Deck 1: Ways of Thinking About Children

Question 1

A heritability estimate for having 10 fingers would likely be about

A) zero.
B) )25.
C) )50.
D) )75.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A researcher randomly assigns 50 students to two groups of 25. Group 1 is given computers and educational software to take home and use, while Group 2 is given educational workbooks to take home. Two months later, the researcher gives each group standardized achievement tests. What is the research design?

A) non-experimental correlational
B) qualitative
C) experimental
D) clinical

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the most influential processes tend to occur in the

A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The reason researchers prefer to do experiments whenever possible is that experiments

A) show how variables are related.
B) provide detailed descriptions of behavior.
C) demonstrate that one thing causes another.
D) demonstrate formal operational thought.

Question 5

When two things, orks and lopas, are positively correlated,

A) orks may cause lopas, lopas may cause orks , or both may be caused by something else.
B) it is almost certain that either orks cause lopas or lopas cause orks.
C) it is almost certain that orks and lopas are not causally related.
D) it means that one cannot be predicted from the other.

Question 6

A researcher wishes to investigate how students of different ages view their parents, so he has students in grades 6, 9, and 12 fill out questionnaires. This type of research is

A) experimental.
B) cross-sectional.
C) longitudinal.
D) laboratory based.

Question 7

The plot shown below represents a correlation that is

A) strong and positive.
B) weak and positive.
C) weak and negative
D) strong and negative.

Question 8

According to a table in the text, which of the following has a negative effect size?

A) counseling interventions
B) retention in grade
C) direct instruction
D) study skills interventions

Question 9

A counselor observed a strong tendency for students who drink a lot of alcohol to have lower test scores. This correlation would best be represented by which of the following correlation coefficients?

A) + .50
B) + .10
C) - .10
D) - .50

Question 10

A researcher wants to find out whether increased hand washing causes a decreased number of illnesses among staff and children in child care. Which research design should the researcher use?

A) observational
B) non-experimental correlational
C) experimental
D) behavioral

Question 11

Experts find a strong relationship between reading test scores and math test scores. Students who are high on one tend to be high on the other. This correlation would best be represented by which of the following correlation coefficients?

A) + .60
B) + .10
C) - .10
D) - .60

Question 12

When choosing a curriculum or intervention program, you would prefer an effect size of at least

A) 0.05.
B) 0.15.
C) 0.24.
D) 0.40.

Question 13

In Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, processes that occur in the microsystem are likely to involve

A) face-to-face activity.
B) issues of social and cultural values.
C) people who make important decisions, like school boards and government officials.
D) change across time.

Question 14

The plot shown below represents a correlation of

A) +1.00.
B) +0.80.
C) -0.80.
D) -1.00.

Question 15

A researcher wants to know whether successful principles tend to be extroverted. Which research design does this imply?

A) longitudinal
B) correlational
C) experimental
D) behavioral

Question 16

A test that measures what it claims to measure for some specific purpose is a test that has

A) experimental design
B) effect size
C) random assignment
D) validity

Question 17

The plot shown below most likely represents a correlation of about

A) +1.00.
B) +0.80.
C) 0.00.
D) - 0.80.

Question 18

If you want to investigate how a small number of 10-year-olds think and feel about divorce and you want to report the results in the children's own words, which of the following research approaches would you most likely use?

A) cross-sectional
B) experimental
C) qualitative
D) longitudinal

Question 19

By the time a well-designed longitudinal study has been going for 10 years and has something relevant to tell us about adolescence, the findings may not be relevant to today's youth because of

A) problems with validity.
B) problems with reliability.
C) the stability of aggression.
D) the cohort effect.

Question 20

A researcher wants to find out whether increased time on task causes increased achievement. Which research design should she use?

A) qualitative
B) non-experimental correlational
C) experimental
D) clinical

Question 21

Compared to control groups, longitudinal studies of the effectiveness of Head Start have shown that Head Start students

A) showed more learning disabilities.
B) showed modest academic gains.
C) showed large academic gains.
D) had lowered occupational aspirations while in high school.

Question 22

One explanation for the negative effects of poverty is that families in poverty experience conditions that can lead to depression, marital conflict, and other problems, which then lead to diminished quality of parenting. Which model does this represent?

A) family investment model
B) de-identification model
C) family stress model
D) heritability model

Question 23

Selena has loved sports from the time she was born. Her parents recognized this love and signed her up for soccer, little league baseball, gymnastics, and other sports. Which type of gene-environment interaction is being described?

A) passive
B) evocative
C) active
D) synaptogenic

Question 24

A probable reason why the Abecedarian Project had stronger positive effects than Head Start is that it had

A) many years as a federally-funded project, which gave time for improvement.
B) an intensive design with many hours of intervention combined with home visits.
C) a curriculum that emphasized standardized tests.
D) more teachers of color involved.

Question 25

When scientists say that siblings share 50% of their genes, the scientists are referring to

A) segregating genes.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) gene-environment correlation.

Question 26

Why do Japanese schools prefer large classes?

A) Large classes acclimate Japanese children to overcrowding.
B) Large classes encourage students to focus on the group.
C) Large classes free up some teachers to be special education teachers.
D) The buildings left over from World War II have large rooms.

Question 27

Which of the following refers to observable characteristics?

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) passive gene-environment correlation
D) heritability

Question 28

Joe's parents were professional athletes, so he inherited genes relevant to sports, and he has been exposed to sports and training for sports from birth. Which type of gene-environment interaction is being described?

A) passive
B) evocative
C) active
D) synaptogenic

Question 29

The graph shown depicts which of the following?

A) reading scores and math scores of Head Start children
B) achievement scores of boys (top) and girls (bottom) in Head Start
C) IQ scores of children in the Abecedarian group (upper line) and in Head Start (lower line)
D) IQ scores of children in the Abecedarian group and in a control group

Question 30

Regarding starting school, an environmentalist is likely to believe that

A) young children who are not "ready" for school should wait to start school until they mature.
B) preschool has little effect on children's school readiness.
C) children's readiness for school depends primarily on inherited abilities.
D) young children should start school even if "readiness" tests show lack of readiness because school causes children to learn.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of readiness tests?

A) They provide accurate information about who should start school and who should not.
B) Many have poor reliability and validity.
C) They measure response to stressful situations.
D) Typical intelligence tests are often used as readiness tests.

Question 32

Which of the following is most clearly a component of a child's nurture?

A) child's hair color
B) father's foot size
C) child's school curriculum
D) mother's hair color

Question 33

Consider the story of Olly Neal, who stole books from the school library as a youth and later became a judge. As presented in the textbook, his story focused on

A) the effects of discrimination across Olly's youth.
B) a faculty member serving as a protective factor.
C) effects of compensatory education.
D) the effects of crime on youth development.

Question 34

In their studies of heritability, whom do behavioral geneticists tend to study?

Question 35

Which theory emphasizes the notion that humans are influenced by concentric circles of influence, from immediate influences to distant influences?

Question 36

A key risk factor for youth is

A) mother employment.
B) lack of access to television.
C) religious involvement.
D) maternal depression.

Question 37

Calvin Murphy is on a swim team. When his parents take him to out-of-town swim meets, they try to visit the local museums and historical sites. This might affect his achievement because of

A) metacognitive growth.
B) cultural mismatch.
C) cultural capital.
D) authoritative parenting.

Question 38

Cultural capital refers to

A) knowledge that helps a child "get ahead".
B) money that a family earns.
C) the city that is the cultural center of a region.
D) knowledge of facts that might be considered trivia.

Question 39

Samuel, who is 12, lives with both of his parents, who work in local fast food restaurants. Their neighbors are mostly unemployed or work in low level non-union jobs in the automobile industry. His parents did not graduate from high school and don't know much about college or how to apply to college. Which of the following does Samuel  likely experience at this time?

A) a non-shared environment
B) low cultural capital
C)  a cohort effect
D) canalization

Question 40

Research shows that different ethnic groups have different styles of storytelling. This fact can affect academic achievement and is an example of

A) multiple intelligences.
B) cultural mismatch.
C) intelligence.
D) halo effect.

Question 41

Which is more important, nature or nurture?

Question 42

Which U.S. ethnic group tends to have the highest achievement?

Question 43

What happens to the positive effects of compensatory preschool for at risk children after children the leave the program?