Deck 5: The Lipids: Fats and Oilsspotlight: Diet and Heart Disease

Question 1

Linoleic and linolenic acids are monounsaturated fatty acids that are essential in the diet.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Regular physical activity is associated with lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Lecithin is a major constituent of cell membranes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Low concentrations of low-density lipoproteins are associated with a high risk of heart attack.

Question 5

Palm and coconut oils are examples of polyunsaturated fats.

Question 6

Phytosterols are phytochemicals that block the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine.

Question 7

The Dietary Guidelines for saturated fat are the same for children age 2 years and older as they are for adults.

Question 8

Eating more fiber promotes fat and cholesterol excretion.

Question 9

To lower blood cholesterol, an atherogenic diet plan advocates keeping saturated fat to less than five to six percent of daily calories.

Question 10

Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 11

Unsaturated fats are more prone to going rancid than saturated fats due to the "weak spots" in the unsaturated fatty acid.

Question 12

Cholesterol is found in both plant and animal foods.

Question 13

All food fats contain a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Question 14

Long-chain fatty acids are water soluble and travel freely in blood and lymph.

Question 15

The Mediterranean diet provides about 20 to 25 percent of calories from fat.

Question 16

Some studies show that garlic may reduce blood pressure.

Question 17

Based on a 2,000-calorie diet, the DV for saturated fat is 10 grams.

Question 18

The body has a limited capacity to store fat.

Question 19

Foam cells play an important role in preventing heart disease progression.

Question 20

The type of fat consumed is more important than the amount of fat consumed.

Question 21

One pound of body fat provides _____ calories.

A) 1,000
B) 2,500
C) 3,000
D) 3,500
E) 4,000

Question 22

A high-fiber diet is typically high in dietary cholesterol.

Question 23

Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells to the liver?

A) High-density lipoprotein
B) Low-density lipoprotein
C) Chylomicron
D) Very-low-density lipoprotein
E) Triglycerides

Question 24

Prior to menopause, estrogen may protect women from cardiovascular disease.

Question 25

Fat in a meal increases the rate that the stomach empties which helps provide satiety.

Question 26

The American Heart Association recommends a saturated fat intake of ____ of total calories.

A) 21 to 25 percent
B) 10 to 12 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 5 to 6 percent
E) 2 to 4 percent

Question 27

Vitamin C and vitamin E are natural antioxidants that may be added to foods to increase shelf life.

Question 28

_________ make up 95 percent of the lipids in foods and in the human body.

A) Triglycerides
B) Cholesterol
C) Phospholipids
D) Sucrose
E) Sterols

Question 29

Fats provide _____ by _____.

A) an energy reserve; promoting hunger
B) satiety; slowing stomach emptying
C) climate control; cushioning organs
D) shock absorption; coating cell membranes
E) body temperature homeostasis; dissipating excess body heat

Question 30

The health benefits of olive oil are primarily due to its lower calorie content than other oils.

Question 31

Lecithin is often used as a food additive to keep the fats evenly dispersed with the other ingredients.

Question 32

Which statement best describes a function of cholesterol?

A) It is absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
B) It is an important lipid in the structure of brain and nerve cells.
C) It protects other compounds by reacting with oxygen.
D) It reduces inflammation in arthritis and asthma sufferers.
E) It is not formed in the body when provided by the diet.

Question 33

What lipid is an essential nutrient?

A) Lecithin
B) Cholesterol
C) Linoleic acid
D) Stearic acid
E) Butyric acid

Question 34

Incorporating some fat into one's diet is essential to maintaining good health.

Question 35

You can typically judge the healthfulness of a fat by looking at ________.

A) its hardness at room temperature
B) its consistency when heated
C) the amount of trans fats on the Nutrition Facts panel
D) the total amount of cholesterol per serving
E) its consistency when refrigerated

Question 36

Linolenic acid is one of the fatty acids synthesized by the human body.

Question 37

Moderate drinking, defined as no more than one drink a day for most women, and no more than two drinks a day for most men, is associated with higher HDL levels.

Question 38

What source of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels?

A) Butter
B) Canola oil
C) Coconut oil
D) Stick margarine
E) Shortening

Question 39

______ was the first fat replacer to gain the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

A) Simplesse
B) Olestra
C) Caprenin
D) Stevia
E) Placebo

Question 40

________ is a noncaloric artificial fat made from fatty acids and sucrose.

A) Caprenin
B) Stevia
C) Simplesse
D) Splenda
E) Olestra

Question 41

Which food has the most grams of saturated fat per serving portion?

A) Skim milk
B) Shrimp
C) Regular cheddar cheese
D) Extra lean ham
E) Mixed nuts

Question 42

Which fats decrease LDL-cholesterol without deceasing HDL-cholesterol?

A) Polyunsaturated fat
B) Cholesterol
C) Saturated fats
D) Monounsaturated fat
E) Trans fats

Question 43

Sue is trying to lose weight by decreasing her energy intake by 500 calories. If she does this for three weeks, how many pounds can she lose?

A) Two pounds
B) Three pounds
C) Five pounds
D) Seven pounds
E) Ten pounds

Question 44

__________ increase(s) both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.

A) Unsaturated fats
B) Saturated fats
C) Saturated fats and trans fats
D) Trans fats
E) Cholesterol

Question 45

Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and instead of two tablespoons of butter, she uses one tablespoon on her baked potato. Approximately how many grams of fat did Joy remove from her meal?

A) 5 grams
B) 12 grams
C) 25 grams
D) 50 grams
E) 100 grams

Question 46

Which food contains cholesterol?

A) Peanut butter
B) Potatoes
C) Avocados
D) Beef liver
E) Olive oil

Question 47

The Mediterranean diet is low in _____ while emphasizing ______.

A) fiber; animal proteins
B) phytochemicals; canola oil
C) red meats; olive oil
D) cheese; one to two larger meals a day
E) whole-grain products; canola oil

Question 48

An optimal LDL-cholesterol level is ____, while an optimal HDL-cholesterol level is ____.

A) ≥240 mg/dL;
B) 70-159 mg/dL; >30 mg/dL
C)
D) 40 mg/dL
E) It is irrelevant as long as your total cholesterol is lower than 170 mg/dL.

Question 49

Which of the following values represents a desirable level of total blood cholesterol in adults?

A) 190 mg/dL
B) 212 mg/dL
C) 239 mg/dL
D) 250 mg/dL
E) 280 mg/dL

Question 50

_____ are the part of the body responsible for sensing blood pressure.

A) The heart
B) The kidneys
C) The liver
D) The pancreas
E) The skin

Question 51

Most solids fats in the American diet come from ________.

A) condiments, gravies, dressings, and spreads
B) beverages
C) animal foods
D) refined grains
E) processed foods

Question 52

Which factor is associated with lower HDL levels?

A) Being a non-smoker, as opposed to a smoker
B) Losing weight
C) Being male, as opposed to being female
D) Consuming fish rather than red meat
E) Engaging in moderate alcohol consumption

Question 53

Health experts advise that you decrease consumption of foods rich in _____ and increase the intake of _____ to achieve a more healthful balance.

A) omega-6 fatty acids; omega-3 fatty acids
B) saturated fat; cholesterol
C) omega-3 fatty acids; omega-9 fatty acids
D) chylomicrons; LDL-cholesterol
E) HDL-cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol

Question 54

Heart disease is the major cause of death among women after menopause because ____.

A) osteoporosis is so common and weakens the heart
B) women tend to eat more fat in their diets after they reach 55
C) stress levels increase while activity levels decrease
D) menopause leads to the overproduction of chylomicrons
E) low estrogen levels lower HDL and raise LDL

Question 55

Fat that enters the small intestine is ____.

A) immediately digested by enzymes from the pancreas
B) immediately emulsified by bile from the gallbladder
C) absorbed as is through the villi packaged as a chylomicron
D) trapped in fiber and carried out of the body
E) transported to the large intestine where digestion begins

Question 56

Americans are urged to eat fish at least _____ a week due to its high content of ____.

A) two times; omega-3 fatty acids
B) two times; HDL-cholesterol
C) three times; omega-3 fatty acids
D) three times; HDL-cholesterol
E) two times; omega-6 fatty acids

Question 57

All of the following are important functions of fat in the body except to _________.

A) build muscle tissue
B) serve as the body's main energy reserve
C) nourish the hair and skin
D) help the body to regulate temperature
E) cushion major organs to protect them

Question 58

Matt sprays his pan with cooking spray instead of using the two tablespoons of olive oil that he usually sautés his vegetables with. This change reduces the calories from fat in this recipe by approximately ____.

A) 24 calories
B) 50 calories
C) 100 calories
D) 200 calories
E) 350 calories

Question 59

What food is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A) Palm oil
B) Beef tallow
C) Safflower oil
D) Cocoa butter
E) Butter

Question 60

What factor is associated with the process of atherosclerosis?

A) Artery walls become more elastic
B) Passage through the arteries narrows
C) White blood cells remove plaque formations
D) HDL particles penetrate the walls of the arteries
E) Red blood cells and oxidized LDL create plaque formations

Question 61

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Which choice would be best in order for Jack to lower his LDL cholesterol without decreasing his HDL cholesterol?

A) Reduce exercise
B) Eat an atherogenic diet
C) Switch back to butter instead of margarine
D) Eat cashews and use olive oil
E) Eat more trans fats when possible

Question 62

A sizable body of evidence from around the world suggests that garlic may benefit health by ____.

A) reducing blood platelets
B) lowering blood cholesterol
C) keeping arteries rigid
D) lowering HDL
E) increasing the white blood cell count

Question 63

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
Bob wants to lower his blood cholesterol. What piece of advice should he ignore ?

A) You should lower your intake of trans fats only, not of other types of fat.
B) Lowering your saturated fat intake may be more important than reducing dietary cholesterol.
C) Eat more plant sources of fats to lower total blood cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
D) Eat more high-soluble fiber foods such as legumes.
E) Bake or grill fish to avoid adding unhealthy fats.

Question 64

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Jack lacks control over which risk factor?

A) Obesity
B) Genetics
C) Stress
D) Atherogenic diet
E) Physical inactivity

Question 65

Chylomicrons are synthesized within the _______.

A) liver
B) adipose tissue
C) intestinal cells
D) lymphatic system
E) bloodstream

Question 66

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains ________.

A) less lipid
B) less protein
C) more cholesterol
D) more carbohydrate
E) more triglyceride

Question 67

Why is it recommended that unprocessed oils be stored in airtight containers?

A) Exposure to the air will decrease the likelihood of rancidity
B) Airtight storage destroys the natural antioxidants in the oils
C) Points of unsaturation in their molecules are vulnerable to oxidation
D) This prevents hydrogenation, which makes them less healthful
E) This allows the oil to be stored long-term without additives

Question 68

As the amount of _____ in a lipoprotein increases, its _____ also increases.

A) protein; density
B) triglycerides; solubility
C) protein; size
D) triglycerides; density
E) protein; solubility

Question 69

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Jack's results from his blood lipid level test are as follows: 

Which statement accurately describes Jack's test results?

A) His total cholesterol is in the desirable range.
B) His LDL cholesterol puts him at high risk for CVD.
C) His triglycerides are in the desirable range.
D) His HDL is borderline for high risk for CVD.
E) His ratio of LDL to HDL is optimal.

Question 70

Which dietary change would be most effective for lowering one's LDL?

A) Replacing monounsaturated fats with saturated fats
B) Replacing polyunsaturated fats with hydrogenated fats
C) Choosing whole milk instead of a soda beverage
D) Choosing broiled salmon instead of a bacon burger
E) Replacing two glasses of water with two glasses of red wine per day

Question 71

Phospholipids can help fats cross cell membranes because ____.

A) they are so abundant in foods and widespread in the body
B) they are fat soluble but not water soluble
C) they have a large, multiple-ring structure
D) they have water-soluble heads and fat-soluble tails
E) their phosphorus components inhibit water from crossing the membranes

Question 72

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
Bob read an article about fat and its relationship to health. He learned that ______.

A) intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol
B) high intakes of fish oil lower bleeding time and improve diabetes
C) high intakes of short- and medium-chain fatty acids will raise HDL-cholesterol levels
D) HDL carries fats to body cells increasing total cholesterol
E) elevated HDL levels have associated with an increased risk of heart attacks

Question 73

Glycerol and _____ diffuse easily into intestinal cells, which release them into capillaries without further processing.

A) short-chain fatty acids
B) long-chain fatty acids
C) phospholipids
D) cholesterol
E) lecithin

Question 74

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Because he is now better informed, Jack wants to cook healthier meals. Which recommendation should he avoid ?

A) Use fruit jam instead of margarine on toast.
B) Use applesauce in place of some butter when baking brownies.
C) Eat salmon and herring twice per week.
D) Have no more than three alcoholic drinks per day.
E) Drink fat-free or low fat milk.

Question 75

Heather notices that her favorite breakfast cereal contains butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Why did the manufacturer add these ingredients?

A) To enhance the flavor of the cereal
B) To fortify the cereal with fat soluble vitamins
C) To improve the lipid profile of the cereal
D) To provide essential fatty acids
E) To keep the oil in the cereal from spoiling

Question 76

Sam and Regina have a two-year old daughter, Keira. Sam wants Keira to follow the same low-fat diet like the one he and Regina follow. What advice would you give these parents?

A) Try to prevent heart problems by limiting Keira's fat calories to 20 to 35 percent of calories.
B) Take proactive measures and limit her fat intake to less than 20 percent of calories.
C) Monitor Keira's fat intake to include 30 to 40 percent of calories, which is appropriate for children ages one to three.
D) Do not restrict Keira's fat consumption until she is four years old.
E) Place Keira on a vegan diet, since it is the healthiest option.

Question 77

The most important difference between the typical American diet and the typical Mediterranean diet is that ____.

A) Mediterraneans eat less saturated fat
B) Mediterraneans eat less fruits
C) Americans exercise less
D) Americans eat more monounsaturated fat
E) Americans consume more of their food earlier in the day

Question 78

Trans fats are ____.

A) formed when margarine is hydrogenated
B) created when oils become rancid
C) omitted on food labels
D) naturally found in legumes and some nuts
E) unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen atoms attached on the same side of the points of unsaturation

Question 79

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
Bob went out to dinner and ordered a steak, French fries, broccoli sautéed in canola oil, sweet tea, and sorbet for dessert. Which food is highest in cholesterol?

A) Steak
B) Sweet tea
C) French fries
D) Broccoli sautéed in canola oil
E) Sorbet

Question 80

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
A characteristic of saturated fats is that they ____.

A) are liquid at room temperature
B) are usually solid at room temperature
C) function as emulsifiers in the small intestine
D) provide four calories per gram
E) are found mostly in vegetable oils