Deck 27: Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Question 1

Antibodies are found in

A) milk.
B) mucosal secretions.
C) serum.
D) milk, mucosal secretions, and serum.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Intrinsic properties of immunogens include

A) appropriate physical form.
B) molecular size.
C) sufficient molecular complexity.
D) appropriate physical form, molecular size, and molecular complexity.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The part of the antigen recognized by the antibody or TCR is called the

A) epitope.
B) antigen-binding site.
C) antigenic complex.
D) light chain.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following are found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells?

A) Class I MHC proteins
B) Class II MHC proteins
C) G proteins
D) M proteins

Question 5

Natural killer cells like Tc cells use ________ and granzymes to kill their targets without prior exposure or contact with the foreign cells.

A) coagulants
B) M protein
C) perforin
D) interferon gamma

Question 6

The measurable strength of the binding of an antibody to antigen is called

A) binding affinity.
B) epitope.
C) tolerance.
D) virulence.

Question 7

________ is the acquired inability to mount an adaptive immune response against self.

A) Memory
B) Specificity
C) Tolerance
D) Immunogenicity

Question 8

The most common circulating antibody, comprising about 80% of the serum immunoglobin, is

A) IgA.
B) IgC.
C) IgD.
D) IgG.

Question 9

Which of the following is the name of the heavy chain constant domain of an IgD antibody?

A) beta
B) delta
C) zeta
D) rho

Question 10

Antibody-mediated immunity is particularly effective against

A) extracellular pathogens.
B) intracellular pathogens.
C) both extra- and intra-cellular pathogens.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Dimers of IgA are present in

A) breast milk colostrum.
B) saliva.
C) tears.
D) breast milk colostrum, saliva, and tears.

Question 12

Antigen exposure is necessary to

A) induce genetic hypermutation in B cells with productive antibody genes.
B) stimulate B cells to differentiate to plasma cell.
C) stimulate B cells to produce soluble antibodies.
D) stimulate B cell differentiation, antibody production, and genetic hypermutation of antibody genes.

Question 13

Which of the following is a probable lifespan of memory B cells?

A) 5 minutes
B) 5 hours
C) 5 days
D) 5 years

Question 14

A cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR and

A) a heterologous antigen.
B) a homologous antigen.
C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 15

T cells recognize antigens with their

A) antibodies.
B) leukocidins.
C) M proteins.
D) T cell receptors.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an immunoglobin?

A) IgA
B) IgC
C) IgD
D) IgG

Question 17

In class switching during the secondary antibody response, the most common antibody switch is from

A) IgA to IgD.
B) IgD to IgE.
C) IgM to IgG.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 18

TH cells express a ________ protein coreceptor.

A) CD4
B) CD8
C) CD12
D) T cell receptin

Question 19

Antigen-presenting cells present antigens to

A) B lymphocytes.
B) T lymphocytes.
C) dendritic cells.
D) neutrophils.

Question 20

Which of the following enzymes are NOT secreted by TH1 to activate macrophages?

A) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
B) interferon gamma
C) TNF-α
D) fibrin

Question 21

In Hashimotosʹs disease, auto-antibodies are made against ________, a product of the thyroid gland.

A) bacteria
B) hemoglobin
C) thyroglobulin
D) viruses

Question 22

A diagnostic test for M. tuberculosis exposure

A) utilizes an inflammatory reaction that occurs if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.
B) relies on previous tuberculin vaccination.
C) uses an antiserum to detect antibodies in the blood that are only formed if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.
D) relies on an innate immune response that occurs only if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.

Question 23

The life-threatening condition that may develop during a type I hypersensitivity reaction is called

A) anaphylaxis.
B) septic shock.
C) stroke.
D) toxic shock.

Question 24

TC cells express a(n) ________ protein co-receptor.

A) CD4
B) CD8
C) IgM
D) IgG

Question 25

After the first exposure to an antigen, a ________ stimulates growth and multiplication of antigen-reaction cells.

A) secondary innate immune response
B) primary adaptive immune response
C) phagocytic immune response
D) hyperactive cytotoxic response

Question 26

Which of these is often used as a prophylactic measure to protect a person against future attack by a pathogen?

A) antiserum injection
B) artificial passive immunity
C) vaccination
D) None of these are correct.

Question 27

T cell-target cell interactions induce specialized Tc cells to produce ________ that kill virus-infected target cells.

A) perforins
B) granulozymes
C) leukocidins
D) pyogens

Question 28

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an example of a disease caused by type ________ hypersensitivity.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 29

The antigen that induces an antibody or TCR is called the

A) homologous antigen.
B) heterologous antigen.
C) cross-reactive antigen.
D) immunogenic antigen.

Question 30

Substances that induce an immune response are known as

A) immunogens.
B) antigens.
C) immunoglobins.
D) antigen-presenting cells.

Question 31

Which antibodies bind complement?

A) IgA
B) IgB
C) IgM
D) IgC

Question 32

Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the release of vasoactive products from mast cells coated with

A) IgA.
B) IgE.
C) IgG.
D) IgM.

Question 33

All the following can cause contact dermatitis EXCEPT

A) jewelry.
B) latex gloves.
C) poison ivy.
D) superantigens.

Question 34

Which of the following diseases is/are associated with organ-specific autoimmune disease?

A) autoimmune hypothyroidism
B) juvenile (type I) diabetes
C) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
D) autoimmune hypothyroidism and juvenile (type I) diabetes

Question 35

A serum containing antigen-specific antibodies is called an

A) antiserum.
B) antitoxin.
C) antiantigen.
D) anticoagulase.

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT influence immunogenicity?

A) the routes of administration
B) foreign nature of the immunogen to the host
C) solubility
D) All of these influence immunogenicity.

Question 37

Proteins derived from infecting viruses are taken up and digested in the cytoplasm in a structure called the

A) phagosome.
B) liposome.
C) proteasome.
D) nucleosome.

Question 38

Which of the following is associated with mucosa-associated lymph tissue that produces IgA?

A) breast milk
B) red blood cells
C) blood serum
D) small intestine

Question 39

Which of the treatments listed below would be most effective for a patient with a genetic defect that causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a condition in which there is a severe deficiency in B and T lymphocytes?

A) intravenous antibiotics
B) bone marrow transplant
C) multiple immunizations
D) repeated doses of antisera

Question 40

Which is an example of acquisition of natural passive immunity?

A) a fetus protected from disease by its motherʹs antibodies
B) a person who received his or her yearly influenza vaccine
C) a person who acquired the chickenpox
D) a person who received tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail

Question 41

Which of the following is involved in B cell selection and tolerance?

A) clonal anergy
B) clonal deletion
C) clonal anergy and deletion
D) allelic exclusion

Question 42

The transfer of antibodies through the placenta from mother to fetus is an example of

A) natural passive immunity.
B) innate immunity.
C) natural active immunity.
D) artificial active immunity.

Question 43

There are ________ different complementarity-determining regions in each V domain of an immunoglobulin (meaning ________ total in the V region).

A) one / two
B) two / four
C) three / six
D) four / eight

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

A) systemic lupus erythematosus
B) anaphylaxis
C) type 1 diabetes
D) multiple sclerosis

Question 45

The complete second signal for B cell activation requires which of the following interactions?

A) Interleukin-4 release
B) cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
C) TH-B cell interaction
D) All of these are necessary.

Question 46

The main bonds present in the C domain of antigen-binding proteins are

A) hydrogen bonds.
B) intrachain disulfide bonds.
C) ionic bonds.
D) van der Waals forces.

Question 47

Superantigens produce a harmful immune response because

A) they activate too many T cells, causing excessive inflammation and cell damage.
B) they initiate a type I allergic response resulting in excessive inflammation.
C) too many phagocytes are activated and destroy host tissue.
D) a strong immune response is necessary to protect the host from the pathogen.

Question 48

The two-stage thymic selection process for selecting self-tolerant, antigen-reactive T cells results in

A) allelic exclusion.
B) clonal deletion.
C) complementarity-determining regions.
D) somatic hypermutation.

Question 49

Immunoglobulin G consists of four polypeptides, ________ heavy chains, and ________ light chains.

A) one / three
B) two / two
C) three / one
D) four / four

Question 50

More than ________% of all T cell precursors that enter the thymus do NOT survive the selection process.

A) 15
B) 25
C) 45
D) 95

Question 51

Which of the following contribute to the limitless diversity generated from a relatively fixed number of immunoglobulin genes?

A) hypermutation only
B) random heavy and light chain reassortment only
C) somatic recombination only
D) hypermutation, random heavy and light chain reassortment, and somatic recombination

Question 52

Assuming that each heavy and light chain has an equal chance to be expressed in each cell, approximately how many possible antibodies can be expressed?

A) 192
B) 1,920
C) 19,200
D) 3,360,000

Question 53

An epitope is ________ amino acids long.

A) 3-5
B) 10-15
C) 50-60
D) 700

Question 54

An individual usually expresses ________ structurally distinct allele(s) that encode class I MHC proteins.

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six

Question 55

The C domain of antigen-binding proteins functions to

A) attach the antigen-binding domain to the cytoplasmic membrane.
B) bind to the cytoplasmic membrane of foreign cells.
C) complex multiple antigen-binding proteins together.
D) bind to epitopes.

Question 56

What are the primary chemical mediators released from mast cells during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A) antibodies
B) interleukin I and tumor necrosis factor
C) histamine and serotonin
D) cytokines

Question 57

Somatic hypermutation occurs only in the ________ regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.

A) D
B) HV
C) J
D) V

Question 58

The purposeful artificial stimulation of active immunity to a particular infectious disease is known as

A) immunodeficiency.
B) hypersensitivity.
C) immunization.
D) opsonization.

Question 59

Which of the following is/are MHC class I genes?

A) HLA-A
B) HLA-B
C) HLA-C
D) HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C

Question 60

Clonal anergy is a state of

A) antibody production.
B) high energy.
C) unresponsiveness.
D) high energy and antibody production.

Question 61

The antigen-binding site of an antibody accommodates a small portion of the antigen called a(n)

A) lipopolysaccharide.
B) epitope.
C) peptide motif.
D) pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP).

Question 62

Th2 cells produce a cytokine that promotes growth and activation of other T cells and activates macrophages.

Question 63

The peptides bound by a single MHC protein share a common

A) C domain.
B) peptide motif.
C) V domain.
D) nucleotide sequence.

Question 64

Which of the following are soluble mediators and activators for T lymphocytes and B cells?

A) IL-2
B) IL-4
C) IL-5
D) IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5

Question 65

Th17 cells are important in the first stages of the adaptive immune response.

Question 66

The major histocompatibility complex in humans is also called the

A) human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
B) T cell receptor.
C) toll-like receptor complex.
D) T cell receptor or toll-like receptor.

Question 67

The ________ and ________ domains of the class II MHC protein interact to form a peptide-binding site.

A) B / T
B) light / heavy
C) C / V
D) α1 / β1

Question 68

The occurrence of multiple alleles at a specific locus is called

A) signal transduction.
B) the variable domain.
C) polymorphism.
D) allelic exclusion.

Question 69

The chemokine CCL2 is produced by

A) Th2 cells.
B) dendritic cells.
C) basophils.
D) macrophages.

Question 70

Amino acid variability is especially apparent in several ________ in the variable domains of different immunoglobulins.

A) heavy chains
B) complementarity-determining regions (CDR)
C) peptide motifs
D) epitopes

Question 71

Chemokines produced by activated macrophages include

A) CXCL8.
B) TNF-α.
C) interleukin-4.
D) interleukin-5.

Question 72

Which of the following is secreted by Th1 cells to stimulate macrophage differentiation and activation?

A) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
B) interferon gamma
C) tumor necrosis factor-alpha
D) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Question 73

Which of the following cytokines is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells and acts on natural killer cells and naïve T cells?

A) IL-1β
B) IL-6
C) IL-12
D) TNF-α

Question 74

The invariant amino acids in each peptide motif bound by MHC proteins are called

A) anchor residues.
B) MHC peptides.
C) antigen-binding immunoglobulins.
D) TCR peptides.

Question 75

The ________ is a highly conserved amino acid sequence found in immunoglobulin, TCR, and MHC proteins.

A) heavy chain
B) V domain
C) C domain
D) light chain

Question 76

The antigen-binding site of all antibodies form by interactions between the variable domains of the heavy and light chains.

Question 77

In B cell selection and tolerance, if no signal is generated from ________ cells, the B cells remain unresponsive.

A) TC
B) TH
C) B₇
D) CD₂₈

Question 78

Some activated B cells are transformed into ________ cells that secrete antibodies, and others remain as ________ cells.

A) plasma / memory B
B) lymphocytes / memory B
C) immunoglobulin / plasma
D) immunoglobulin / TH

Question 79

________ ensures that each B cell produces only one immunoglobulin.

A) Self-activation
B) Allelic exclusion
C) MHC interaction
D) Clonal deletion

Question 80

The mechanism by which antigen-reactive cells respond to foreign antigens while ignoring self-antigens is called clonal

A) selection.
B) deletion.
C) anergy.
D) expansion.