adolescents and adults.
D) Baillargeon's view of object permanence dealt only with infants, whereas Piaget's view observed both adolescents and adults.

Question 33

What did Piaget consider to be adaptive learning systems where cause and effect are linked through involuntary responses?

A) Circular reactions
B) Coordination of means and ends
C) First habits
D) Reflexes

Question 34

Which of the following categorization tasks can be performed by Jonathan, an 18-month-old infant?

A) Sorting insects into butterflies and bees
B) Sorting words into nouns and verbs
C) Sorting yellow triangles and human figures into two separate groups
D) None of these

Question 35

The example given in the text of the emergence of the use of a spoon as a tool for eating illustrates which concept?

A) Motor skills become integrated into purposeful problem-solving strategies.
B) Motor skills develop independently from causal relations.
C) Infants are limited in their exploration of spoons by what they have observed in their home environment.
D) Infants are unable to coordinate means and ends.

Question 36

In what way do the last two phases in the development of causal schemes and experimentation with new means and insight differ?

A) In the last phase, there is no experimentation, just direct solution of a problem.
B) In the last phase, there is no planning.
C) In the last phase, babies use novel means to achieve novel goals.
D) In the last phase, experimentation is carried out mentally rather than directly.

Question 37

According to Piaget, the primary mechanism underlying the growth of intelligence during infancy is

A) reciprocity.
B) social attachment.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) sensorimotor adaptation.

Question 38

Babies discover that if they drop a spoon while sitting in the high chair, the spoon will fall to the floor and make a noise. This is an example of

A) emotional differentiation.
B) introspection.
C) reflexive behavior.
D) sensorimotor causality.

Question 39

Anthony is 4 months old. What behaviors might suggest the formation of a preference for the object of his attachment?

A) Anthony smiles more at the object of attachment than at a stranger.
B) Anthony asks to go along whenever the object of attachment goes on an errand.
C) Anthony follows the object of attachment around the house by creeping and crawling.
D) Anthony finds comfort in holding a scarf that belongs to the object of attachment.

Question 40

How do infants grow in their understanding of causality?

A) Through sensory and motor investigation
B) Through pointing and naming
C) Through visual gazing
D) Through memory and recall

Question 41

When mothers are inconsistent in responsiveness to their babies, the babies are characterized as

A) anxious-avoidant.
B) anxious-resistant.
C) secure.
D) disorganized.

Question 42

Which of the following has been consistently observed to be a consequence of secure attachments formed in infancy?

A) Success in job placement after college
B) Positive, close peer relationships in childhood and adolescence
C) Meaningful relationships with one's grandchildren in later adulthood
D) An ability to face one's death without great fear

Question 43

Infants who show an anxious-resistant attachment appear to have an internal, mental representation of the mother as

A) skewed and simplistic.
B) rejecting.
C) accessible and responsive.
D) unpredictable.

Question 44

Which of the following is a characteristic of babies who have a disorganized attachment?

A) At home, they cry less than other babies.
B) They actively explore the environment when their mothers are present.
C) They are more distressed when separated from their mothers.
D) They interact with strangers while mothers are present.

Question 45

Which attachment pattern is linked with the most serious mental health problems in later childhood?

A) Anxious-avoidant
B) Anxious-resistant
C) Secure
D) Disorganized

Question 46

After 6 months of age Dolores is clinging more to her parents in the presence of people she doesn't know. This is an example of

A) a fear syndrome.
B) separation anxiety.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) a negative attachment.

Question 47

Under which conditions would you expect a 9-month-old baby to make the strongest protest over separation?

A) The mother leaves the baby in a laboratory room and closes the door behind her.
B) The mother leaves the baby's sight but calls out to the baby from another room.
C) The mother leaves the living room and walks into the kitchen while the baby stays in the living room.
D) The mother walks from one laboratory room to an adjoining room while the baby watches.

Question 48

A mother who can accurately interpret her baby's signals and respond appropriately is said to demonstrate

A) sensitivity.
B) good temperament.
C) inhibited attachment.
D) organized security.

Question 49

Which of the following statements best describes the role of early attachments for later behavior?

A) Attachments formed in infancy are not relevant for understanding relationships in childhood or adolescence.
B) The attachment formed at 12 months may change dramatically by age 2.
C) A secure attachment can become insecure but an insecure attachment cannot become secure.
D) Secure attachments are associated with positive adaptive capacities at 3 to 5 years.

Question 50

Four-month-old Brendan cries the most in the home situation. What type of attachment does this show?

A) Anxious-avoidant
B) Anxious-resistant
C) Secure
D) Undeveloped

Question 51

Which of the following is likely to influence the way 6-month-old Charlie reacts to an unfamiliar adult when he is with his mother?

A) Whether or not the mother works outside the home
B) The mother's reaction to the adult
C) The adult's height
D) The adult's occupation

Question 52

Babies who avoid contact with their mothers after separation or who ignore her efforts to interact have a(n) _____________ attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure
C) anxious-resistant
D) anxious-avoidant

Question 53

Two expressions of reactive attachment disorder are

A) inhibited and uninhibited type.
B) expressive and unexpressive type.
C) inhibited and expressive type.
D) none of these.

Question 54

Which statement best reflects the apparent connection between infant temperament and attachment?

A) The infant's temperament influences the kinds of parental responses needed to help the infant form a secure attachment.
B) An infant's temperament is a strong predictor of the type of attachment that will be formed.
C) The infant's temperament influences the caregiver's self-esteem.
D) Only sociable babies form secure attachments.

Question 55

What is the purpose of the Strange Situation as an experimental procedure?

A) To stimulate the attachment system and observe it under controlled conditions
B) To stimulate alternative approaches to emotional regulation and control
C) To help babies reduce their fear of separation
D) To help parents learn to handle separation from their infants

Question 56

What experiences from the past are most likely to interfere with an adult's ability to form a secure attachment with an infant?

A) Having a mother who responds promptly to signs of distress
B) Being an only child
C) Disruption of early attachment relationship
D) Lack of a high school diploma

Question 57

In considering the role of culture in attachment formation, cultural beliefs about infants might be evident in which of the following?

A) The caregiver's interpretation of the urgency of a baby's cry
B) The caregiver's age at birth of first child
C) The caregiver's marital status
D) The caregiver's participation in a traditional marriage ceremony

Question 58

What is one important conclusion drawn from research comparing the attachments of Israeli children to a mother, father, and special caregiver (metapelet)?

A) Babies can only form one true attachment.
B) The attachment to one's mother is more important than the other attachments.
C) Infants can have a variety of attachment relationships that all contribute to social development differently.
D) All attachment relationships are the same.

Question 59

A sensitive period is

A) the period of maximal readiness to achieve a behavior pattern or skill.
B) the age of 2 months for establishing infant/caregiver attachment.
C) not critical to humans.
D) the age of 2 months for establishing trust.

Question 60

Valeria is very withdrawn, hypervigilant in social contacts, and resistant to comfort. Valeria is considered a(n) ________ type.

A) nonsociable
B) unexpressive
C) inhibited
D) slow-to-warm-

Question 61

Although there are many definitions and explanations about the concept of temperament, theorists tend to agree about 2 points. What is one of these?

A) Theorists focus on the 3 concepts of easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm up.
B) Theorists agree that temperament is stable across the lifespan.
C) Theorists agree that a primary feature of temperament is the child's positive or negative reaction to environmental stimuli.
D) Theorists agree that a primary feature of temperament is the recognition of causal schemes.

Question 62

What theme related to temperament is illustrated in the case of the Cotton family?

A) Anna's temperament was a good fit with that of her parents, which made parenting more satisfying.
B) Nancy and Paul had to make many changes in their lifestyle in order to adapt to Anna's temperament.
C) Nancy and Paul found it impossible to soothe Anna. They had to hire help in order to find someone who could calm Anna and comfort her.
D) Anna's difficult temperament made Nancy and Paul regret their decision to have children.

Question 63

Which is an example of a cognitive or mastery smile?

A) Smile at being tickled
B) Smile at making a bell jingle
C) Smile at seeing a favorite toy
D) Smile at seeing mommy in the morning

Question 64

Which of the following is the pattern of development of emotion along the rage-anger dimension?

A) Distress, anger, guilt
B) Guilt, anger, distress
C) Guilt, distress, anger
D) Anger, guilt, distress

Question 65

In identifying the fact that young birds thought that the first moving thing they saw after hatching was their parent, which of the following concepts did Konrad Lorenz apply to social development?

A) Adaptation
B) Developmental tasks
C) Stranger anxiety
D) Imprinting

Question 66

Japanese parents try to regulate anger by

A) displacing their feelings of anger toward an acceptable target such as a doll.
B) minimizing their children's exposure to anger or frustration.
C) encouraging their children to express anger when they feel it.
D) talking about their feelings when they are angry.

Question 67

When parents and infants can understand each other's emotions, creating and modifying shared interactions in response to each other, this is called

A) intersubjectivity.
B) conformity.
C) equivalence.
D) self-recognition.

Question 68

When a baby shows excitement, which of Peter Wolff's seven stages of arousal are they demonstrating?

A) Self-awareness
B) Crying
C) Waking activity
D) Empathy

Question 69

The relatively stable characteristics of a child's response to the environment including activity level, sociability, and emotionality are called

A) temperament.
B) reflexes.
C) attachment.
D) personality.

Question 70

Observations of naturally occurring disruptions in the parent-infant relationship suggest that the onset of a sensitive period for attachment occurs at which age?

A) 18 months
B) 12 months
C) 6 months
D) 3 months

Question 71

What aspect of the question regarding a critical period for attachment remains unanswered?

A) Is there a point after which a secure attachment can no longer be formed?
B) What is the time of onset for the critical period for attachment?
C) How stable are attachments formed by the end of the first year of life?
D) When do infants express a preference for an object?

Question 72

On her first birthday, Emily looks at her mother as they observe the clown coming to her party. At first Emily is crying. Then her mother smiles and acts very happy, so Emily smiles, too. This is an example of

A) empathy.
B) attachment.
C) visual acuity.
D) social referencing.

Question 73

Samira is fearful and inhibited by nature. She is most likely to be confident if her mother is

A) fearless of nature.
B) careful of nature.
C) protective of Samira.
D) supportive of Samira's autonomy.

Question 74

________ combines fearfulness and a general cautiousness.

A) Behavioral inhibition
B) Problem temperament
C) Terrible two
D) Stranger anxiety

Question 75

Which of the following family factors is tied to increases in an infant's negative emotionality?

A) Being a first born child
B) High levels of marital dissatisfaction for mother or father
C) Low educational level of mother
D) Lack of grandparent involvement in childcare

Question 76

Which of the following is most accurate about infant emotion in the first 2 years of life?

A) Emotions are tied to internal states of pain and pleasure during the first 2 years of life.
B) Emotions change in stage-like progression from internal physical expressions to differentiation of self in relation to others in the environment.
C) Infant emotional expressions remain limited and unchanging during the first 2 years with no stage-like progression.
D) Infant emotions are primarily negative in the first 2 years, reflecting wariness, anger, and defiance.

Question 77

Infants who exhibit a pattern of withdrawal from unfamiliar objects, negative mood, and low level of activity are called

A) difficult.
B) shy.
C) uninhibited.
D) slow to warm up.

Question 78

Juanita is anxious and sings to herself to ease the feelings of fear while waiting for a doctor's appointment. She is showing what capacities?

A) Reactivity
B) Coping
C) Emotional regulation
D) Self-monitoring

Question 79

What is the relationship of high levels of motor activity and frequent crying at 4 months of age to later development?

A) There is no relationship to later behavior.
B) These babies become high exploring, curious toddlers.
C) These babies show greater fearfulness and shyness at later ages.
D) These babies have fewer behavior problems than the quiet, less active infants.

Question 80

Social smiles begin to be observed

A) at about 1 year.
B) at about 20 weeks.
C) at about 5 weeks.
D) 12 hours after birth.