Deck 9: Infant Perception

Question 1

The term _________ refers to any process by which sensory information is interpreted or given meaning regarding what is occurring outside of ourselves.

A) Sensation
B) Reflexes
C) Perception
D) Stimulations
E) Kinesthesia

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term _________ refers to the process of organizing incoming information with stored information that leads to an overt act or motor performance.

A) Sensory-perception
B) Reflexive-motor
C) Cognitive-motor
D) Perceptual-motor
E) Auditory-motor

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Newborns receive stimulation from which of the following senses:

A) Visual
B) Auditory
C) Olfactory
D) Tactile
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Researchers have used visual indicators of infant perceptual abilities. Which is not one of those indicators?

A) Head turning
B) Eye movement
C) Eye blinking
D) Eating behavior
E) Crying behavior

Question 5

Of the following, which methods are used by researchers to determine if the neonate is attending to a given stimuli?

A) Naturalistic observation
B) Film and video analysis
C) Changes in heart and respiration rates
D) Nonnutritive sucking
E) All of these are correct.

Question 6

Limitations of infant perception research techniques include which of the following?

A) Unreliable observations
B) Responses are difficult to quantify
C) Determining if response is due to the particular stimulus presented
D) Unreliable observations and responses are difficult to quantify
E) Unreliable observations, responses are difficult to quantify, and determining if response is due to the particular stimulus presented

Question 7

When a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across a neonate's visual field, repetitive following movements of the eyes occur. Which of the following is true?

A) Eye movements occur, which provides evidence that the moving pattern is perceived at some level by the newborn.
B) The newborn's eyes do not move, but the head moves side to side.
C) The eyelids blink repetitively but do not move.
D) Babies do not perceive movement visually.
E) Eye movements occur but are reflexive; movement is not perceived.

Question 8

The technique by which a single stimulus is presented repeatedly to the infant until there is a measurable decline in whatever attending behavior is being observed followed be a new stimulus being presented and any recovery in responsiveness recorded is called:

A) Accommodation
B) Inhibition-habituation
C) Evoked potential
D) Inhibition-disinhibition
E) Habituation-dishabituation

Question 9

Habituation-dishabituation and evoked potential paradigm measurements are _____ indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.

A) Indirect
B) Direct
C) Clear
D) Obsolete
E) Clinical

Question 10

After birth, the neonate is unable to shed tears for about the first:

A) 2-3 days
B) 4 weeks
C) 7-8 weeks
D) 3-6 months
E) 6-8 months

Question 11

At birth the eye is:

A) Structurally complete but functionally immature
B) Structurally complete and functionally mature
C) Structurally incomplete and functionally immature
D) Structurally incomplete but functionally mature
E) This cannot be generalized because every individual is different

Question 12

Of the following, what two factors result in poor fixation, focusing, and coordination of eye movements?

A) Poorly developed lacrimal apparatus and too much rhodopsin and iodopsin
B) Rounded cornea and immature ocular muscles
C) Myopia and curvature of the eye
D) Ocular muscles that have not taken over reflexes, and rounded cornea
E) Incompletely developed fovea and incomplete ocular muscles

Question 13

The process by which a newborn's pupils dilate or constrict in response to the intensity of a localized light source is called:

A) Accommodation
B) Habituation-dishabituation
C) Consensual papillary reflex
D) Dilatory reflex
E) Evoked potentials

Question 14

At birth, the cornea is more refractive, and the infant tends to be slightly:

A) Hyperopic
B) Hypo-optic
C) Lazy eyed
D) Myopic
E) Doll eyed

Question 15

With regard to visual acuity, the length of focus increases almost daily and is within the range of normal adult acuity by the time the infant is:

A) 0-3 months old
B) 3-6 months old
C) 6-12 months old
D) 12-18 months old
E) 18-24 months old

Question 16

The focal distance of the newborn is about:

A) 4-10 feet
B) 4-10 inches
C) 10-12 feet
D) 10-12 inches
E) Focal distance is impossible to determine in newborns.

Question 17

Which of these is the ability of the lens of each eye to vary its curvature to bring the retinal image into sharp focus?

A) Accommodation
B) Visual acuity
C) Stereopsis
D) Bifoveal fixation
E) Fusion

Question 18

The visual field of a 2-week old is about ________ degrees from the center, while the peripheral vision of normal adult is about _______ degrees from the center to either side.

A) 15; 60
B) 15; 90
C) 5; 60
D) 5; 90
E) Peripheral vision is impossible to determine in the neonate.

Question 19

The infant's central and peripheral systems are both mature by the ____ month.

A) Eighth
B) Sixth
C) Fourth
D) Second
E) First

Question 20

The eyes working together in visually attending to a stationary object or to a moving object is called:

A) Binocular vision
B) Peripheral vision
C) Fixation
D) Tracking
E) Bifoveal fixation

Question 21

At birth, visual fixation is essentially:

A) Binocular
B) Monocular
C) Nonexistent
D) Absent because the newborn cannot see
E) Trioptical

Question 22

Of the following, which is not a primary developmental determinant of binocular vision that makes fixation and tracking possible?

A) Visual acuity
B) Contrast sensitivity
C) Accommodation
D) Depth perception
E) Distance between the eyes

Question 23

Fusion is:

A) A process by which the visual images on the two retinas areas are combined into a single image
B) When both eyes are locked on the same object
C) When both eyes can see the same distance
D) A process by which the visual images on the two retinas are identical
E) When both eyes move together

Question 24

Infants generally have visual fusion by the _____ month of postnatal life.

A) 0-2
B) 2-4
C) 4-6
D) 6-8
E) 8-10

Question 25

The sequence in which newborns learn to track objects across their visual field is:

A) Horizontal, diagonal, vertical, circular
B) Vertical, horizontal, circular, diagonal
C) Diagonal, circular, horizontal, vertical
D) Horizontal, circular, diagonal, vertical
E) Horizontal, vertical, diagonal, circular

Question 26

The most basic aspect of visual-motor pursuit is:

A) Stereopsis
B) Binocular tracking
C) Bifoveal fixation
D) Fusion
E) Accommodation

Question 27

Depth perception:

A) Is innate
B) Is influenced by voluntary movement ability
C) Is probably learned during the early months of life
D) All of these are correct.
E) Is influenced by voluntary movement ability and is probably learned during the early months of life

Question 28

Infants as young as _____ of age have the ability to perceive color:

A) 2 weeks
B) 4 weeks
C) 6 weeks
D) 8 weeks
E) 10 weeks

Question 29

Color vision at birth is:

A) Dependent upon the amount of rhodopsin
B) Dependent upon the amount of iodopsin
C) Dependent upon the functional ability of the rods and cones
D) Questionable
E) All of these are correct.

Question 30

Adult-like color discrimination can be seen in infants as young as _____ month(s) of age.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 31

Newborns respond primarily to:

A) Vertical-low contrast edges
B) Horizontal-low contrast edges
C) Diagonal-high contrast edges
D) Vertical-high contrast edges
E) Horizontal-high contrast edges

Question 32

Of the following objects, infants would visually prefer:

A) An archery target
B) An apple
C) The human face
D) A baby toy
E) We do not know what babies prefer.

Question 33

Which of the following is the ability to distinguish between shapes and to discriminate among a variety of patterns:

A) Gustatory perception
B) Variational perception
C) Compositional perception
D) Form perception
E) Visual perception

Question 34

Of the following, 2-month old infants prefer looking:

A) Squares
B) Human faces
C) Circles
D) Animal faces
E) Star-shaped objects

Question 35

Infant auditory perception becomes adult-like around:

A) 2 weeks of age
B) 2 months of age
C) 12 months of age
D) 24 months of age
E) From birth, infants have the same auditory perception as adults

Question 36

With regard to taste, neonates show preference for which of these?

A) Bitter to sour
B) Sour to sweet
C) Sweet to sour
D) Infants show no preference and like everything the same.
E) Infants cannot differentiate between tastes of food.

Question 37

Recognition of mother's smell develops around:

A) 5 weeks of age
B) 1 week of age
C) 4 weeks of age
D) 2 weeks of age
E) 2 months of age