Deck 2: Theories of Deviance

Question 1

A _______ is a set of concepts and statements designed to describe or explain some phenomenon.

A) hypothesis
B) methodology
C) theory
D) ethnography

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a technique of neutralization?

A) Denial of injury
B) Denial of victim
C) Condemnation of condemners
D) All of the above are techniques of neutralization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Theories which explain how class structures develop in modern societies might best be categorized as _______ theories.

A) general
B) reflexive
C) grand
D) subjectivist

Answer 3

C

Question 4

_______ theories assume that societies are characterized by a lack of consensus and that groups disagree on values, beliefs, and interests.

A) Consensus-based
B) Control
C) Critical
D) Strain

Question 5

_______ theories assume that individuals without access to legitimate means to attain socially accepted goals deviate.

A) Consensus-based
B) Control
C) Critical
D) Strain

Question 6

Which of the following theories is likely to believe that deviant behavior is not caused but rather develops over time as actors and the social audience (such as friends, family, or an entire community) interact with each other?

A) Interactionist
B) Control
C) Critical
D) Strain

Question 7

According to Durkheim, deviance was _______ and played an integral role in maintaining a healthy society.

A) good
B) bad
C) normal
D) unconscious

Question 8

This type of suicide is the result of overly strong connections, such as when individuals become intimately merged with a group and kill themselves in its name (e.g., suicide bomber).

A) Altruistic suicide
B) Anomic suicide
C) Egoistic suicide
D) Fatalistic suicide

Question 9

According to Durkheim, when anomie-a sense of normlessness-increases, suicide rates also increase. Which of the following is an example of an acute social condition where anomic suicide rates might increase?

A) Great Depression
B) Great Recession
C) Both a and b are correct
D) None of the above are correct

Question 10

According to Jolin, prostitution does NOT result from

A) male sexuality defined as including promiscuity.
B) female sexuality defined to include chastity.
C) male power to enforce male promiscuity and female chastity.
D) female reluctance to have sex in marital relationships.

Question 11

The organization of deviants is defined based on four variables; which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) Whether the deviants associate with one another.
B) Whether they participate in deviance together.
C) Whether their deviance requires an elaborate division of labor.
D) Whether the deviant is a racial minority.

Question 12

A type or form of deviant organization where individuals do not associate with other deviants, participate in shared deviance, have a division of labor, or maintain their deviance over extended time and space is considered a _______ .

A) colleague
B) peer
C) loner
D) mob

Question 13

Deviant peers not only associate with one another but also participate in deviance together. Which of the following is NOT an example of a deviant peer group?

A) hobos
B) homosexuals
C) skid row tramps
D) pimps

Question 14

Jane Doe was living on skid row before she joined the East Avenue Gang (EAG). Because EAG was very large and operated for years, EAG organized their gang according to a strict set of unwritten rules and codes for guiding members when participating in organizational action. When Jane began, she slung dope on the corner. After two years, she moved up to be the main transaction dealer for large shipments from the Big River. EAG is an example of which of the following type or form of deviant organization?

A) mob
B) colleagues
C) formal organization
D) loners

Question 15

Special prosecutor in the case of Billy Doe's sexual victimization by a priest in the Catholic Church argued that the perpetrator in the case, Father Holy Roller, was not in himself the entire problem. Instead, the prosecutor argued that it was the opportunity structures of the Catholic
Church as a whole-its recruitment and selection of priests, supervision of priests, guidance by administrators, and the like. This is an example of which common explanation for organizational deviance?

A) "Rotten apple" theory
B) "Rotten barrel" theory
C) "Old wineskins" theory
D) "New wineskins" theory

Question 16

Tommy Thompson was talking to his friends at lunchtime at Everyday High School about skipping class to go to the lake. As a senior, Tommy was very tempted, but he knew he had to get a good grade in English to make it into the college he desired, and he had worked very hard all term to achieve an A. Instead of going to the lake, Tommy went to English. This is an example of which element of Hirschi's social bond?

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) involvement
D) belief

Question 17

In Lemert's theory of deviance, achieving a deviant label takes more than one act, it takes _______ deviation, which occurs when the community and the so-called deviant starts to define the label as real and react accordingly.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) actual

Question 18

Randle Bane had been skateboarding in the city pool all winter. On Christmas Day, Officer Brady was driving by and saw Mr. Bane doing some serious hang-time in the deep end below the high dive. When Officer Brady approached him and asked him to come to the sidewalk, Randle replied that the neighbors often watched and cheered, and the owners had not complained. Officer Brady told Randle that he could no longer use the city pool as a skate park. Two days later, Randle wore a T-Shirt with "I'll skate where I want" scrawled in marker across the front and back and returned to his normal skating routine. He defied Officer Brady, and he was arrested. This is an example of what type of deviation?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) actual

Question 19

Andy Anderson was diagnosed with epilepsy when he was 16 years old but did his best never to reveal this disorder to other kids his age. This is a strategy for stigma management called _______.

A) telling
B) concealment
C) staying in the closet
D) both b and c are correct

Question 20

John Doe was standing in front of the broken window with the scolding hand of his father wagging. A baseball sat in the middle of the glass which could be seen scattered on the chair in their living room. When John responded to his father, "I thought we were using the softer ball instead of the regulation ball," John gave which type of account of the situation?

A) excuse
B) justification
C) lie
D) both a and c are correct

Question 21

A _______ system creates a context where women are denied full economic, political, and social equality with men.

A) democratic
B) socialist
C) matriarchal
D) patriarchal

Question 22

Women who stress the freedom of women to work as prostitutes-work as a free economic choice-as the primary equity issue in the prostitution debate are likely to hold a _______ .

A) Male dominance first perspective
B) Sexual equality first perspective
C) Free choice first perspective
D) Female dominance first perspective

Question 23

According to White and Terry, which of the following is NOT a part of the opportunity structure creating a framework for deviance in the Catholic Church?

A) authority
B) discretion
C) self-righteousness
D) lack of supervision

Question 24

Arnold was sitting at work when he noticed his manager left the safe open every day at lunch time. Knowing where the security camera was pointed, it crossed Arnold's mind to sneak a peek in the safe one day. There he saw thousands of dollars in an open deposit bag. Although Arnold felt underpaid and unappreciated, he decided not to take any money even though he could have gotten away with it and no one would have known. Which aspect of the social bond is most likely keeping Arnold from committing this crime?

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) involvement
D) belief

Question 25

According to Lemert, when a person begins to employ their deviant behavior as a means of defense, attack, or adjustment to overt and covert problems created by consequent societal reactions, this person's deviation is _______ .

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) actual

Question 26

According to Schneider and Conrad, _______ in a social situation are an important aspect of the discrediting and stigmatizing aspect of epilepsy.

A) a person's smell
B) eye movements
C) seizures
D) slurred speech

Question 27

According to Schneider and Conrad, when parents convey a definition of epilepsy as something "bad" and are less willing to talk about it with their child, the more likely the child is to see it as something to be _______ .

A) expressed
B) concealed
C) rebelled against
D) accepted

Question 28

The concept of _______ is illustrated when someone uses a different role to explain away a different role, such as saying, "You don't know who I am."

A) mystification
B) referral
C) identity switching
D) none of the above are correct

Question 29

Billy worked at a retail store during the holiday season, and it was very stressful. At times, Billy had to deal with angry customers. One such day with one such customer, Billy stated, "I know I'm not meeting your expectations, but if you wish to know why, please see my Manager Joan Doe." In this case, Billy's strategy for avoiding an account for his behavior is best explained as which of the following concepts?

A) mystification
B) referral
C) identity switching
D) none of the above are correct

Question 30

Describe the social phenomenon of epilepsy or another "deviant" phenomenon that can be viewed or studied on all levels of analysis. How might one construct a study which ties together the macro, meso, social psychological and face-to-face encounter with epilepsy and epileptics? What are the keys to (or difficulties with) studying a phenomenon on multiple levels of analysis in a single study? How could it be beneficial?

Question 31

Why is it important to have a better understanding of face-to-face interactions like giving accounts for one's behavior? How does this level of theory influence the other level of theories? For example, how does understanding how and why someone refers a problem to a superior in an organization (such as work) impact the way we understand meso-level theories and conceptions of power?

Question 32

After listing and defining Durkheim's four types of suicide and Hirschi's four elements of the social bond, compare and contrast how Hirschi might explain Durkheim's suicidal types from a social-psychological perspective using control theory. For instance, can attachment adequately explain altruistic suicide?

Question 33

Describe the empirical (not moral) actions involved with prostitution that make it deviant. Can you do this? If so, are you ipso facto selecting a particular perspective of deviance and potentially a political "side" in the debate? Explain.

Question 34

Discuss one of Best and Luckenbill's forms of deviant organization, Can you list any issues with the names used for the categorization of certain types of deviants? For example, is the use of the term "mobs" to describe groups of pickpockets misleading?

Question 35

White and Terry discuss the child sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic Church. Describe a scenario (be creative) where you could use Lemert's concepts of primary and secondary deviance to describe the emergence of such behavior. Are there elements that labeling theory finds necessary for continued deviance missing from the organizational structure of the Church that might account for deviance? Any elements present?