Deck 3: The Social Self

Question 1

The cocktail party effect refers to the tendency for people to

A) become more self-conscious in large groups.
B) get nervous in social settings and forget the names of those to whom they have been introduced.
C) hear the mention of their own name even from across a loud and crowded room.
D) become more focused on self-presentational concerns in group settings.

Answer 1

hear the mention of their own name even from across a loud and crowded room.

Question 2

Yulia stands in front of a mirror. She notices a red spot on the forehead of the image she sees in the mirror. She then brings her hand up to her own forehead and touches the red spot, trying to brush it off. Yulia is demonstrating

A) self-recognition.
B) self-verification.
C) self-regulation.
D) the looking-glass self.

Answer 2

self-recognition.

Question 3

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror. This research provides support for

A) the non-social origins of the self-concept.
B) self-perception theory.
C) the idea that humans are the only animals capable of self-recognition.
D) the concept of the looking-glass self.

Answer 3

the concept of the looking-glass self.

Question 4

From a social psychological perspective, the cocktail party effect illustrates

A) the importance of the self when it comes to attentional processes.
B) the origination of the fundamental attribution error.
C) that alcohol can alter interaction patterns.
D) the power of situational factors to influence behavioral tendencies.

Question 5

A high school class goes to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and enjoys one of the exhibitions very much. If the teacher wanted the students to gain accurate self-insight regarding why they liked the exhibition, the teacher should ask the students to

A) compare the different exhibitions they had seen.
B) focus upon their feelings about the paintings in the exhibition.
C) give a list of reasons for why they liked particular paintings in the exhibition.
D) discuss the historical context in which the paintings were done.

Question 6

The term self-concept refers to the

A) sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics.
B) evaluation of one's own abilities and attitudes through comparison to similar others.
C) whether a person's self-evaluation is positive or negative.
D) general disposition to focus on either the inner feelings or outer image of the self.

Question 7

Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information are called

A) self-awareness cues.
B) autobiographical memories.
C) flashbulb memories.
D) self -schemas.

Question 8

The "ABCs of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of these three concepts is most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?

A) Affect
B) Behavior
C) Cognition
D) all of the above.

Question 9

Which of the "ABCs of the self" is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept?

A) Affect
B) Behavior
C) Biology
D) Cognition

Question 10

When Gallup (1977) placed different species of animals in front of a mirror, it was only the great apes who

A) exhibited social responses to their reflection in the mirror.
B) greeted their reflection with vocalizations.
C) used their reflection in the mirror to groom themselves.
D) attempted to attack their reflection.

Question 11

According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977),

A) introspection is a valid and accurate source of information about the self.
B) the development of the self-concept begins at birth.
C) people are often unable to give accurate explanations for the causes of their own behavior.
D) people compare themselves with similar others for self-verification.

Question 12

While talking to a friend at a noisy party, Julianna stops in the middle of a sentence and turns her head. According to the cocktail party effect, what did she probably hear?

A) Her name
B) Laughter
C) Uninhibited behavior
D) A funny joke

Question 13

According to the looking-glass model of self-concept development, the self-concept develops

A) from one's physical appearance.
B) from the way one is viewed by others.
C) slowly, reaching its complete form only in old age.
D) quickly, but is quite fragile and subject to change.

Question 14

Bernie considers intelligence to be an important part of his self-concept, and he feels that he is more intelligent than most other people. Bernie would be described as

A) low in emotional intelligence.
B) schematic with respect to intelligence.
C) high in public self-consciousness.
D) low in public self-regard.

Question 15

Research using new technologies has determined that

A) different areas of the brain are activated when people are shown photos of themselves as opposed to photos of others.
B) different areas of the brain are activated when American participants are shown photos of themselves as opposed to photos of others, but such differentiation does not occur among Korean participants.
C) brain activity does not vary depending on whether or not a stimulus is self-relevant.
D) PET scans are not particularly informative for investigations of the self-concept, but fMRI is.

Question 16

Wilson (1985) found that the more people consider the reasons why they like something,

A) the more negative their reasons become over time.
B) the lower the correlation between their attitudes and behavior.
C) the more accurate they are in making self-judgments.
D) the greater their extrinsic motivation.

Question 17

Helene is schematic concerning honesty. She is likely to do all of the following except

A) see herself as more honest than most other people.
B) consider honesty a central part of her self-concept.
C) notice the honest and dishonest behaviors of others.
D) engage in more strategic self-presentation than most other people.

Question 18

Developmental psychologists have shown that children begin to recognize their own image in a mirror between

A) 0 and 6 months of age.
B) 6 and 12 months of age.
C) 12 and 18 months of age.
D) 18 and 24 months of age.

Question 19

The process of reflecting on your own inner thoughts and feelings in order to gain self-knowledge is called

A) introspection.
B) self-verification.
C) self-monitoring.
D) autobiographical memory.

Question 20

Our self-concept appears to be influenced by all of the following sources except

A) introspection.
B) our perceptions of our own behavior.
C) the culture in which we live.
D) the way other people actually see us.

Question 21

Which of the following statements concerning introspection is true ?

A) Contrary to popular perceptions, introspection can sometimes impair self-knowledge.
B) Analyzing the reasons why we like something typically leads to accurate self-insight.
C) People tend to underestimate the duration of their emotional reactions.
D) One way to improve affective forecasting is to focus on a single event without considering the impact of other life experiences.

Question 22

Newman is having a very bad day-he overslept for his final exam, spilled coffee on himself at work, and got a speeding ticket on the way home. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what will happen if he increases tension in the facial muscles normally active during frowning?

A) It will reduce the intensity of his negative emotional experience.
B) It will intensify his negative emotional experience.
C) It will create a competing positive emotion.
D) Because he is already in a bad mood, it will have no impact on his emotional experience.

Question 23

Goldstein and Cialdini's 2007 study on vicarious self-perception demonstrated that

A) people sometimes infer something about themselves by observing the behavior of those who they believe to be biologically similar to them.
B) people's self-perceptions are not affected by others' actions.
C) people only pay attention to their self-perception when in the presence of those that who they perceive as similar to them.
D) People lose their sense of self when observing the behavior of someone with whom they identify.

Question 24

Kira hates her calculus class. As a social psychologist, which of these tactics would you recommend to Kira to help improve her mood during class?

A) Kira should try to empathize more with her instructor.
B) Kira should force herself to smile throughout class.
C) Kira should try to suppress or block out her negative feelings during class.
D) all of the above.

Question 25

Josephine bought her 6-year-old nephew, Joseph, a new set of paints for his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, Josephine promised Joseph $1 for every painting. Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money. According to research by Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett (1973) on overjustification effects, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself.
B) Joseph will develop a love for painting and will want to be an artist when he grows up.
C) Joseph will continue to paint even if his aunt eventually stops rewarding him with money.
D) The paintings for which Joseph receives money will be judged as better quality than the paintings for which he does not receive any money.

Question 26

According to theories regarding self-perception of emotions, what would be the likely effect of sitting at your desk slumped over in the chair with a bowed head?

A) You would feel proud.
B) You would feel dejected.
C) You would make other people frown in response.
D) You would buffer your self-esteem against potential future threats.

Question 27

Motivation that is driven by rewards and punishments is called

A) instrumental motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) egoistic motivation.

Question 28

Dara loves to paint in her spare time. Painting is an enjoyable activity for her. Her desire to paint may best be explained by

A) need-driven motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) self-verification motivation.

Question 29

Research regarding affective forecasting indicates that

A) people are remarkably good at estimating how future events will impact their own happiness.
B) people are remarkably good at estimating how future events will impact the happiness of others.
C) people tend to underestimate the impact of future events on their own happiness.
D) none of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following strategies would be the most effective way to use rewards to motivate behavior, but avoid overjustification effects?

A) Only use monetary rewards.
B) Make sure the rewards are contingent upon the desired behavior and are clearly expected.
C) Present the rewards as a special bonus for the desired behavior and be sure that the reward is unexpected.
D) Create an expectation that rewards will be given for the desired behavior, but then do not actually provide the reward.

Question 31

The impact bias in affective forecasting refers to the phenomenon in which

A) voters predicted that they would be much happier one month after an election if the candidate for whom they voted won as opposed to lost.
B) people tend to overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions to events.
C) people are generally accurate predictors of how they will feel about future events.
D) people tend to underestimate how happy they will be several months after winning the lottery.

Question 32

Justin falls asleep during a movie that he had been waiting all week to see. If he relies on self-perception to determine his feelings about the movie, he will most likely decide that

A) he would stay awake if he saw the movie a second time.
B) his perceptions of the movie match his perceptions of himself.
C) the movie was one of the best he's ever seen.
D) he found the movie to be quite boring.

Question 33

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

A) self-discrepancy theory.
B) implicit egoism.
C) the durability bias.
D) the overjustification effect.

Question 34

Marcia is unsure about whether Jan is her best friend. She thinks about how many times she has listened to Jan complain about her boyfriend, helped Jan study for difficult exams, and brought soup to Jan when she was sick. Marcia realizes that she speaks to Jan almost every night. After thinking about all this, Marcia concludes that Jan must be her best friend. This conclusion is based on a process described by

A) self-perception theory.
B) social comparison theory.
C) self-awareness theory.
D) self-discrepancy theory.

Question 35

According to self-perception theory, when people are uncertain about their thoughts or feelings regarding an activity, they will

A) infer their thoughts and feelings regarding that activity from their behavior.
B) infer their thoughts and feelings from what others tell them about their engagement in the activity.
C) focus on past behavior that relates to the current activity to make inferences about their thoughts and feelings regarding the activity.
D) think about their self-schemas and decide whether the behavior is congruent or incongruent with the self-schema before engaging in the activity.

Question 36

During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election, Sandra states that she is certain she will be devastated for months if she isn't elected class president. This is an example of

A) the overjustification effect.
B) the impact bias.
C) basking in reflected glory.
D) implicit egoism.

Question 37

Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

A) overestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy.
B) underestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy.
C) pay too little attention to past successes in evaluating future prospects.
D) dwell too much on past failures in assessing present competencies.

Question 38

Kerri is a teaching assistant for a large lecture class. She enjoys grading student tests, alphabetizing them, and entering the scores in the grade book, but the professor thinks she takes too long to complete this process. Hoping to speed things up, the professor offers Kerri a small cash reward for grading each assignment quickly and accurately. This solution works until the professor runs out of money. Now Kerri complains about her grading responsibilities all the time, and she takes even longer than before to complete her work. She asks if the professor can force the 150 students to sit in alphabetical order during the test to save her time alphabetizing them later, and when the professor declines, she tells him how much she hates grading. Which of the following best explains what happened to Kerri?

A) The extrinsic motivation of the monetary reward has come to undermine Kerri's intrinsic motivation to grade.
B) Kerri's extrinsic desire to grade was replaced by an intrinsic motivation to make money.
C) Kerri lost her intrinsic motivation to grade at the same time that the professor ran out of money.
D) Kerri sabotaged her own performance by engaging in self-handicapping.

Question 39

Which of the following is most consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) Facial expressions are necessary for the experience of emotion.
B) Facial expressions can trigger and magnify emotional states.
C) Although facial expressions can influence emotions, they do not produce any real physiological changes.
D) In order for facial expressions to evoke a corresponding emotion, people must be aware of their outward expression.

Question 40

When asked to clean his room, Miguel does so, but only after being assured by his parents that he will receive an allowance in exchange for cleaning up. Miguel's behavior is most likely motivated by

A) social comparison.
B) egocentric biases.
C) self-monitoring.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 41

Klein (1997) asked participants to make a series of judgments regarding various pieces of art. He found that participants' self-assessments

A) did not reflect the influence of social comparison processes on such a subjective task.
B) were more accurate when they chose to compare themselves to others who performed better on the task.
C) were more influenced by information regarding their performance relative to others than by information regarding their absolute score.
D) were more influenced by information regarding their absolute score than by information regarding their performance relative to others.

Question 42

Marion is a sprinter on her high school track team. According to social comparison theory, Marion is most likely to look to which of the following groups to assess how fast a sprinter she is?

A) Other female high school track athletes
B) Other female students at her school who are not on the track team
C) Male members of her track team
D) U.S. Olympic track team members

Question 43

A person's spontaneous self-description can often be changed by an alteration of that person's

A) self reference.
B) social surroundings.
C) social desirability.
D) feelings of uncertainty.

Question 44

Which of the following statements concerning autobiographical memories is false ?

A) Older adults tend to recall a large number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood.
B) People tend to have greater recall of transitional life periods.
C) In general, people tend to recall more events from the recent past than the distant past.
D) People tend to have the most accurate recall for emotional versus unemotional events.

Question 45

People's recollection of a sequence of events that directly touched their lives is called

A) private self-consciousness.
B) the hindsight bias.
C) the distinctiveness effect.
D) autobiographical memory.

Question 46

The important conclusion that can be drawn from Schachter and Singer's (1962) study on emotions is that

A) every emotion experienced by humans has a specific and distinct set of physiological symptoms.
B) physiological arousal is one of the few human experiences not susceptible to variations in subjective interpretation.
C) social context can determine the way in which physiological arousal is interpreted.
D) the two major factors of emotion are arousal and happiness.

Question 47

Herman remembers exactly what he was doing and where he was when he first heard about the September 11^th terrorist attacks. Brown and Kulik (1977) would refer to this vivid image as

A) the hindsight bias.
B) a memory heuristic.
C) memory inflation.
D) a flashbulb memory.

Question 48

Which of the following is most consistent with the notion that memory is biased rather than objective?

A) When asked about her college experiences, most of Jennifer's memories are about her first day of college and her graduation.
B) John spent most of his 65^th birthday party reminiscing about his high school years and his time in the military before he turned 20.
C) Jordan will never forget the day when he heard about Princess Diana's death on the news.
D) Jessica recalls that she has always hated meat, even though she only recently became a vegetarian.

Question 49

According to Festinger, social comparison is less likely to occur

A) under conditions of uncertainty.
B) when a person's self-esteem is threatened.
C) when objective criteria are available.
D) with similar others.

Question 50

On his first day of class, Professor Saccamano thinks he is nervous because his blood pressure is up and his hands are shaking. He continues to feel this way, however, before every class meeting of the semester, and eventually realizes that his arousal is due to the five flights of stairs he must climb up to the classroom. Which theory best explains his misattribution?

A) Downward comparison theory
B) Self-handicapping theory
C) Self-perception theory
D) Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 51

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, social context most directly affects

A) facial expressions of emotion.
B) the physiological component of emotion.
C) the cognitive interpretation of emotion.
D) the self-perception of emotion.

Question 52

Schachter (1959) found that participants expecting to receive painful electric shocks preferred the company of others who were in the same situation. These results suggest that

A) social comparison processes are used to evaluate emotions.
B) emotions have a strong physiological component.
C) self-handicapping is more about self-presentation than self-enhancement.
D) people are relatively inaccurate at affective forecasting.

Question 53

D'Brickashaw is the only man and the only African-American enrolled in a Women's Studies seminar. McGuire's work on spontaneous self-descriptions suggests that compared to other contexts, in this specific situation D'Brickashaw will be more likely to mention his ____ in his self-description.

A) race, but not gender
B) gender, but not race
C) race as well as gender
D) distinctive name

Question 54

People's spontaneous self-descriptions are most likely to include

A) their age, regardless of their social surroundings.
B) their gender, regardless of their social surroundings.
C) characteristics that set them apart from others in the immediate vicinity.
D) characteristics that make them seem similar to others in the immediate vicinity.

Question 55

The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotional experience

A) is independent of social comparison processes.
B) requires a combination of positive and negative physiological arousal.
C) is independent of physiological arousal.
D) is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal.

Question 56

According to social comparison theory, people are most likely to compare themselves to others who are

A) friendly.
B) lonely.
C) popular.
D) similar.

Question 57

In terms of autobiographical memory, to what does the phrase "reminiscence peak" refer?

A) The more negative the memory, the more likely it is to be remembered.
B) Older adults tend to retrieve a larger number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood than other periods of life.
C) Once people turn a certain age, they start to forget many of the events that happened to them in earlier stages of life.
D) People tend to remember a wide range of "firsts" in recounting their personal experiences.

Question 58

According to Warneken and Tomasello (2008), how can moms best encourage their young toddlers to help them out?

A) Give a reward before asking for help.
B) Give no reward at all..
C) Give a reward after they have successfully completed a helping task.
D) Never give verbal praise for helpfulness, but give more tangible rewards instead.

Question 59

Schachter (1959) examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks. He found that these participants preferred to wait in a room

A) by themselves.
B) with participants who were not expecting shocks.
C) with participants who were also expecting shocks.
D) with participants who had already received shocks.

Question 60

Jason fills out an application for college with the grades he remembered getting throughout high school. While reviewing the application with a guidance counselor, the counselor points out that Jason seems to have inflated a few of his lower grades. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Jason's behavior?

A) Jason is displaying the reminiscence peak characteristic of autobiographical memories.
B) Jason fell prey to the tendency to revise personal histories to reflect favorably on the self.
C) Jason relied on introspection and consequently impaired his self-knowledge of his grades.
D) Jason was affected by the impact bias, which skewed his memory of his grades.

Question 61

Rebecca fills out a survey in which she asserts complete agreement with the statement, "I enjoy being unique and different from others." With which cultural orientation does she most likely identify?

A) Individualism
B) Collectivism
C) Multiculturalism
D) Cooperativism

Question 62

Which of the following does not appear to be associated with low self-esteem?

A) The expectation of failure
B) The ability to effectively resist peer pressure
C) A sense of pessimism about the future
D) A reduced ability to ward off disease

Question 63

William Swann and others (2007) found that people with specific domains of self-esteem benefit in what ways?

A) they are likely to feel good about themselves
B) they are likely to do well in school
C) they are likely to outperform others in the specific situations for which they have high self-esteem
D) they are likely to try new things

Question 64

Research by Crocker and Park (2004) suggests that the pursuit of self-esteem

A) is a necessary antecedent of positive mental health.
B) enables people to avoid anxiety and stress-related problems.
C) increases one's sensitivity to the needs of others.
D) none of the above.

Question 65

Cross-cultural research indicates that Americans are more likely than Asians to

A) perceive themselves as unique.
B) assume blame for failures.
C) strive for community belonging.
D) see themselves as others tend to see them.

Question 66

English and Chen's (2007) study of college students of European and Asian descent found that

A) even within a particular context, Asian students see their identity as relatively fluid and variable..
B) European students tended to see the self in more stable terms across situations.
C) European students had smaller discrepancies between their ideal and actual selves.
D) all of the above

Question 67

Self-esteem is all of the following except

A) an affectively charged component of the self-concept.
B) responsive to success and failure.
C) a state of mind that can change depending on the situation.
D) a single, stable disposition.

Question 68

According to Twenge and Crocker (2002),

A) White Americans have higher self-esteem on average than do African Americans.
B) White Americans tend to have much higher self-esteem than Latino Americans.
C) African Americans have higher self-esteem than all other racial groups except Asian Americans.
D) racial differences in self-esteem are far smaller than gender differences.

Question 69

Consuela has a positive self-image. She is likely to do all of the following except

A) persist longer at difficult tasks.
B) expect to succeed.
C) blame herself if she fails.
D) sleep better at night.

Question 70

Which of the following is not a potential cost of the pursuit of self-esteem, as identified by Crocker and Park (2004)?

A) An increase in stress-related health problems
B) Anxiety
C) Unwanted social attention
D) Avoidance of worthwhile activities that carry a risk of failure

Question 71

Jomei feels that he cannot be happy if his family is not happy. Jomei has an _____ view of self.

A) individualistic
B) independent
C) interdependent
D) international

Question 72

When Maria, a Latin American student, is asked to describe herself in one word during her college interview, she wants to truly express her Latina culture. Which of the following characteristics is she most likely to emphasize?

A) intelligence.
B) graciousness
C) drive
D) strength

Question 73

Higgins's (1979) self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins, discrepancies between the ________ self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of ________.

A) ought; frustration
B) ought; shame
C) ideal; superiority
D) ideal; hostility

Question 74

Dialecticism, a concept grounded in Eastern traditions, can best be defined as

A) a system of thought characterized by the acceptance of contradictions.
B) the notion that if one option is right, the other must be wrong
C) the idea that one's "true self" is stable in all situations
D) a characteristic of individualist cultures

Question 75

A husband and wife are asked to estimate how much each of them contributes to the household chores. Based on the research concerning autobiographical memory, which of the following patterns of results is most probable?

A) Husband 50%, wife 50%
B) Husband 50%, wife 70%
C) Husband 70%, wife 50%
D) Husband 70%, wife 70%

Question 76

April was born and raised in an Eastern culture. She is more likely than people raised in Western cultures to

A) compare herself to others.
B) make friends easily.
C) view relationships as an important part of her self-concept.
D) experience anxiety in group settings.

Question 77

People with unstable, fluctuating self-esteem react more strongly to _____ events than those with stable self-esteem.

A) positive
B) negative
C) both positive and negative
D) neither positive nor negative

Question 78

Multilingual American and Japanese citizens are asked to describe themselves. Which of the following groups is least likely to focus on group affiliations?

A) U. S. citizens asked to respond in English
B) Japanese citizens asked to respond in English
C) U. S. citizens, regardless of language
D) Japanese citizens, regardless of language

Question 79

Jade feels great about herself when she gets an A on her calculus test, but then hates herself when she forgets to meet a friend at the library. Jade seems to have

A) high self-esteem.
B) low self-esteem.
C) unstable self-esteem.
D) an independent view of self.

Question 80

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), people from collectivist cultures are more likely than those from individualist cultures to

A) derive satisfaction from personal achievement.
B) see themselves as less similar to others.
C) take personal credit for their successes.
D) underestimate their contributions to a team effort.