Deck 8: Prisons and the Correctional Client

Question 1

Prison populations are declining in some areas because of ______.

A) the legalization of marijuana
B) mandatory determinate sentencing
C) changes in Bureau of Justice Statistics guidelines
D) a reduction in the use of probation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Attorney General Jeff Sessions indicated ______.

A) an interest in trying to rehabilitate violent offenders
B) a desire to seek longer sentences for offenders
C) a renewed interest in community corrections
D) an emphasis on private prisons

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In which year did the incarceration rate peak?

A) 1991
B) 1998
C) 2007
D) 2013

Answer 3

C

Question 4

By design, prisons are intended to house ______.

A) only serious offenders
B) long-term offenders
C) individuals accused of a crime
D) juvenile delinquents

Question 5

Overall, about ______ of federal inmates are in private prisons.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 6

There are ______ inmates held in military prisons.

A) 1,400
B) 5,830
C) 12,130
D) 18,700

Question 7

It costs approximately ______ a year to house someone in a supermax prison.

A) $20,000
B) $30,000
C) $40,000
D) $50,000

Question 8

Which of the following is a characteristic of a supermax prison?

A) Inmates are not allowed any exercise time.
B) There are few rehabilitation programs.
C) Inmates are confined to windowless cells two hours a day.
D) Meals are eaten in small groups of three to five inmates.

Question 9

The first supermax prison in the United States was in ______.

A) Marion, Illinois
B) Attica, New York
C) Alcatraz, California
D) Florence, Colorado

Question 10

Inmates in minimum security prisons are usually ______.

A) not members of minority groups
B) white-collar offenders
C) close to a release date
D) nonviolent

Question 11

On average, prison inmates cost the federal government ______ a year.

A) $20,000
B) $30,000
C) $40,000
D) $50,000

Question 12

As of 2005 there were ______ state and federal prisons in the United States.

A) 789
B) 1,133
C) 1,406
D) 1,821

Question 13

In which type of prison can exterior security be tight while internally providing inmates with many opportunities to attend school, treatment, and church programming?

A) supermax
B) maximum security
C) medium security
D) minimum security

Question 14

Although only about one-fifth of the prisons in the United States are designated as maximum security, because of their size, they hold about ______ of the inmates incarcerated in this country.

A) one-fifth
B) one-quarter
C) one-third
D) half

Question 15

Goffman conducted a famous study of people in a ______.

A) military boot camp
B) prison
C) mental hospital
D) cult

Question 16

In the process of prisonization, ______.

A) people conduct themselves in a way that makes others see them positively
B) inmates bring aspects of the larger culture into prison
C) prisoners adopt the inmate subculture
D) inmates suffer the loss of roles they occupied in the wider world

Question 17

Importation consists of ______.

A) people conducting themselves in a way that makes others see them positively
B) inmates bringing aspects of the larger culture into prison
C) prisoners adopting the inmate subculture
D) inmates suffering the loss of roles they occupied in the wider world

Question 18

Mortification involves ______.

A) people conducting themselves in a way that makes others see them positively
B) inmates bringing aspects of the larger culture into prison
C) prisoners adopting the inmate subculture
D) inmates suffering the loss of roles they occupied in the wider world

Question 19

An inmate who has just arrived at prison and is not yet adjusted to the ways of the prison is called a ______.

A) punk
B) square john
C) fish
D) weakling

Question 20

An inmate who sexually pursues other inmates is called a ______.

A) gorilla
B) wolf
C) shark
D) predator

Question 21

What did Goffman (1961) describe as "a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life"?

A) total institution
B) prisonization
C) mortification
D) importation

Question 22

Prisonization is best described as ______.

A) the means whereby prisoners adopt the subculture of the institution
B) the general trend of increasing incarceration rates in a given population
C) the bleeding of prison culture into popular culture
D) the manner in which prisoners' self-perceptions change due to prison violence

Question 23

______ occurs when an inmate suffers from the loss of the many roles he or she occupied in the wider world.

A) Total institution
B) Prisonization
C) Mortification
D) Importation

Question 24

According to Sykes, why would prison inmates be motivated to engage in deviance?

A) to alleviate the pain associated with imprisonment
B) because they were deviant prior to entering prison
C) to punish their captors and assert their will
D) to reclaim the loss of their own culture

Question 25

When individuals entering prison bring with them aspects of their own culture from the outside, it is known as ______.

A) total institution
B) prisonization
C) mortification
D) importation

Question 26

Deprivation of ______ involves surrendering all of an inmate's personal property upon entering prison.

A) goods and services
B) autonomy
C) liberty
D) security

Question 27

What did Sykes argue can have a cumulative effect of destroying the psyche of the inmate?

A) pains of imprisonment
B) prison subculture
C) rioting
D) mature coping

Question 28

A subset of culture within a prison that has its own norms, values, beliefs, traditions, and even language is known as a ______.

A) pain of imprisonment
B) prison subculture
C) riot
D) mature coping

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an inmate role identified by Sykes and Messinger (1960)?

A) the beast
B) the fish
C) the wolf
D) the gorilla

Question 30

Which of the following is a major prison gang identified by the Florida Department of Corrections?

A) Neta
B) Aryan Guerilla Family
C) California Syndicate
D) Mexican Brotherhood

Question 31

Deprivation of ______ involves not being able to decide when to eat, sleep, and work.

A) goods and services
B) autonomy
C) liberty
D) heterosexual relationships

Question 32

Deprivation of ______ involves not being able to have contact with whomever an offender wants to whenever he or she wishes.

A) goods and services
B) autonomy
C) liberty
D) heterosexual relationships

Question 33

When inmates "seek positions of power, influence and sources of information" to obtain goods and services they have been denied, they have adopted the ______.

A) convict code
B) mature coping strategy
C) convict subculture
D) status of double deviant

Question 34

Deprivation of ______ involves inmates having to live with other inmates at the risk of being victimized.

A) goods and services
B) autonomy
C) liberty
D) security

Question 35

Groups of people with similar interests who socialize together and may engage in deviant or criminal activities are known as ______.

A) gangs
B) similar subcultures
C) rioters
D) mature coping groups

Question 36

What is the name for group violence that poses a direct threat to the inmates in a prison?

A) gangs
B) prison subculture
C) rioting
D) sexual assault

Question 37

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), about ______ of the state prison population is incarcerated for violent offenses.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 38

A decent prison is one in which ______.

A) prisoners are subject to very little supervision
B) there are abundant options for rehabilitative programming
C) there is relatively little violence
D) inmate autonomy is limited

Question 39

______ is endemic to prisons.

A) Mature coping
B) Rioting
C) Violence
D) Sexual assault

Question 40

Which type of violence is used to achieve some end?

A) active violence
B) verbal violence
C) instrumental violence
D) expressive violence

Question 41

Which type of violence is an angry outburst?

A) active violence
B) verbal violence
C) instrumental violence
D) expressive violence

Question 42

The bloodiest prison riot in American history was the ______.

A) Attica Prison riot
B) Stateville Prison riot
C) New Mexico Prison riot
D) San Quentin Prison riot

Question 43

The ______ was about overcrowding conditions and resulted in 33 inmates being killed by other inmates.

A) Attica Prison riot
B) Stateville Prison riot
C) New Mexico Prison riot
D) San Quentin Prison riot

Question 44

Dealing with life's problems like a responsive and responsible human being is one aspect of ______.

A) mature coping
B) autonomy
C) responsibility
D) liberty

Question 45

Research finds that mature coping in the prison system is ______.

A) absent
B) relatively rare
C) relatively common
D) very common

Question 46

Which population is increasing in prisons and jails at an exponential rate?

A) the elderly
B) the physically ill
C) the mentally ill
D) the homeless

Question 47

The deinstitutionalization of the ______ prison population came about as a result of the civil rights movement and related efforts to increase the rights of powerless people.

A) elderly
B) physically ill
C) mentally ill
D) LGBTI

Question 48

The number of ______ inmates in the correctional population is unknown.

A) elderly
B) physically ill
C) mentally ill
D) LGBTI

Question 49

There appears to be a greater acceptance of transgendered inmates in ______ prisons.

A) men's
B) women's
C) private
D) military

Question 50

Pretrial detainees are generally held in prisons while awaiting their trial.

Question 51

As of 2012, the combined incarceration rate for U.S. jails and prisons was the highest in the Western world, at 712 per 100,000 U.S. residents.

Question 52

The first supermax prison in the United States was in Attica, New York.

Question 53

Incarceration in a supermax prison is expensive, at about $50,000 per year, as compared to $20,000 to $30,000 to incarcerate an adult male in a lower-security prison.

Question 54

Supermax facilities have the greatest internal and external security controls.

Question 55

Prisoners residing in maximum-security facilities are more subject to the pains of imprisonment than are those in minimum-security facilities.

Question 56

Placing someone in prison is a very expensive decision, costing states and the federal government at least $50,000 per year for adult males and more than double that for women and children.

Question 57

Because of the materials used in their construction, supermax prisons are at least two to three times more expensive to build than "regular" prisons.

Question 58

The pains of imprisonment identified by Sykes inflict physical rather than psychological destruction upon prisoners.

Question 59

Goffman (1961) believed that total institutions had the effect of debilitating their inmates.

Question 60

Inmate language is also known as inmate argent.

Question 61

Prison gangs have a hierarchical organizational structure and a set, and often strict, code of conduct for members.

Question 62

Subcultures are less likely to flourish in environments where groups of individuals are isolated from the larger culture.

Question 63

Deprivation of employment is one of the pains of imprisonment identified by Sykes.

Question 64

Prison gangs are a recent development in correctional facilities.

Question 65

A person experiences prisonization when he or she adopts the inmate subculture of an institution.

Question 66

One of the most notorious incidences of prison rioting occurred in Mobile, Alabama, in 1971.

Question 67

Data indicate that 4.0% of prison inmates experience sexual assaults in a given year.

Question 68

According to the BJS, in 2011, 10% of the allegations of sexual assault in prison were substantiated.

Question 69

According to the BJS, more than 10% of prison inmates reported experiencing sexual victimization in 2011-2012.

Question 70

In order for inmates to successfully find niches, autonomy must be limited.

Question 71

Expressive support is material and includes the exchange of goods and money.

Question 72

Protecting sexual orientation and gender identity minorities in prisons presents a problem for correctional officials.

Question 73

Transgender female prisoners are much more likely to report being sexually assaulted than other inmates.

Question 74

The Affordable Care Act of 1974 ended much of the federal support for mental hospitals.

Question 75

In your opinion, do supermax prisons represent good correctional policies? Provide evidence to support your position.

Question 76

Explain how maximum-security prisons differ from supermax prisons.

Question 77

Define Goffman's notion of a total institution and explain how it applies to prisons.

Question 78

Define the term importation and explain how it applies to prisons.

Question 79

Identify and provide an example of each of the pains of imprisonment.

Question 80

Define mature coping and explain how you think prisons can facilitate this phenomenon.