Deck 7: Movement

Question 1

________ increases the levels of dopamine in Parkinson's disease patients.

A) MPTP
B) L-DOPA
C) Tryptophan
D) Tyrosine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

________ attacks the cells of the substantia nigra, producing a form of Parkinson's disease.

A) L-DOPA
B) Demerol
C) Meperidine
D) MPTP

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Transplantation of developing dopaminergic neurons have been used to experimentally treat ________.

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Epiliepsy

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Once it finds a home and no longer needs to move, the sea squirt ________ its nervous system.

A) develops
B) remodels
C) relocates
D) digests

Question 5

________ investigated the transplantation of rodent fetal cells into the substantia nigra as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease.

A) George Carillo
B) Bill Langston
C) Daniel Wolpert
D) Anders Björklund

Question 6

Humans have approximately ________ muscles controlling more than ________ joints.

A) 200, 400
B) 600, 200
C) 400, 200
D) 200, 600

Question 7

________ found that certain small areas of the cortex, when stimulated, produced specific movements in dogs.

A) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
B) Sir David Ferrier
C) Wilder Penfield
D) Anders Björklund

Question 8

________ found specific motor areas in the cortex of monkeys.

A) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
B) Sir David Ferrier
C) Wilder Penfield
D) Anders Björklund

Question 9

________ stimulated the cortex of human patients undergoing brain surgery and mapped out the motor and sensory cortical areas.

A) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
B) Sir David Ferrier
C) Wilder Penfield
D) Anders Björklund

Question 10

The __________________ depicts the proportion of motor cortex areas devoted to certain body parts.

A) cognitive map
B) motor homunculus
C) stereotaxic atlas
D) cortical surface scan

Question 11

Generally, activation of specific areas of the _________________ accompanies voluntary control of corresponding muscle groups in your body.

A) motor cortex
B) posterior parietal cortex
C) parahippocampal cortex
D) sensory

Question 12

The corticospinal tracts include the ________ and the ________.

A) lateral corticospinal tract, anterior corticospinal tract
B) lateral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract
C) lateral corticospinal tract, posterior corticospinal tract
D) anterior corticospinal tract, posterior corticospinal tract

Question 13

The fibers of the corticospinal tract that cross over the midline at the medulla ___________.

A) Cross back over at the level of the spinal cord
B) Control movement of the distal limbs and digits
C) Control movement of the core muscles along the midline of the body
D) Control movement of the facial muscles

Question 14

The fibers of the corticospinal tract that do not cross over the midline at the medulla ___________.

A) Cross over at the level of the spinal cord
B) Control movement of the distal limbs and digits
C) Control movement of the core muscles along the midline of the body
D) Control movement of the facial muscles

Question 15

The _________________ of the corticospinal tracts in the medulla explains why individuals who suffer a stroke one side of the brain experience paralysis on the opposite side of the body.

A) decussation
B) division
C) descent
D) duality

Question 16

The lower motor neurons exist in the gray matter of the spinal cord, specifically in the _______.

A) anterior horn
B) posterior horn
C) ventral horn
D) dorsal horn

Question 17

The ____________ roots of the spinal cord carry sensory, or afferent, information.

A) dorsal
B) ventral
C) anterior
D) posterior

Question 18

Striatal muscle is also known as ____________

A) smooth muscle
B) skeletal muscle
C) cardiac muscle
D) visceral muscle

Question 19

Regardless of whether a movement is voluntary or involuntary, motor responses require a(n) ____________ nerve to contract a muscle.

A) efferent
B) afferent
C) proximal
D) distal

Question 20

__________ fibers contract to shorten a muscle.

A) extrafusal
B) intrafusal
C) contrafusal
D) fusiform

Question 21

__________ fibers detect changes in muscle length.

A) extrafusal
B) intrafusal
C) contrafusal
D) fusiform

Question 22

The ______________ consists of the α motor neuron in the ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord, its axon, and the extrafusal muscle fibers it innervates.

A) motor unit
B) reflex arc
C) flexion unit
D) psion

Question 23

The ______________ is the synapse formed when the axon terminal of a motor neuron positions itself in a section of the extrafusal muscle fiber.

A) neuromuscular junction
B) motor unit
C) organ of Corti
D) motor end plate

Question 24

The ______________ is the section of the extrafusal muscle fiber where the axon terminal of a motor neuron makes contact.

A) neuromuscular junction
B) motor unit
C) organ of Corti
D) motor end plate

Question 25

________ muscles produce actions that are opposite of one another.

A) Agonistic
B) Antagonistic
C) Synergistic
D) Convergent

Question 26

The ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of one's own body is known as ________.

A) self-awareness
B) proprioception
C) kinesthesia
D) athletic ability

Question 27

Sensory feedback to the muscles is provided by ________

A) motor units
B) reflex arcs
C) muscle spindles
D) Golgi tendon organs

Question 28

Intrafusal muscle fibers are contacted by ______________.

A) γ motor neurons
B) α motor neurons
C) organs of Corti
D) upper motor neurons

Question 29

Excessive stretching of the muscles is detected by ________

A) motor units
B) reflex arcs
C) muscle spindles
D) Golgi tendon organs

Question 30

Excessive contraction of the muscles is detected by ________

A) motor units
B) reflex arcs
C) muscle spindles
D) Golgi tendon organs

Question 31

Networks of neurons that spontaneously generate patterns of activity such as walking are under the control of ______________.

A) top-down processing
B) bottom-up processing
C) reflex arcs
D) central pattern generators

Question 32

The ______________ plays a key role in self-initiated movements and not responses triggered by external events.

A) supplementary motor complex
B) accessory motor complex
C) corticofugal pathway
D) retrosplenial complex

Question 33

The primary components of the basal ganglia are the ______________.

A) caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
B) caudate nucleus, putamen, and ventral tegmental area
C) ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus
D) caudate nucleus, putamen, and hippocampus

Question 34

The ___________ communicate(s) regularly with the cerebral cortex to contribute to the efficient execution of appropriate movements.

A) supplementary motor complex
B) accessory motor complex
C) basal ganglia
D) amygdala

Question 35

The ___________ also involved in learning and habit formation, attention, rewarded behaviors, and emotional responses.

A) substantia nigra is
B) accessory olfactory system is
C) basal ganglia are
D) fusiform gyrus is

Question 36

"Muscle memory" is dependent on the ___________.

A) hippocampus
B) parietal cortex
C) amygdala
D) basal ganglia

Question 37

The cerebellum is divided into several functional sections including the ___________.

A) vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, and flocculonodular lobe
B) vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, and parietal lobe
C) cerebellis, cortical hemispheres, and fascicular lobe
D) vermicullus, cerebellar hemispheres, and flocculonodular lobe

Question 38

The oldest part of the cerebellum is likely the ________________.

A) cerebellar peduncles
B) vermis
C) dentate nucleus
D) flocculonodular lobe

Question 39

The cerebellar ___________ communicate(s) in a structured, maplike fashion with the various motor and nonmotor areas of the cerebral cortex.

A) cortex
B) deep nuclei
C) flocculonodular lobe
D) ganglia

Question 40

___________ involves impairments in executive function, language, sequencing events, and visuospatial abilities.

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Frozen addict syndrome
D) Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome

Question 41

The cerebellum's role in generating precise predictions of the sensory consequences resulting from a movement explains why ___________.

A) alcohol intoxication feels good
B) once you learn how to ride a bike you don't forget how
C) why some foods become our favorites
D) you can't tickle yourself

Question 42

___________ presents a possible explanation of how your nervous system selects optimal actions for movement in an uncertain world.

A) Bayesian decision theory
B) Game theory
C) Optimal foraging theory
D) Pavlovian theory

Question 43

Human females report that the most appealing human male dance moves involve ___________.

A) gyrating the pelvis
B) swaying of the hips
C) the shoulders
D) the speed and movement of the right knee as well as variation in neck and back movements

Question 44

Increased ___________ of a movement require less cortical activity than when first learning the movement.

A) automaticity
B) viability
C) thinking about the execution
D) distractability

Question 45

___________ enhances intelligence scores and learning and also helps to stave off cognitive decline in older age.

A) Exercise
B) Diet
C) Mental repetitions
D) Listening to music

Question 46

___________ is increased in exercising animals.

A) GABA
B) Dopamine
C) Disease
D) BDNF

Question 47

The growth of new blood vessels is ___________.

A) fibrogenesis
B) oxygenesis
C) hemogenesis
D) angiogenesis

Question 48

___________ results from the degeneration of motor neurons.

A) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Huntington's disease.

Question 49

___________ results from the degeneration of the myelin sheath.

A) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Huntington's disease

Question 50

___________ results from the degeneration of the striatum.

A) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Huntington's disease

Question 51

The diminished capacity for voluntary movement in Parkinson's disease is called ___________.

A) paralysis
B) complex paralysis
C) akinesia
D) kinesthetic failure

Question 52

Brain areas affected by Parkinson's contain abnormal protein deposits that are known as ___________.

A) amyloid palques
B) astrocytic scars
C) neurofibrillary tangles
D) Lewy bodies

Question 53

Because Lewy bodies have been observed to form in tissue that has been transplanted into a patient's substantia nigra it is likely that they are caused by___________.

A) some aspect of the extracellular environment
B) a viral infection
C) genetics
D) diet

Question 54

L-DOPA offers ___________ from Parkinson's symptoms.

A) temporary relief
B) a cure
C) lasting permanent relief
D) reduced side effects from drugs used to provide relief

Question 55

A surgical approach, ___________, has successfully reduced Parkinon's symptoms.

A) deep brain stimulation
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) evoked potential stimulation
D) electroencephalography

Question 56

Parkinson's patients can overcome diminished voluntary movement with ___________.

A) salient guiding cues such as music
B) anticonvulsant drugs
C) electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus
D) meditation.

Question 57

A ________ is paralyzed only in the lower half of the body.

A) Paraplegic
B) Hemiplegic
C) Paralytic
D) Quadriplegic

Question 58

Michael Arbib proposes ________.

A) fetal cell transplants should be used to treat Parkinson's
B) L-Dopa is toxic to neurons
C) gestures and movements were the basis of a protolanguage
D) electrical stimulation should be used to treat spinal injures.

Question 59

The region of the monkey brain specialized for visual and motor control of hand movements includes an area homologous to ________ in humans.

A) the cingulate cortex
B) the piriform cortex
C) Broca's area
D) posterior parietal cortex

Question 60

The ________ suggests that the primate system involved in grasping responses eventually evolved into critical components that prepared the human brain for language.

A) mirror system hypothesis of language
B) motor theory of speech perception
C) protosign theory of language
D) protolanguage theory of speech

Question 61

The ________ suggests that speech is perceived as an extension of gestures generated by individuals articulating communicative sounds.

A) mirror system hypothesis of language
B) motor theory of speech perception
C) protosign theory of language
D) protolanguage theory of speech

Question 62

Genetic analyses indicate that a mutation of the FOXP2 gene may play a role in.

A) dyslexia
B) Parkinson's disease
C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D) Huntington's disease

Question 63

________ is responsible for speech production.

A) Broca's area.
B) Wernicke's area.
C) arcuate fasciculus
D) posterior parietal cortex

Question 64

________ is responsible for speech perception.

A) Broca's area.
B) Wernicke's area.
C) The arcuate fasciculus
D) The posterior parietal cortex

Question 65

The ________ connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas.

A) corpus callosum
B) arcuate fasciculus
C) angular gyrus
D) subthalamic nucleus

Question 66

The ________ proposes that the brain's language system "harnessed" the sounds of nature because the brain was predisposed to hearing these sounds.

A) creative theory of language production
B) mirror system hypothesis of language
C) motor theory of speech perception
D) protosign theory of speech perception

Question 67

The creative theory of language production categorizes speech sounds as ________.

A) hits, slides, and rings
B) pops, clicks, and whistles
C) hits, pops, and whistles
D) snaps, pops, and rings

Question 68

The ________ in the parietal lobe is involved in visual and auditory processing of words.

A) subthalamic nucleus
B) angular gyrus
C) corona radiata.
D) organ of Corti.

Question 69

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig supported the notion of specificity in brain function when they observed ________.

A) lesions to the arcuate fasciculus led to severe mood swings in monkeys
B) stimulation of the inferior colliculus altered orientation responses in cats
C) lesions to the limbic system altered aggression in hamsters
D) stimulation of cortex in dogs produced specific body movements

Question 70

What does the quote, "the hand is where the mind meets the world," mean?

A) The hand is the seat of consciousness
B) The hand has a large representation in the motor cortex
C) We use our hands to interact with the external environment
D) Mirror neuron activity depends on the function of both hands

Question 71

The word homunculus literally means ________

A) little devil
B) little man
C) human soul
D) little monkey

Question 72

When you are doing sit-ups at the gym you are relying on your ________

A) lateral corticospinal tract
B) anterior corticospinal tract
C) angular gyrus
D) arcuate fasciculus

Question 73

When you are playing piano you are relying on your ___________.

A) lateral corticospinal tract
B) anterior corticospinal tract
C) angular gyrus
D) arcuate fasciculus

Question 74

Most of the cells in the corticospinal tracts originate ________ of the primary motor cortex.

A) in layer IV
B) in layer III
C) in layer V
D) in layer I

Question 75

________ are a type of pyramidal cells located in layer V of the motor cortex.

A) Betz cells
B) Purkinje cells
C) Simple cells
D) Broca's cells

Question 76

The cell bodies in the motor cortex are sometimes referred to as ________.

A) upper motor neurons
B) lower motor neurons
C) supplemental motor neurons
D) extrastriate motor neurons

Question 77

The ________ is projection of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord.

A) corpus callosum
B) arcuate fasciculus
C) angular gyrus
D) corona radiata

Question 78

Which of the following would be a pair of antagonistic muscles?

A) Pectoral and tricep.
B) Tricep and bicep.
C) Bicep and quadricep.
D) Quadricep and pectoral.

Question 79

Which of the following best represents the order in which each part of the reflex arc responds during the common knee-strike performed by doctors to test a monosynaptic spinal reflex.

A) Patellar tendon, quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber.
B) Patellar tendon, α nerve fiber, quadriceps muscle.
C) Quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber, patellar tendon.
D) Quadricep muscle, patellar tendon, α nerve fiber.

Question 80

Police field sobriety rests often assess a driver's ________.

A) proprioception
B) monosynaptic spinal reflexes
C) nigrostriatal function
D) pain tolerance