Deck 11: Dividing up Health Care Resources

Question 1

Rationing on the level of the total health care system is known as

A) microallocation.
B) managed care.
C) distribution.
D) macroallocation.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The theory of justice most likely to insist on a system of universal health care is

A) libertarianism.
B) egalitarianism.
C) capitalism.
D) utilitarianism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Norman Daniels believes that a right to health care can be derived from the principle of justice called

A) utilitarian opportunity.
B) fair equality of opportunity.
C) preventive care for all.
D) libertarian fairness.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A right not to be interfered with in obtaining something is known as a _______ right.

A) constitutional
B) civil
C) positive
D) negative

Question 5

An August 2018 survey of public attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act showed that

A) most of those surveyed had an unfavorable opinion of ACA.
B) about 50 percent of those surveyed had a favorable opinion of ACA, while 40 percent voiced an unfavorable opinion.
C) almost everyone surveyed had a favorable opinion of ACA.
D) most respondents had no opinion of ACA.

Question 6

A(n) _______ theory of justice insists that a just distribution of benefits and burdens is one that maximizes the net good (utility) for society.

A) utilitarian
B) Rawlsian
C) libertarian
D) egalitarian

Question 7

The uninsured are less likely than the insured to get

A) needed medical treatment.
B) prescription drugs.
C) preventive tests.
D) All of the above

Question 8

_______ justice concerns the fair distribution of society's advantages and disadvantages, or benefits and burdens, including income, property, employment, rights, taxes, and public service.

A) Rawlsian
B) Utilitarian
C) Libertarian
D) Distributive

Question 9

According to the _______ view of justice, the role of government is to protect the rights of individuals to freely pursue their own interests in the economic marketplace without violations of their liberty through coercion, manipulation, or fraud.

A) Rawlsian
B) utilitarian
C) libertarian
D) distributive

Question 10

According to the _______ view of justice, no one has a right to health care.

A) Rawlsian
B) utilitarian
C) libertarian
D) distributive

Question 11

QALYs are one tool used in the _______ approach to rationing health care.

A) Rawlsian
B) utilitarian
C) libertarian
D) distributive

Question 12

Critics of QALYs object that they discriminate against

A) people with disabilities.
B) older people.
C) both people with disabilities and older people.
D) neither people with disabilities nor older people.

Question 13

A(n) _______ would reject rationing health care based on the social value of one's life.

A) Kantian
B) utilitarian
C) egalitarian
D) Both a and c

Question 14

_______ concerns the health of whole populations.

A) Public health
B) Macroallocation
C) Microallocation
D) Positive rights

Question 15

In the United States, many minorities have

A) poorer health than the rest of the population.
B) higher mortality than the rest of the population.
C) lower-quality health care.
D) All of the above

Question 16

Although the United States spends more on health care than any other country, the quality of the care is not obviously better overall than that of other countries.

Question 17

Most people think that the government should not provide a national health care program for all Americans.

Question 18

A right to health care is considered a positive right.

Question 19

What a right to a decent minimum of care involves has been fairly easy to specify.

Question 20

The rationing of health care has never been tried in the United States.

Question 21

Researchers have estimated that the risk of death is 25 percent higher for the uninsured than the insured.

Question 22

In the United States, life expectancy at birth (81.1 years) is lower than that of most of the other economically advanced countries.

Question 23

The infant mortality rate in the United States is higher than any other developed country except Mexico.

Question 24

A major provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is that health insurers are barred from denying coverage to people for any reason, including health status, and from charging higher premiums based on health status and gender.

Question 25

A libertarian would not be averse to mandating changes to the distribution of society's goods or to interfering in the workings of a free market.

Question 26

According to most libertarians, the enjoyment by everyone of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is in itself a recognized human right.

Question 27

Organ transplants are an example of macroallocation.

Question 28

QALYs gauge a treatment's impact by considering only a patient's length of life, not its quality.

Question 29

Libertarians generally support positive rights.

Question 30

Libertarians generally support negative rights.

Question 31

What is the human rights approach to health care?

Question 32

How might a utilitarian justify a right to health care?

Question 33

What is a right to a "decent minimum" level of health care?

Question 34

According to critics, how do QALYs discriminate against the disabled?

Question 35

Under what conditions would a libertarian support a cost-sharing system of health care?

Question 36

The Following Questions For Readings: "Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?," Norman Daniels
-Daniels derives his argument for a right to health care from John Rawls's principle of

A) fair equality of outcomes.
B) equals must be treated equally.
C) fair equality of opportunity.
D) equal shares of social benefits.

Question 37

The Following Questions For Readings: "Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?," Norman Daniels
-Daniels contends that adequate health care can protect or restore people's

A) normal range of opportunities.
B) human rights.
C) sense of justice.
D) normal range of rights.

Question 38

The Following Questions For Readings: "Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?," Norman Daniels
-Daniels points out that in nearly every advanced industrial democracy in the world, there is a right to health care, since institutions exist to assure everyone access to needed services regardless of ability to pay. The notable exception is

A) Norway.
B) the United States.
C) France.
D) Canada.

Question 39

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan
-Buchanan argues that the notion of a universal right to a decent minimum of health care

A) is incoherent.
B) can justify a mandatory decent minimum policy.
C) is socialistic.
D) cannot justify a mandatory decent minimum policy.

Question 40

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan
-Buchanan asserts that the claim that everyone is entitled to some minimum level, or welfare floor, of health is

A) plausible.
B) a realistic suggestion.
C) obviously implausible.
D) expresses a noble goal.

Question 41

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan
-Buchanan says that the combined weight of arguments from special rights to health care can establish that the state should provide a decent minimum to

A) everyone.
B) particular individuals or groups.
C) all members of the armed forces.
D) all those in need.

Question 42

The Following Questions For Readings: "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr.
-Engelhardt asserts that a basic human secular moral right to health care

A) exists.
B) is plausible.
C) does not exist.
D) is inadequate.

Question 43

The Following Questions For Readings: "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr.
-Engelhardt distinguishes between losses that people suffer because of bad fortune and those caused by unfairness. The former do not establish a duty of aid to the unfortunate, but the latter may

A) constitute claims on others.
B) establish a duty of the state to render aid.
C) establish a duty of the state to provide an absolute minimum of health care.
D) constitute very restricted claims on others.

Question 44

The Following Questions For Readings: "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr.
-According to Engelhardt, providing the best possible health care for all and containing health care costs is

A) difficult but not impossible.
B) impossible.
C) feasible.
D) possible in some modern states.

Question 45

The Following Questions For Readings: "Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care," The Commonwealth Fund
-According to the "Mirror, Mirror" report, the U.S. health care system performs well in

A) the rate of deaths amenable to health care.
B) rates of medical, medication, and lab errors.
C) five-year survival rates for certain cancers and in mortality rates for breast and colorectal cancer.
D) quick access to a doctor or nurse.

Question 46

The Following Questions For Readings: "Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care," The Commonwealth Fund
-According to the "Mirror, Mirror" report, the country among the eleven surveyed that has the highest overall performance ranking is

A) Australia.
B) the Netherlands.
C) the United States.
D) the United Kingdom.

Question 47

The Following Questions For Readings: "Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care," The Commonwealth Fund
-Among the eleven countries included in the "Mirror, Mirror" study, the country with the worst health care performance ranking is

A) France.
B) the United States.
C) New Zealand.
D) Sweden.

Question 48

The Following Questions For Readings: "Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain," James F. Childress, et al.
-According to Childress, et al., public health is primarily concerned with the

A) health of individuals with risk factors.
B) prevention of disease.
C) health of the entire population, rather than the health of individuals.
D) collection and use of epidemiological data.

Question 49

The Following Questions For Readings: "Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain," James F. Childress, et al.
-According to Childress, et al., a key concept of morality in public health ethics is

A) consensus.
B) universalizability.
C) individualism.
D) scope.

Question 50

The Following Questions For Readings: "Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain," James F. Childress, et al.
-According to Childress, et al., moral principles in public health are

A) absolutist.
B) autonomous.
C) political.
D) prima facie.

Question 51

The Following Questions For Readings: "Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy," D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin.
-Tarantola and Gruskin argue that by ensuring that human rights in general are respected, we can

A) identify the most relevant absolutist moral principle.
B) ignore other prima facie moral considerations.
C) produce just distributions of health and health care.
D) evade the influence of national laws and international treaties.

Question 52

The Following Questions For Readings: "Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy," D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin.
-Tarantola and Gruskin argue that both public health policy and human rights emphasize the importance of

A) outcome and impact.
B) consensus and political action.
C) education and wealth.
D) assessment and measurement.

Question 53

The Following Questions For Readings: "Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy," D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin.
-Tarantola and Gruskin argue that the broad goals of health and human rights are

A) local and temporary.
B) mutually exclusive.
C) universal and culture bound.
D) universal and eternal.