Deck 5: Geographies of Identity and Difference

Question 1

Which of the following refers to a collection of ideas and practices concerned with challenging inequalities as these are evident in landscape?

A) Traditional landscape school
B) Structuration theory
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Critical geography
E) Marxism

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Critical geography is concerned with moving beyond description and explanation to doing work that is what?

A) Critical
B) Spatially analytical
C) Emancipatory
D) Feminist
E) Post-colonial

Answer 2

C

Question 3

"A structured system of human organization in which members of a cultural group live" is the definition of which term?

A) Species
B) Ethnicity
C) Society
D) Nativism
E) Ghetto

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which geographer focused on the development of a distinctive national Canadian iconography?

A) Mead
B) Gramsci
C) Osborne
D) Sheldrick
E) Gould

Question 5

Iconography is the description and interpretation of images to uncover which of the following?

A) Symbolic meanings
B) Literary connotations
C) Cultural implications
D) Political ramifications
E) Social impacts

Question 6

During which decade did human geographers begin to seriously consider issues of human difference and inequality?

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s
E) 1990s

Question 7

An iconographic study by Eyles and Peace (1990) observed that Hamilton, Ontario, was frequently viewed in which of the following manners?

A) As a city of production
B) As an area of positive economic growth
C) As a blue collar city
D) As a city of consumption
E) Both A and C

Question 8

Which of the following terms is defined as "a social condition in which members of a society interpret their interests in terms of the world view of a dominant group"?

A) Power
B) Iconography
C) Representation
D) Hegemony
E) Critical geography

Question 9

What is power?

A) Western views of the Orient, implying a view of the periphery from the centre
B) The right to require and receive the obedience of others
C) The ability to dominate others by means of violence, force, manipulation, or authority
D) The ability to determine the ruling discourse and what questions are being asked
E) A construct of dominant European discourse that identifies a group as subordinate

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a space of assimilation and/or exclusion?

A) Dens
B) Ghettos
C) Gated communities
D) Trading blocs
E) Shopping malls

Question 11

Species refers to which of the following?

A) A group of organisms able to produce fertile offspring among themselves but not with any other group
B) A physically distinguishable population
C) Any physical or chemical trait that can be observed or measured
D) Groups that have adapted to different physical environments
E) A structured system of organization in which members of a group live

Question 12

Which of the following terms is defined as "a physically distinguishable population within a species"?

A) Ethnic group
B) Phenotype
C) Race
D) Genetic type
E) Racism

Question 13

Four groups of people were spatially separated in South Africa during the apartheid era, which lasted between which of the following years?

A) 1948-2000
B) 1970-1980
C) 1948-1994
D) 1950-1980
E) 1940-2000

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT common for indentured labourers under British control?

A) Overwork
B) Forced English education
C) Low wages
D) Poor food
E) Illness

Question 15

What is the minimum number of people that the International Labour Organization believes work as forced labourers today?

A) 1-5 million
B) 6-15 million
C) 16-25 million
D) 26-35 million
E) 36-45 million

Question 16

The act of exclusion, which existed between 1882 and 1943 in the United States, put restrictions on which of the following minority groups?

A) Mexican
B) Nigerian
C) German
D) Brazilian
E) Chinese

Question 17

Which of the following terms refers to a group whose members perceive themselves as different from others because of a common ancestry and shared culture?

A) Ethnic group
B) Species
C) Society
D) Race
E) Genetic type

Question 18

Most groups base their ethnicity on which two principal cultural variables?

A) Race and religion
B) Language and religion
C) History and traditions
D) Gender and race
E) Environment and culture

Question 19

The term ethnicity generally refers to which of the following?

A) Collective identity through a shared history in a shared space
B) Living together in urban agglomerations
C) Common identity through a cultural tradition
D) A group who perceives themselves as similar
E) A group in a dominant society

Question 20

Which geographer contended that an ethnic group constitutes a minority in the society where it lives?

A) Stein
B) Isajiw
C) Raitz
D) Gould
E) White

Question 21

The current favoured understanding of ethnicity is of a collective identity through which of the following?

A) Shared history
B) Shared space
C) Different ancestry
D) Different cultural traditions
E) Both A and B

Question 22

In which of the following countries is acculturation more common than assimilation?

A) Denmark
B) Canada
C) United States
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above

Question 23

What is a key factor in determining whether or not assimilation takes place in a region?

A) Residential proximity
B) State policy
C) Landscape features
D) Ease of transportation
E) Socioeconomic status

Question 24

Since 1971, state policies in Canada have been actively encouraging which of the following?

A) Chain migration
B) Assimilation
C) Multiculturalism
D) The merging of ethnic groups
E) Social conformity

Question 25

Traditional definitions of gender involve distinction between which of the following power groups?

A) Dominant males and subordinate females
B) Powerful classes and the downtrodden
C) Dominant and minority ethnic groups
D) Financially wealthy and the poor
E) Both B and C

Question 26

By the 1990s, feminist geographers were considering additional bases for difference besides gender, and examined which of the following?

A) Ethnicity
B) Class
C) Relationship to colonialism
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 27

In Canada, immigrants from Europe and the United States accounted for about 95 per cent of the total in 1960, but make up approximately what per cent today?

A) 0-10 per cent
B) 11-25 per cent
C) 26-50 per cent
D) 51-75 per cent
E) 76-100 per cent

Question 28

Human identity is most often viewed through which of the following components?

A) Gender identity
B) Attraction or sexual orientation
C) Gender expression
D) Assigned sex
E) All of the above

Question 29

Landscapes may reflect which of the following factors in regards to gender?

A) Patriarchal cultural values
B) Sexism
C) Power inequalities between men and women
D) Masculine power and accomplishment
E) All of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is often less readily apparent in the landscape?

A) Traditional gender differences
B) Ethnicity
C) Social class
D) Location
E) None of the above

Question 31

First calculated by the UN in 1995, the GDI used the same criteria as the HDI EXCEPT that it also accounted for which of the following?

A) Wage rates
B) Employment levels
C) Gender inequality
D) Environmental conditions
E) Education

Question 32

Which country ranks highest on the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

A) Switzerland
B) Canada
C) Sweden
D) United States
E) Slovenia

Question 33

Where does Canada rank on the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

A) Top 5
B) 6-10
C) 11-15
D) 16-20
E) 21-25

Question 34

In 2015, which country had the lowest GII ranking?

A) Yemen
B) Sierra Leone
C) Liberia
D) Mali
E) Chad

Question 35

Which of the following does queer theory NOT refer to?

A) A concern with all people made to feel different because of their sexual identity
B) People who share a common identity on the fringes of society
C) A concern with all people who are seen as different because of their sexual identity
D) A concern for gender inequality
E) None of the above

Question 36

As of 2019, in how many countries is same-sex marriage legal?

A) 0-10
B) 11-20
C) 21-30
D) 31-40
E) 41-50

Question 37

Which of the following is an early example of sexuality expressed in landscape?

A) Soho in London, England
B) Castro district, San Francisco
C) Greenwich Village, New York
D) West Hollywood, Los Angeles
E) All of the above

Question 38

In which of the following countries is homosexuality punishable by death?

A) Saudi Arabia
B) Sudan
C) Iran
D) Yemen
E) All of the above

Question 39

Even in relatively liberal countries, about how many homosexual people do NOT identity as such in their workplaces for fear of negative consequences?

A) 10 per cent
B) 20 per cent
C) 30 per cent
D) 40 per cent
E) 50 per cent

Question 40

How do groups of people often understand themselves?

A) In relation to their landscape
B) As individuals
C) In relation to their group members
D) In relation to other groups
E) None of the above

Question 41

The term well-being refers to which of the following?

A) Economic and physical conditions of people
B) Social and psychological components
C) Security and comfort
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 42

The term welfare geography refers to a general approach to a wide range of issues, with emphasis on which of the following?

A) Questions of social justice and equality
B) The geography of unemployment
C) The impact of culture on landscape
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 43

Where an individual lives can be a strong predictor of which of the following?

A) Identity
B) Class
C) Life expectancy
D) Family structure
E) All of the above

Question 44

Which of the following represents one set of indicators of well-being, as identified by Smith?

A) Environmental health
B) Social class
C) Income, wealth, and employment
D) Poverty
E) All of the above

Question 45

Health problems as a function of well-being, are related to what facets of life?

A) Housing and living conditions
B) Physical environment
C) Access to health services
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 46

The lives of Indigenous people in Canada are an example of which of the following?

A) Inequality
B) Well-being
C) Diversity
D) Dominant landscape
E) Multiculturalism

Question 47

The first world map of happiness, published in 2006, listed which of the following countries as the happiest nation?

A) Norway
B) The United States
C) Sweden
D) Canada
E) Denmark

Question 48

It is quite common to find higher-class areas in cities to be located far from where?

A) Lakes, rivers, and oceans
B) Factories
C) Golf courses
D) Specialty retail areas
E) Higher elevation areas

Question 49

Which country is home to the most expensive street to buy an apartment?

A) Monaco
B) United States
C) United Kingdom
D) France
E) Australia

Question 50

The term consigned to the shadows refers to people who are which of the following?

A) Disadvantaged
B) Homeless
C) Mentally ill
D) Poor
E) Chronically ill

Question 51

A recent WHO estimate places the number of mentally ill people worldwide at approximately how many?

A) 0-20 million
B) 21-40 million
C) 41-60 million
D) 61-80 million
E) 81-100 million

Question 52

Landscapes of stigma are spatial reflections of which of the following?

A) Social injustice
B) Landscape degradation
C) Political pressures
D) Polluted landscapes
E) Cultures that resist change

Question 53

Ghetto areas in cities serve as examples of which of the following?

A) Landscapes of fear
B) Landscapes of exclusion
C) Pariah landscapes
D) Destitute landscapes
E) Impoverished landscapes

Question 54

Today, folk cultures survive mainly in which of the following areas?

A) Semi-urban areas
B) Remote areas
C) Rural areas
D) Urban areas
E) All of the above

Question 55

In general, folk culture is which of the following?

A) More traditional
B) Less subject to change
C) More homogenous than popular culture
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 56

The term popular culture is applied to groups that exhibit which of the following attitudes and behaviours?

A) Traditional and distinctive
B) Homogeneous
C) Embracing and seeking change
D) Resisting change
E) Long-standing attitudes

Question 57

A popular example of social inequality that finds expression in landscape relates to which of the following?

A) Spatial differences in class structures
B) Matters of sexuality
C) Mental illness
D) Ecotourism
E) Symbolic interactionism

Question 58

The landscape of the Mennonites is uniform and unchanging-a reflection of which of the following factors?

A) Central control
B) Conformity to group norms
C) Selected agricultural practices
D) Decentralized control
E) Both A and B

Question 59

Which of the following is an excellent illustration of the impact of popular culture on landscape?

A) Folk culture
B) Ethnic neighbourhood
C) Shopping mall
D) Both A and C
E) None of the above

Question 60

In 2014, which of the following tourist attractions welcomed the most tourists?

A) Disney World
B) Niagara Falls
C) The Eiffel Tower
D) The Dubai Mall
E) The West Edmonton Mall

Question 61

Mass tourist travel took off in the 1960s and began to diversify because of which of the following?

A) More time for leisure
B) Additional discretionary income
C) Decreasing travel costs
D) More retirees
E) All of the above

Question 62

What is currently the largest economic activity in the world, growing about 20 per cent faster than the overall world economy?

A) Manufacturing
B) Tourism
C) Agriculture
D) Health care
E) Education

Question 63

The idea of travelling for pleasure first emerged in Europe in which century?

A) Seventeenth century
B) Eighteenth century
C) Nineteenth century
D) Twentieth century
E) Twenty-first century

Question 64

What is the estimated value of tourism to the global economy today?

A) $1-10 trillion
B) $11-20 trillion
C) $21-30 trillion
D) $31-40 trillion
E) $41-50 trillions

Question 65

Which of the following terms is defined as the setting or context for social interaction?

A) Locale
B) Environment
C) Site
D) Landscape
E) Region

Question 66

Mass tourist travel became feasible with which of the following?

A) Increased discretionary income
B) Decreased travel costs
C) The introduction of annual vacations
D) Increased leisure time
E) All of the above

Question 67

What is NOT a main traditional attraction for contemporary tourists?

A) Historic features
B) Gourmet local food
C) Accessibility
D) Amenities for leisure activities
E) Scenery

Question 68

As of 2019, how many UNESCO World Heritage Sites are there in Canada?

A) 0-10
B) 11-20
C) 21-30
D) 31-40
E) More than 40

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of the "tourist gaze"?

A) Commercial producers creating attractive scenery
B) Attractions such as coastal resorts
C) Constructing cultural experiences to satisfy tourists
D) Producers of tourist sites effectively determining the consumers' options
E) All of the above

Question 70

Belize has become one of the world's top destinations for which of the following?

A) Historic tourism
B) Mass tourism
C) Ecotourism
D) Large shopping centres
E) Sports activities

Question 71

Alternative tourism does NOT include which of the following characteristics?

A) Cultural and natural preservation
B) Limits based on carrying capacity
C) Planning before developing
D) Seasonal in frequency
E) Seeking local character

Question 72

Disney World and the West Edmonton Mall are examples of which type of tourism?

A) Spectacles
B) Recreation tourism
C) Ecotourism
D) Mass tourism
E) Alternative tourism

Question 73

Which term refers to places and events that are carefully constructed for the purposes of mass leisure and consumption?

A) Spectacles
B) Locales
C) Venues
D) Stadiums
E) Casinos

Question 74

By 1982, Sri Lanka's top earners of foreign exchange were which of the following?

A) Tea and tourism
B) Coffee and tea
C) Wood products and coffee
D) Coffee and iron ore
E) Iron ore and tourism

Question 75

Which country's tourist industry is becoming increasingly similar to that of countries in the more developed world?

A) Vietnam
B) India
C) China
D) Mexico
E) Kenya

Question 76

Iconography is the description and interpretation of visual images to uncover their symbolic meanings.

Question 77

In South America, the system known as apartheid began to be politically institutionalized in 1948.

Question 78

Apartheid had roots in long traditions of social conflict and of relatively informal segregation.

Question 79

Free labour did not become usual in Europe until the late eighteenth century with the emergence of a capitalist mode of production.

Question 80

An ethnic group is defined by its common ancestry and shared culture.