Deck 1: Introduction to Adolescent Development

Question 1

Which 18th-century philosopher differentiated three stages of maturation throughout the life course?

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Albert Bandura
D) Lev Vygotsky

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which social factor shaped the current conceptions of adolescence as a distinct stage of life in-between childhood and adulthood?

A) World Health Organization
B) Industrial Revolution
C) Darwinian evolution
D) World War II

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which is the biological transition to reproductive maturity?

A) puberty
B) sexuality
C) intimacy
D) identity

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Carla has started shoplifting small things from the local mall. She is skipping classes and talking back to her parents. Her behavior has been escalating since she began puberty. According to Hall, Carla's behavior ______.

A) results from behavioral autonomy
B) corresponds with that of emerging adulthood
C) is a sign of normal development
D) is atypical in Western cultures

Question 5

In G. Stanley Hall's view, storm-and-stress behavior in the period of adolescence is ______.

A) due to assent
B) stereotyped
C) dependent on culture
D) inevitable

Question 6

For most adolescents, risky behaviors are ______.

A) volatile and extreme
B) mild and temporary
C) universal
D) upsetting

Question 7

Which behavior is an example of Hall's view of healthy adolescence?

A) engaging in mild disagreements with parents
B) having a close relationship with parents
C) engaging in extreme delinquent activity
D) getting good grades in school

Question 8

Cooper has been in serious trouble lately and was just arrested for tagging. At home, he spends most of his time in his room, and when he does come out, he is irritable and disruptive with his parents. Which theorist would deem Cooper's behavior as a normal part of adolescence?

A) Piaget
B) Bandura
C) Hall
D) Freud

Question 9

Studies of young people in nations throughout the world reveal that adolescent behavior is shaped by ______.

A) culture
B) biology
C) recapitulation
D) emotional turmoil

Question 10

Blake expects to have disagreements with his parents now that he is a teenager. He remembers a lot of confrontations between his older brother and their parents when he was a teenager. Recently, Blake has begun to experiment with alcohol, which he knows his parents would disapprove of, but he believes that these kinds of risks are part of being a teenager. Blake's expectations and beliefs are due to his ______.

A) understanding of social learning theory
B) acceptance of stereotypes of adolescence
C) imitation of his older brother
D) physical development in puberty

Question 11

A researcher is conducting a study. All of the study participants are in middle adolescence. What can be concluded about the participants in this study?

A) They have not yet entered puberty.
B) They range in age from 14 to 16.
C) They are likely engaged in identity development.
D) They have reached puberty but are unlikely to be involved in romantic relationships.

Question 12

Both Dani and Veronica are 24 years old. Dani has her own apartment, has a full-time career, and is in a serious committed relationship. Veronica decided to continue with graduate school before getting a job and is currently living with her parents. She is not dating anyone at the moment. Why is Dani considered to have entered adulthood, while Veronica is still considered to be in the emerging adulthood stage?

A) Dani is no longer in the adolescent stage of development, whereas Veronica is.
B) Dani is in a relationship, whereas Veronica is not.
C) Dani is no longer in school, whereas Veronica continues to be a student.
D) Dani has adopted adult roles and lives independently, whereas Veronica is still dependent on her parents.

Question 13

Carlos believes that young people today have it much easier than he did growing up. He is very confused by the priorities of his son, Brandon, who is the first to attend college in the family. Carlos believes that Brandon, at 21 years old, is behind in life and lacks direction because he does not have a steady job, spouse, or children yet. Carlos's conflict with his son Brandon is due to a difference in socioeconomic status. Unlike his father, Brandon's opportunity to go to college resulted in ______, which is an important time for identity development.

A) ontogenetic development
B) late adolescence
C) emerging adulthood
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 14

Scientists interested in studying maturation of thought processes would focus on ______ development.

A) physical
B) cognitive
C) socioemotional
D) ontogenetic

Question 15

An adolescent answering the question "Who am I?" is in the midst of ______ development.

A) identity
B) socioemotional
C) sexual
D) physical

Question 16

Andrea has recently gone through a period where she has been contemplating different moral issues. During this reflection time, she has adopted her own sense of where she stands on many issues. She has internalized what she believes is right and wrong. Andrea is exhibiting ______.

A) school context
B) cognitive development
C) emotional autonomy
D) cognitive autonomy

Question 17

Which factor influences adolescent development by providing trusting relationships in which to experiment and understand their sexuality?

A) autonomy
B) puberty
C) intimacy
D) emerging adulthood

Question 18

A researcher distributed an international survey to mothers about child well-being. A majority of questions on the survey assess child well-being indicators. Once well-being is assessed by the survey instrument, the next group of questions addresses the ______ or the relevant values, ideals, and beliefs about child care.

A) cultural context
B) behaviorism
C) physiological measures
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 19

A scientist interested in socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and family composition would focus on the ______context of adolescence.

A) school
B) home
C) neighborhood
D) cultural

Question 20

Growing up, Jamal lived through Hurricane Katrina. His father was in the military fighting in the Iraq War for much of his early years. These factors helped to shape the ______ context that Jamal grew up in.

A) neighborhood
B) online
C) sociohistorical
D) cultural

Question 21

Which is defined as a way to organize facts or observations to explain how something works comprehensively?

A) intersectionality
B) confidentiality
C) a context
D) a theory

Question 22

A scientist focusing on unconscious drives relating to different parts of the body would be using which theory to understand development?

A) sociocultural theory
B) psychosocial stages of development
C) psychosexual stages of development
D) bioecological systems theory

Question 23

Ling started to date after entering high school. She wants to find a partner that she is attracted to sexually and can be close to emotionally. Freud would say that Ling is in the ______ stage.

A) genital
B) identity
C) emerging adulthood
D) formal operational reasoning

Question 24

Which theorist proposed a set of stages throughout the life span focusing on a social crisis to be resolved?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Bandura
D) Piaget

Question 25

Kumar is trying to figure out what occupation he wants to pursue. He is also struggling with his political and religious beliefs. These struggles exemplify Erikson's ______ stage of psychosocial development.

A) operant conditioning
B) formal operational reasoning
C) reciprocal determinism
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 26

Which theory examines only what can be observed?

A) behaviorist theory
B) cognitive theory
C) psychosocial theory
D) information processing theory

Question 27

A researcher is examining whether pleasant consequences for a behavior increase the chance of that behavior being repeated. This researcher is interested in ______.

A) reciprocal determinism
B) operant conditioning
C) the chronosystem
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 28

Hunter's English teacher gives a weekly vocabulary quiz. If the students get 100% on the quiz, then they are able to opt out of an additional assignment using the vocabulary. Hunter makes sure to study hard for the quiz so that he will not have any additional homework. This situation exemplifies ______.

A) operant conditioning
B) information processing
C) the exosystem
D) cognitive autonomy

Question 29

Aliyah was unsure how to get hot water from the office water dispenser. She had tried pressing one of the two red buttons, but nothing happened. Later, she saw a coworker press both red buttons and hot water poured out. The next time Aliyah wanted hot water for her tea, she got it from the dispenser. This is an example of ______.

A) operant conditioning
B) information processing
C) observational learning
D) formal operational reasoning

Question 30

The idea that interactions between an individual and the environment influence that individual's development is called ______.

A) emotional regulation
B) formal operational reasoning
C) information processing
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 31

Which refers to the concepts, ideas, and ways that we interact with the world around us?

A) cognitive schemas
B) emotional autonomy
C) identity versus role confusion
D) ontogenetic development

Question 32

Rosa is asked to design an experiment for her chemistry class. She needs to be able to create a hypothesis and apply the scientific method. In addition, before she performs the experiment, her teacher wants her to imagine what she believes will be the result of her experiment, based on what they have learned in class. This exemplifies ______.

A) ontogenetic development
B) formal operational reasoning
C) positive reinforcement
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 33

The ______ theory examines the social interaction from one generation to the next.

A) psychosocial
B) social learning
C) sociocultural
D) psychosexual

Question 34

Jason has been chosen to participate in an internship related to the course of study he intends to major in when he gets to college. He will be shadowing as well as aiding and learning from a specific mentor in this field. Jason's internship opportunity aligns with which theory?

A) psychosocial theory of development
B) psychosexual theory
C) cognitive-developmental theory
D) sociocultural theory

Question 35

A scientist interested in how memory and cognition change throughout the life span would focus on ______.

A) information processing theory
B) operant conditioning
C) psychosocial theory
D) bioecological systems model

Question 36

Which theory emphasizes the interaction between the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development throughout the life span?

A) psychosocial theory
B) bioecological systems theory
C) cognitive-developmental theory
D) social learning theory

Question 37

The changes that take place within an individual, at the center of the bioecological model, is referred to as ______.

A) cognitive autonomy
B) physical development
C) ontogenetic development
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 38

A researcher interested in the connections between contexts, such as the home and school, would focus on the ______.

A) exosystem
B) macrosystem
C) chronosystem
D) mesosystem

Question 39

Priya's culture holds a strong belief in education and success. These values have propelled her to attend college. She believes that to be successful and independent in her culture, she must have a higher education. These values represent the ______ in Priya's experience.

A) macrosystem
B) microsystem
C) chronosystem
D) exosystem

Question 40

As Lionel's brain matures, he is better able to control how he responds to his parents and his friends. Furthermore, he is able to become more successful at school. He has even been considering what career he would like to pursue after he graduates from college. This is an example of ______.

A) intimacy
B) ontogenetic development
C) cognitive schemas
D) observational learning

Question 41

Dr. Paloma wants to study the effects of rewards on the behavior of children in their classrooms. Which research design would be recommended for this type of study?

A) case study
B) structured observation
C) naturalistic observation
D) correlational design

Question 42

Dalia is participating in a research study with her school. She has agreed to answer a set of multiple-choice questions at her school's library. She will hand the completed answers to the researcher who is running the study. What data collection method is being used in this example?

A) open-ended interview
B) electroencephalography
C) bioecological systems
D) questionnaire

Question 43

A researcher looking for similarities and differences among adolescents' attitudes toward physical activity would benefit most from using ______ to gather data.

A) a structured interview
B) an open-ended interview
C) participant reactivity
D) naturalistic observation

Question 44

Which feature of survey questionnaires is meant to protect research participants from judgment and harm?

A) emotional autonomy
B) anonymity
C) intimacy
D) use of schemas

Question 45

Which type of inquiry allows researchers to gather data on abstract emotions like anger or stress without the inherent flaws of self-report methods?

A) questionnaires
B) structured surveys
C) physiological measures
D) case studies

Question 46

Which measures brain activity using radio waves and thereby allowing researchers to see which parts of the brain are activated during cognitive tasks?

A) diffusion tensor imaging
B) electroencephalography
C) computerized tomography
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 47

Dr. Ramirez is doing a study on phobias. He measures his participants' heart rates, perspiration, and pupil dilation while they are in contact with the item that they fear. Dr. Ramirez is using ______.

A) physiological measures
B) self-report measures
C) diffusion tensor imaging
D) positron emission tomography

Question 48

Which research design is defined as an in-depth view of a single individual?

A) correlation
B) case study
C) survey
D) structured interview

Question 49

Maria is participating in a study that is focusing on her journey as a LGBTQ+ adolescent in her particular community. As part of the study, she has many in-depth conversations with the researcher. She also shares her journals and her artwork with the researcher. This is an example of a(n) ______.

A) experimental design
B) correlational design
C) case study
D) survey method

Question 50

Which factor is a benefit of correlational research?

A) to eliminate the possibility of confounds
B) to study changes in groups or individuals over time
C) to avoid the burden of adhering to ethical research design
D) to gather preliminary data about a topic

Question 51

Which type of research is defined as research with the goal of understanding the relationship between two variables?

A) correlational research
B) experimental research
C) case study
D) longitudinal research

Question 52

Dr. Patel is putting together a research study. She is interested in understanding if there is a relationship between certain sports and grade point averages of high school students. While Dr. Patel understands that this is not a causal relationship, she believes it is important to first see if there is any relationship at all between these two variables. Dr. Patel is employing ______.

A) experimental research
B) correlational research
C) a case study
D) sequential research

Question 53

In a study, the behavior being measured that is affected by something else that has been manipulated is called the ______.

A) exosystem
B) mesosystem
C) dependent variable
D) independent variable

Question 54

Dr. Clarke is conducting research to determine if classical music has a cause-and-effect relationship with relaxation. The research team proceeds to design a(n) ______.

A) cross-sectional study
B) case study
C) correlational study
D) experiment

Question 55

Dr. Flath is conducting a research study about the amount of time spent playing video games during adolescence. She has decided to use four groups. They will be separated into 13-year-olds, 14-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 16-year-olds. She will meet with them only one time to ascertain the average amount of time they spend playing video games. Dr. Flath is using which research design?

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) sequential
D) physiological

Question 56

Dr. Cooper is interested in the amount of time adolescents spend in after-school activities. She decides to start with a group of 13-year-olds and follow them until they are 18 years old. She intends to meet with them at three different intervals over the next 6 years. Which research design is Dr. Cooper using?

A) cross-sectional
B) correlational
C) physiological
D) longitudinal

Question 57

The difference between a longitudinal study and a sequential study is that a sequential study ______.

A) assesses only one cohort over time
B) assesses only one cohort at a single point in time
C) assesses multiple cohorts over time
D) assesses multiple cohorts at a single point in time

Question 58

Darius and his parents have agreed to be part of a study on musical abilities and grade point average in school. Darius is just 12 years old. The study requires that he be assessed 3 times, every 2 years, for a total of 10 years. Darius is involved with a ______ research study.

A) longitudinal
B) physiological
C) cross-sectional
D) sequential

Question 59

Which refers to the interaction of demographic factors to influence an individual's experiences and behaviors?

A) intersectionality
B) reciprocal determinism
C) cognitive schemas
D) cohort

Question 60

A scientist is researching the experience of African American adolescent boys in underserved neighborhoods. This scientist is focused on the ______.

A) reciprocal determinism of behavior
B) intersectionality of demographic factors
C) cognitive schema of thought processes
D) beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 61

Haru is a 15-year-old heterosexual Asian American male from a middle-class family, with parents that are still married. These factors influence both his experiences and his behaviors. This is known as ______.

A) assent
B) information processing
C) reciprocal determinism
D) intersectionality

Question 62

Which ethical principle also includes informed consent?

A) beneficence and nonmaleficence
B) responsibility
C) respect for autonomy
D) integrity

Question 63

How are the beneficial consequences of research related to the ethical principle of justice?

A) The ethical principle of justice states that every participant should have access to the benefits of the research, not only those participants in that experimental group.
B) The ethical principle of justice states that the researcher must be honest with each participant and therefore tell them whether or not the consequence of the research will be beneficial to them.
C) The ethical principle of justice states that the researcher must do no harm, so every study that goes forward must have beneficial outcomes for all participants.
D) The ethical principle of justice states that the researcher must allow for the participants to have full autonomy of which group they are placed.

Question 64

Which principle of ethics states that researchers need to make every effort to keep any promises made to their participants?

A) responsibility
B) integrity
C) respect for autonomy
D) beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 65

Dr. Hernandez is conducting a research study using adolescents as her population. In order to adhere to the professional code of conduct, she must disclose her role in the study to clarify that she is only gathering data in her interactions with participants. This exemplifies which principle of ethics?

A) respect for autonomy
B) integrity
C) responsibility
D) beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 66

Which refers to notifying parents of participation of their adolescent in a study while only requiring them to respond if they do not wish for their adolescent to participate?

A) responsibility
B) informed consent
C) assent
D) passive consent

Question 67

Which behavior by a researcher is associated with the ethical principle of confidentiality?

A) ensuring study participants have enough information about the study to consent to participation
B) ensuring study participant's responses are not shared with anyone outside of the research team
C) ensuring all statements to study participants are accurate, honest, and truthful
D) ensuring study participants that the results of the study will not be published without consent

Question 68

Dr. Potter is conducting a study with adolescents using open-ended interview data collection methods. During one of these interviews, one of the adolescents discloses some very dangerous information. Dr. Potter becomes worried about the safety of his participant. He is held by the ethical principles of research, but in this case he feels that he should ______.

A) break confidentiality
B) keep integrity
C) break responsibility
D) keep autonomy

Question 69

All states passed laws making primary and secondary schooling a requirement by 1920.

Question 70

Adolescence defined as a period of "storm and stress" is evidenced by today's research findings.

Question 71

Culture plays an influential role in the conception of adolescence.

Question 72

Emerging adulthood is the last stage of adolescence.

Question 73

Emotional regulation is stable from the beginning of adolescence.

Question 74

Both emotional autonomy and identity are linked with intimacy in adolescence.

Question 75

Freud's psychosexual stages theory has been rigorously tested and therefore is supported by the research.

Question 76

Operant conditioning states that behavior increases or decreases depending upon reinforcement or punishment as a consequence.

Question 77

Adolescents are unable to devise a hypothesis about an imagined scenario.

Question 78

Researchers who pose the same questions to every participant in a study are using a structured interview.

Question 79

Computerized tomography involves injecting a small amount of radioactive material into the bloodstream in order to monitor the flow of blood.

Question 80

A case study examines an individual through many different sources of data.