Deck 18: Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Question 1

Which statement is TRUE regarding fungal spores?

A) Conidia and ascospores are sexual spores.
B) Ascospores and basidiospores are asexual spores.
C) Basidiospores and conidia are sexual spores.
D) Ascospores and basidiospores are sexual spores.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Giardia are diplomonads which have nuclei that

A) appear as two separate chromosomes but are weakly joined.
B) contain one small and one large nucleus per cell.
C) have one nucleus enclosed in a mitosome and another nucleus in their cytoplasm.
D) occur as two similar sizes per cell.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Evidence of ________ supports the hypothesis that eukaryotes are derived from bacteria.

A) antibiotic resistance
B) DNA content in the nucleus only
C) ribosome characteristics only
D) ribosome characteristics and DNA content in the nucleus

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement best describes our current understanding of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree?

A) Ribosomal RNA data allowed the development of the current phylogeny with 6 supergroups.
B) Whole genome data was used to distinguish the 3 domains.
C) The most recent analyses have conclusively shown the relationships of the 6 supergroups.
D) New discoveries will probably lead to changes in the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree.

Question 5

Which statement BEST describes the habitats of the fungi?

A) Most fungi are aquatic, microscopic, and primarily freshwater.
B) Most fungi are aquatic and primarily marine.
C) Most fungi are terrestrial, microscopic, and inhabit soil or dead plant matter.
D) Most fungi are terrestrial and macroscopic.

Question 6

A thin, crescent-shaped organism with a single flagellum originating from a basal body and which folds back laterally across the cell would most likely be a member of the genus

A) Trypanosoma.
B) Glossina.
C) Entamoeba.
D) Gambiense.

Question 7

Oomycetes (ʺwater moldsʺ) contain ________ in their cell walls, while most fungi have ________ in their cell walls.

A) cellulose / chitin
B) chitin / cellulose
C) silica / chitin
D) cellulose / silica

Question 8

What would a fucoxanthin carotenoid stain be most useful in identifying?

A) brown or golden algae
B) flagellated algae
C) photosynthetic diatoms
D) slime molds from other molds

Question 9

Which algae are most closely related to plants?

A) red algae
B) green algae
C) brown algae
D) euglenoids

Question 10

Many parabasalids lack ________, which makes them different than most other eukaryotes.

A) endoplasmic reticula
B) introns in their genomes
C) mitochondria and hydrogenosomes
D) Golgi complexes

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a unifying characteristic of diplomonads and parabasalids?

A) having flagella
B) lacking chloroplasts
C) lacking mitochondria
D) being multicellular

Question 12

Primary endosymbioses gave rise to ________ and secondary endosymbioses gave rise to ________.

A) chloroplasts in algae / chloroplasts in plants
B) mitochondria in eukaryotes / chloroplasts in eukaryotes
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria in plants and red and green algae / chloroplasts in other eukaryotes
D) chloroplasts and mitochondria in green and red algae / chloroplasts and mitochondria in diatoms

Question 13

Which group of Eukarya has complicated the phylogenetics of the domain by first being thought of as ancient as compared to the more recent view of them being highly derived eukaryotes?

A) dinoflagellates
B) fungi
C) hydrogenosome-containing eukaryotes
D) stramenopiles

Question 14

A drug that specifically inhibits the replication of the large DNA mass present in large mitochondria would be most effective at killing

A) euglenids.
B) ciliates.
C) Trypanosoma spp.
D) Toxoplasma spp.

Question 15

Which group of eukaryotes LACKS alveoli?

A) apicomplexans
B) ciliates
C) dinoflagellates
D) oomycetes

Question 16

Of the taxa listed, which is NOT classified as a protist?

A) Amoeba
B) Euglena
C) Giardia
D) Saccharomyces

Question 17

A geologist going through a sediment core is likely to find remnants of ancient calcium carbonate containing ________ and silica containing ________.

A) diatoms / chlorarachniophytes
B) foraminiferans / diatoms
C) chlorarachniophytes / foraminiferans
D) foraminiferans / chlorarachniophytes

Question 18

Which statement is TRUE regarding the ecological role of plant degradation by fungi?

A) In brown rot the cellulose is attacked preferentially, and the lignin is left unmetabolized.
B) In brown rot the lignin is attacked preferentially, and the cellulose is left unmetabolized.
C) In white rot the cellulose is attacked preferentially, and the lignin is left unmetabolized.
D) In white rot the lignin is attacked preferentially, and the cellulose is left unmetabolized.

Question 19

Diatoms are

A) found only in freshwater.
B) more closely related to slime molds than to algae.
C) usually morphologically symmetric.
D) multicellular phototrophs.

Question 20

Endolithic phototrophic communities are most commonly found in ________ environments.

A) dry
B) hot
C) humid
D) windy

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a member of the Eukarya?

A) protists
B) fungi
C) spirochetes
D) red algae

Question 22

What are the most abundant biomolecules in a typical fungal cell wall?

A) amino acids
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) porins and channels

Question 23

Obligate symbiotic fungi that form associations with plants by entering their cortical cells without invading the plant cellʹs membrane are called ________ and include the genus ________.

A) ectomycorrhizae / Agaricus
B) ectomycorrhizae / Glomus
C) endomycorrhizae / Agaricus
D) endomycorrhizae / Glomus

Question 24

Which group of amoebozoans is most likely to cause illness in humans?

A) dictyostelium
B) entamoebas
C) gymnamoebas
D) slime molds

Question 25

How can the amebozoans and radiolarians be distinguished from each other with microscopy?

A) Amebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, and radiolarians have threadlike pseudopodia, and radiolarians have radial symmetry.
B) Amebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, amebozoans have radial symmetry, and radiolarians have unusually large, thick pseudopodia.
C) Amebozoans have large but thin pseudopodia and radiolarians have thick, lobe-shaped pseudopodia.
D) Amebozoans have radial symmetry and threadlike pseudopodia, whereas radiolarians have lobe-shaped pseudopodia.

Question 26

A fungal mycelium is a large accumulation of ________, which may appear dusty or fuzzy due to the presence of ________.

A) coenocytes / conidia
B) coenocytes / mycorrhizae
C) hyphae / conidia
D) hyphae / mycorrhizae

Question 27

Which microbial group is responsible for massive amphibian die-offs worldwide?

A) cercozoans
B) ciliates
C) chytrids
D) zygomycetes

Question 28

What phenomenon accounts for the appearance of chloroplasts in some unicellular phototrophic eukaryotes?

A) transformation of hydrogenosomes
B) secondary endosymbioses of green or red algae
C) primary endosymbioses of green or red algae
D) horizontal gene transfer

Question 29

One of the earliest diverging lineages of fungi is the

A) chytridiomycetes.
B) zygomycetes.
C) glomeromycetes.
D) ascomycetes.

Question 30

The amoebozoa that are parasitic for humans are the

A) gymnamoebas.
B) radiolarians.
C) entamoebas.
D) oomycetes.

Question 31

In contrast to bacterial endospores, fungal spores have substantially less resistance to

A) chemicals.
B) desiccation.
C) heat.
D) freezing.

Question 32

The majority of basidiomycetes living in soil occur as

A) diploid mycelia.
B) diploid basidiocarps.
C) haploid mycelia.
D) haploid basidiocarps.

Question 33

Microsporidia were previously thought to be an early-branching taxon of Eukarya due to their parasitic lifestyle. However, new evidence suggests that they are more closely related to the

A) ascomycetes.
B) chytridiomycetes.
C) glomeromycetes.
D) zygomycetes.

Question 34

Ascospores are produced in all of the following taxa EXCEPT

A) Aspergillus.
B) Candida.
C) Rhizopus.
D) Saccharomyces.

Question 35

The amoebozoa use what structures for movement and feeding?

A) threadlike pseudopodia
B) cilia
C) flagella
D) lobe-shaped pseudopodia

Question 36

Spoilage of bread, which appears dark green-blue to black in color, is most likely caused by the fungus

A) Aspergillus niger.
B) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
C) Glomus spp.
D) Rhizopus nigricans.

Question 37

For a pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that were all derived from a single cell to mate

A) a mating-type switch in one or more cells in the culture must occur.
B) both the α and the a gene must be fully expressed in the initial population.
C) the α gene must be fully repressed in the population.
D) some cells must exist as diploids.

Question 38

Which spores are NOT involved in sexual reproduction of fungi?

A) ascospores
B) basidiospores
C) conidia
D) zygospores

Question 39

The unusual ability of ________ being flagellated and motile enables ________.

A) ascospores / their dispersal in aquatic systems
B) ascospores / spreading of those pathogens in blood
C) zoospores / dispersal in aquatic systems
D) zoospores / spreading of those pathogens in blood

Question 40

The function of the parabasal body is to

A) allow for photosynthesis to occur.
B) give structural support to the Golgi complex.
C) allow for the formation of energy from aerobic respiration.
D) give structural support to the endoflagellum.

Question 41

Although ribosomal RNA has been useful in identifying the three domains, ribosomal RNA gene sequences have not been sufficient to develop accurate eukaryotic phylogenies.

Question 42

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA but use the ribosomes of the host cell.

Question 43

The accessory pigment phycoerythrin is dominant in the ________ group of algae, which mostly lack flagella, have multicellular lifestyles, and occur in marine waters. Those in particular which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems are classified as ________ algae.

A) chlorophyte / coralline
B) chlorophyte / rhodolithic
C) rhodophyte / coralline
D) rhodophyte / rhodolithic

Question 44

Despite oomycetes being called ʺwater molds,ʺ they are phylogenetically distant from most other fungi.

Question 45

Slime molds feed by phagocytosis and are more closely related to amoebas than to fungi.

Question 46

All Stramenopiles are phototrophic microorganisms.

Question 47

Foraminifera that form test structures are exclusively found in marine waters.

Question 48

The green alga Botryococcus braunii is a candidate for production of biofuel due to its ability to produce

A) and withstand large amounts of alcohols.
B) hydrogen gas.
C) long-chain (C₃₀-C₃₆) hydrocarbons.
D) short-chain (C₈-C₁₄) hydrocarbons.

Question 49

What are the two main groups of green algae?

A) chlorophytes and chrysophytes
B) chlorophytes and charophyceans
C) chrysophytes and charophyceans
D) chlorarachniophytes and chlorophytes

Question 50

Dinoflagellates have flagella that enable motility and occur in both freshwater and marine waters.

Question 51

Sporozoites observed in an insectʹs body likely indicate infection by an apicomplexan.

Question 52

The DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells is derived from Bacteria.

Question 53

All mushrooms are basidiomycetes.

Question 54

Divergence of the green and red algal lineages at least partially explains how two different primary endosymbiosis events occurred to form different chloroplast types in different taxa.

Question 55

Silica is a characteristic component of diatom and oomycete cell walls.

Question 56

Among protists, only the ciliates have a micronucleus and macronucleus where genes are located in two discrete areas within each cell for redundancy.

Question 57

In a freshwater pond, a green alga is likely to be

A) only colonial.
B) only filamentous.
C) only unicellular.
D) colonial, filamentous, multicellular, or unicellular.

Question 58

All ciliates have cilia at some point during their life cycle, and some use the cilia not just for movement but also to direct food as well.

Question 59

Some chrysophytes (or ʺgolden algaeʺ) are actually chemoorganotrophs rather than phototrophs.

Question 60

The endosymbiosis that formed mitochondria likely occurred after eukaryotes developed photosynthetic capabilities.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the ectomycorrhizae and the endomycorrhizae.

Question 62

Describe the mutualistic relationship that arbuscular mycorrhizae form with plants.

Question 63

The chlorophytes use both chlorophylls a and b for photosynthesis, which make them appear green.

Question 64

Most fungi are aerobic chemoorganotrophs that decompose large molecular weight compounds by secreting extracellular enzymes.

Question 65

Yeasts are immature fungal spores.

Question 66

How does the genus Pfiesteria cause problems in both humans and fish?

Question 67

Compare and contrast the life cycles of the cellular and the acellular slime molds.

Question 68

Discuss three findings that support the theory of primary endosymbiosis.

Question 69

Hyphae are tubular cell walls that surround the cytoplasmic membrane.

Question 70

Discuss the theory of secondary endosymbiosis and defend the theory by providing evidence that supports it.

Question 71

A polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, chitin, is a primary component to most fungal cell walls.

Question 72

Consider the development of a fossil record for a watershed. A current inventory of all species already has been taken. Which microorganisms might you first consider looking for with the objective of developing a microbial fossil record? Why? Also, what might depth profiling accomplish?

Question 73

Chytridiomycosis is thought to be associated with increases in environmental temperature associated with global warming. Design a series of experiments that would help to determine whether this hypothesis is likely to be correct.

Question 74

There are two different mating types in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and they can switch from one type to another.

Question 75

What is an endolithic algal community? Where are these found, and how do they survive?

Question 76

Describe the differences between the algae and the cyanobacteria.