Deck 13: Change Through Policy and the Law

Question 1

What is one formal way societies reinforce their norms and expectations?

A) Laws
B) Shame
C) Exclusion
D) Conditioning

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Nick is caught cheating in his high school English class. The school kicks him off the football team, an example of what informal reinforcement of norms?

A) Law
B) Exclusion
C) Social change
D) Regulation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The adjustment of social and cultural norms over time is known as ______.

A) cultural disintegration
B) sociocultural evolution
C) generational upheaval
D) social change

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is one way change can occur through state institutions?

A) Social movements
B) Cultural change
C) Elections
D) Protests

Question 5

How did the LGBTQ community win the right to legally recognized same-sex marriage?

A) They successfully argued to the Supreme Court that denying them is discrimination.
B) Continuous protests convinced lawmakers to pass new legislation legalizing it.
C) Heartfelt appeals to fairness moved the president to issue an executive order.
D) They called a general strike and refused to go to work until the law was changed.

Question 6

Adam and Steve want to become parents by adopting a child. Their process has recently become easier because ______.

A) many states passed new laws allowing same-sex couples to adopt
B) the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protects all citizens
C) the LGBTQ community boycotted all adoption agencies until they cooperated
D) the president signed an executive order to end discriminatory practices

Question 7

Why was the effort to gain the right to vote for women so difficult?

A) Social norms never evolve.
B) Both social norms and laws had to be changed.
C) Female lawmakers were not all supportive.
D) African American suffrage took political precedence.

Question 8

Joan wears an asymmetrical hairstyle and outlandish clothing. How could society informally punish her for such deviance?

A) Joan may be suspended from school.
B) Joan will be arrested for causing a disturbance.
C) Joan could be isolated by her peers.
D) Joan will be prevented from voting.

Question 9

Several states have passed laws to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational uses. This is an example of a(n) ______ social change.

A) intentional
B) gradual
C) unintentional
D) remedial

Question 10

What type of social change resulted from the printing press, and later with the introduction of the Internet?

A) Intentional
B) Swift
C) Unintentional
D) Catastrophic

Question 11

Kuno was born with a male anatomy, but identifies as female. The pace of society changing to accept this shifting gender identification is likely to be ______.

A) gradual
B) unintentional
C) swift
D) immediate

Question 12

If a region wants to be considered a state and it has security forces, a judicial system, and geographic territory, what does it lack?

A) An education system
B) Decision maker(s)
C) Police
D) Access to water

Question 13

The only organization that has the legal right to use violence on you is a(n) ______.

A) court
B) army
C) state
D) religion

Question 14

The only entity that is legally allowed to tax you is a(n) ______.

A) state
B) gang
C) religion
D) bureaucracy

Question 15

According to Max Weber, where does the state get its power?

A) From the need of the people to have order
B) From its monopoly on legitimate use of violence
C) From the mandate of religious authority
D) From the fear it instills in its citizens

Question 16

If the state uses violence in unacceptable ways, the people can best respond by ______.

A) gathering their own armies to fight
B) inviting a neighboring state to invade
C) protesting and using civil disobedience
D) creating and following their own laws

Question 17

What theory of state development focuses on the need to recruit and train administrators?

A) The conflict perspective
B) The economic perspective
C) The militaristic perspective
D) The managerial perspective

Question 18

Amaru is a public works administrator in his state. Applying the managerial perspective of statehood, his most important job as a bureaucrat is to ______.

A) intimidate people so they do not ask for too much
B) convince people the state can fulfill their needs
C) make sure everyone is happy all the time
D) reduce people's expectations by working slowly

Question 19

Which perspective on the development of states is most compatible with Weber's assertion about power and violence?

A) The militaristic perspective
B) The managerial perspective
C) The economic perspective
D) The feminist perspective

Question 20

In what way does Charles Tilly assert that states are protection rackets?

A) Citizens cannot stop the state from abuse.
B) They demonstrate that absolute power corrupts absolutely
C) They trade security for tax money.
D) States start wars to reduce the population.

Question 21

According to Charles Tilly, what is the relationship between capitalists and state building in Europe?

A) Capitalists provide the money needed to wage war and assert control.
B) States tax capitalists to ensure that everyone is equal and protected.
C) Capitalists use the state to crush communists and anyone in the way.
D) States need capitalists to organize and keep track of taxable assets.

Question 22

What state building perspective is most closely related to the ideas of Karl Marx?

A) Managerial perspective
B) Militaristic perspective
C) Economic perspective
D) Violence perspective

Question 23

According to Marx, who does the state side with in conflicts over economic interests?

A) Proletarians
B) Communists
C) Capitalists
D) Socialists

Question 24

How do states support the needs of capitalists, according to the economic perspective of statehood?

A) By standardizing weights and measures and enforcing ownership laws
B) By using violence to force people to do business with corporations
C) By extracting natural resources and giving them freely to corporations
D) By actively suppressing dissent and protecting whoever pays it the most

Question 25

What type of state provides basic income, income security, and offers a range of social services?

A) Militaristic
B) Economic
C) Managerial
D) Welfare

Question 26

Ilinka is a single mother of two children who uses public assistance to make sure she can feed her family. Which service do her food stamps illustrate?

A) Economic security
B) Basic income
C) Immigration policy
D) Protection

Question 27

According to researcher Price Fisherback, what effects did the New Deal have by 1937?

A) Increases in the number of people on welfare and unemployment
B) Reductions in infant deaths, suicides, and deaths from infections
C) Reductions in military spending, and environmental regulations
D) Increases in military enlistments and patriotism

Question 28

What is the trend in social welfare programs around the world since the 1990s?

A) Increased spending on most programs
B) Spending increased, but it became harder to become eligible
C) Reduced spending and fewer eligible people
D) Poor countries spent more, rich countries spent less

Question 29

If a country uses taxes paid by the wealthy to fund programs for the poor, what is the net effect?

A) The income inequality gap shrinks.
B) Wealthy people dodge their taxes.
C) Impoverished people become lazy.
D) Class warfare increases due to resentment.

Question 30

What type of social program is given to everyone?

A) Means-tested
B) Supplemental
C) Universal
D) Conditional

Question 31

A social program that is given only to those who qualify is called a(n) ______ program.

A) universal
B) means-tested
C) supplemental
D) unconditional

Question 32

Why is the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program considered a means-tested program?

A) Only senior citizens who need the money are eligible.
B) Everyone can get some of the money at retirement.
C) Wealthy and poor seniors both qualify for the program.
D) It replaces Social Security and everyone benefits.

Question 33

Andrea attends public school near her home. Which type of program is Andrea utilizing?

A) Means-tested
B) Universal
C) Supplemental
D) Conditional

Question 34

Tadesee needs to fill out lots of paperwork to secure a student loan to pay for college. This paperwork is used to determine if she qualifies for financial aid. In other words, student loans are ______.

A) universal
B) supplemental
C) means-tested
D) unconditional

Question 35

What method did Ozturk use to measure the effectiveness of six means-tested social programs and their effects on income poverty?

A) Surveys
B) Correlational study
C) Case study
D) Interviews

Question 36

According to Gulgun Bayaz Ozturk's research (2018), which group is most likely to fall into poverty?

A) Married with children households
B) Divorced male-led households
C) Female households with no children
D) Divorced female-led households

Question 37

State-run efforts to make up for systematic discrimination or human rights violations are known as ______ programs.

A) universal
B) unconditional
C) reparations
D) remedy

Question 38

What is one benefit of a symbolic apology as a reparation program?

A) It acknowledges and takes seriously the harm that was done to the group.
B) It allows the dominant society to feel better about itself without costing money.
C) It permits the dominant culture to return to ignoring the victimized group.
D) The victimized group can use the apology as a way to gain money later.

Question 39

Japanese-Americans who were put in internment camps by the U.S. government during World War II eventually received $20,000 in reparations because their human rights were violated. What type of reparations are these?

A) Symbolic
B) Monetary
C) Means-tested
D) Conditional

Question 40

Big Bear was forced into a residential school by the Canadian government. Later, his family received an apology and some money. What type of reparations are these?

A) Monetary only
B) Symbolic only
C) Symbolic and monetary
D) Means-tested

Question 41

What is the primary way citizens influence and interact with government?

A) Elections
B) Protests
C) Petitions
D) Meetings

Question 42

Which demographic group has the highest voter turnout rates in the U.S.?

A) Young African-Americans
B) Older Hispanics
C) Young White men
D) Older White people

Question 43

What theory explains that young people vote at lower rates, but gradually get more involved as they age?

A) Life-cycle effect
B) Means-tested
C) Generational replacement
D) Civic tradition

Question 44

What theory of voter participation argues that older people are more active than subsequent people in general?

A) Mandatory voting
B) Civic tradition
C) Generational replacement
D) Life-cycle effect

Question 45

According to Blais and Loewen, how are today's young people different from previous generations?

A) They are less interested in politics.
B) They are more educated and vote more.
C) They follow their parents' voting patterns.
D) They are more likely to reject their parents.

Question 46

What organizations do many people in Southeast Asia use to help the community grow and bond with each other?

A) Rotating credit associations
B) Private education
C) Mandatory public service groups
D) Child rearing co-ops

Question 47

According to Putnam's study, Making Democracy Work, what is the biggest factor shaping how satisfied a citizen is with his or her government?

A) Cultural awareness
B) Civic tradition
C) Mandatory voting
D) Level of education

Question 48

Minh quickly repays the money she borrowed during her turn from the rotating credit association so that someone else can benefit. Minh is concerned about ______.

A) socialization
B) social capital
C) social inequality
D) social change

Question 49

The resources a person can draw upon in relation to others that help them to make decisions or take action are ______.

A) monetary
B) social capital
C) union dues
D) social norms

Question 50

Lishan studied voter turnout in the United States and concluded that low participation may be the result of a lack of connection with others and low levels of trust in them. In other words, a lack of ______.

A) efficiency
B) collusion
C) social capital
D) education

Question 51

The quality of the interconnections between values, norms, institutions, and associations, or ______, predicts the level of voter participation.

A) civicness
B) social capital
C) openness
D) efficacy

Question 52

The rise of social media has increased the number of connections most people have, but what may be one counterintuitive result?

A) "Likes" determine how close we are to each other.
B) Social media exposes us to more information.
C) People have fewer close friends.
D) Older people are getting more connected.

Question 53

Casual social connections we make online, especially people who are friends of friends, are considered ______ by sociologists.

A) strong ties
B) weak ties
C) kinship ties
D) confidant ties

Question 54

Ensio feels that he can only discuss important issues with one person in his life, a situation similar to about ______ of the population.

A) two-thirds
B) three-quarters
C) half
D) one-tenth

Question 55

According to the General Social Survey, what is happening to the number of people considered our discussion partners for important issues?

A) The number is decreasing.
B) The number is increasing.
C) The number has been consistent.
D) The number has disappeared.

Question 56

How are education and the number of confidants related?

A) People with less than a high school education have more confidants.
B) Those with advanced degrees have fewer confidants.
C) Education has little bearing on the number of confidants.
D) As education levels increase, so does the number of confidants.

Question 57

Why do online friends not count as confidants?

A) They cannot provide the same emotional support as in-person friends.
B) Online friends can offer diverse opinions rather than echo chambers.
C) Social media friends are geographically closer than confidants.
D) Many social media "friends" are actually digital personas, or bots.

Question 58

According to Veenhof's research, a group that seems to particularly benefit from a wide online social network is ______.

A) the depressed
B) recent immigrants
C) the elderly
D) the recently bereaved

Question 59

What did the General Social Survey determine regarding Americans and their social ties?

A) People who are very well connected are increasing.
B) Social ties are deeper than ever, but less broad.
C) People are shifting away from ties formed in churches, neighborhood groups and sports teams.
D) Social media interactions are declining across all groups.

Question 60

An individual with a large group of Facebook friends, but few in-person friendships, has probably experienced ______.

A) rapid social change
B) the life-cycle effect
C) strong civic engagement
D) a decline in social capital

Question 61

Social change is often controversial and uncertain.

Question 62

Social change is rarely intentional.

Question 63

Social change can happen within or outside state institutions.

Question 64

The state's monopoly on violence is seen as justified because it maintains order.

Question 65

The European state arose partly because people realized there needed to be a final word in disputes.

Question 66

War-making, state-making, and protection from enemies are required for a militaristic state.

Question 67

Countries with the highest GDP also spend the most on social services.

Question 68

At the start of the Great Depression, the United States was the only industrialized nation with no social insurance policies.

Question 69

The average divorced woman's income decreases six times more than the average divorced man.

Question 70

Reparations only take the form of money.

Question 71

Survivors of the Holocaust have received reparations for that crime against humanity.

Question 72

Reparations are a form of restorative justice.

Question 73

The rate of voter turnout in the United States has been fairly consistent since the early 1900s.

Question 74

A higher level of education is correlated to an increased likelihood of voting.

Question 75

Social capital is based on the amount of trust and confidence people feel for one another in social interactions.

Question 76

How has technology changed the pace of social change? Use details and examples to support your answer.

Question 77

Compare and contrast the managerial, militaristic, and economic perspectives on the emergence of the state.

Question 78

In what ways has the United States attempted to relieve poverty? How effective have these efforts been?

Question 79

Explain how reparation programs work, who uses them, and their effectiveness.

Question 80

How has the rise of online communities influenced in-person interactions? What trends have been found by researchers?