Deck 7: Community Corrections

Question 1

What is judicial reprieve?

A) a delay in sentencing following a conviction that became permanent
B) a sentence suspension by a county sheriff
C) cancellation of a sentence, contingent upon an offender's future behavior
D) a stay of execution by a state governor

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The first real probation system was developed in the ______ by ______ in Boston, Massachusetts.

A) 1790s; John Augustus
B) 1820s; John Locke
C) 1840s; John Augustus
D) 1870s; John Locke

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What was significant about the Massachusetts legislature's authorization of Boston's hiring of probation officers in 1878?

A) It marked the first time probationers received supervision.
B) It marked the first time probation officers received pay.
C) It marked the first time convicted offenders had an alternative to incarceration.
D) It marked the beginning of the first probation program in America.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The passing of the National Probation Act of 1925 afforded ______.

A) judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation
B) probation officers the same legal authority as police officers
C) state governments the federal funds necessary for probation programs
D) little actual change, as it was merely a political stunt

Question 5

Since 2008, the number of probationers has ______.

A) stayed the same
B) increased over 30%
C) decreased over 30%
D) decreased slightly

Question 6

Upon receiving probation, an offender's sentence is ______.

A) suspended for a set period of time
B) suspended pending good behavior
C) commuted
D) delayed for a limited period

Question 7

The term probation comes from a Latin word meaning to ______.

A) promise
B) prove
C) provide
D) probe

Question 8

About ______ of all sentences handed down by U.S. courts are probation orders.

A) 60%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 9

The practice of judicial ______ was used in British and early American courts to delay a sentence following conviction.

A) discretion
B) sanctioning
C) reprieve
D) suspension

Question 10

The National Probation Act was passed in ______.

A) 1907
B) 1925
C) 1946
D) 1961

Question 11

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2015, 1 out of every ______ adult Americans was on probation.

A) 29
B) 61
C) 92
D) 138

Question 12

Which of the following are most likely to be on probation?

A) white males
B) black males
C) Hispanic females
D) white females

Question 13

Any activity performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while monitoring their behavior for criminal activity is known as ______.

A) parole
B) community corrections
C) probation
D) judicial reprieve

Question 14

For each offender placed on probation rather than incarcerated, taxpayers save ______ per year.

A) $25,000
B) $35,000
C) $50,000
D) $65,000

Question 15

The general public tends to have a negative view of probation because they think it is ______.

A) too expensive
B) not effective
C) soft on crime
D) dangerous

Question 16

Studies find that "experienced offenders" ______.

A) prefer prison time
B) prefer probation
C) prefer parole
D) have no preference for punishment

Question 17

Imprisonment is ______ times more expensive for taxpayers than probation.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 18

One of the benefits of probation is that the offender ______.

A) stays in the community and continues to pay taxes
B) is exposed to hardened criminals
C) severs harmful family ties
D) receives inexpensive medical treatment

Question 19

According to the U.S. Marshals Service, ______ of people in the witness protection program are criminals.

A) 17%
B) 42%
C) 68%
D) 95%

Question 20

According to the U.S. Marshals Service, ______ of people in the witness protection program commit crimes within a year of receiving a new identity.

A) 17%
B) 42%
C) 68%
D) 95%

Question 21

Probation officers are officers of the ______.

A) prison system
B) courts
C) sheriff's office
D) local police department

Question 22

In one study, offenders with treatment-oriented social work officers were convicted of new crimes ______ the rate of those supervised by law-enforcement officers.

A) two times less than
B) three times less than
C) twice
D) three times more than

Question 23

It is important that probation officers spend time in their communities, learning about ______.

A) the culture
B) the employment opportunities
C) the ethnic makeup of their communities
D) local access to health care facilities

Question 24

______ officers set few rules and are reluctant to enforce the ones they set.

A) Authoritative
B) Permissive
C) Hybrid
D) Purposeful

Question 25

______ officers are firm enforcers but fair, setting boundaries and following through with consequences.

A) Authoritarian
B) Social work
C) Law-enforcement
D) Combination

Question 26

In one study, ______ of probationers received technical violations when supervised by a treatment-oriented officer?

A) 5%
B) 13%
C) 33%
D) 43%

Question 27

Probation and parole officers have two main roles: law enforcement officer and ______.

A) profiler
B) investigator
C) social worker
D) supervisor

Question 28

Researchers describe ______ probation and parole officers as being authoritative, as having a style similar to the one that the most effective parents adopt.

A) hybrid
B) profiler
C) investigator
D) social worker

Question 29

In 2012, ______ of probationers were ultimately incarcerated.

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 30

Probation violators constitute about ______ of all individuals admitted to prison each year.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 31

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, probation officers earn an average of about ______ a year.

A) $39,000
B) $46,000
C) $52,000
D) $61,000

Question 32

Job stressors for probation officers include ______.

A) excessive paperwork
B) a large number of promotion opportunities
C) high salaries
D) boredom during the workday

Question 33

Early English probation practices were driven by the ______.

A) civil rights movement
B) labor movement
C) temperance movement
D) social services movement

Question 34

In the United Kingdom, probation officers are called ______.

A) offender managers
B) community wardens
C) constables
D) watchmen

Question 35

The idea of social bonds was developed by ______.

A) McNeill
B) Wolfgang
C) Dix
D) Hirschi

Question 36

Powerful barriers against criminal offending are ______ and ______.

A) social bonds; social culture
B) social capital; familial bonds
C) familial bonds; social culture
D) social bonds; social capital

Question 37

Intensive supervision probation, work release, and boot camps are all examples of ______.

A) intermediate sanctions
B) coercive corrections
C) alternative justice
D) community corrections

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of intermediate sanctions in general?

A) They cost less than prison.
B) They reduce prison overcrowding.
C) They lower recidivism rates over prison.
D) They provide for better public safety than regular probation.

Question 39

______ is the act of encouraging probationers to seek treatment through carrots and sticks.

A) Recidivating
B) Sanctioning
C) Probation
D) Coercion

Question 40

______ involves more frequent surveillance of a probationer and is typically limited to more serious offenders.

A) Intensive supervision
B) Work release
C) Shock probation
D) Victim-offender reconciliation

Question 41

______ is designed to control offenders in a secure environment while allowing them to maintain employment.

A) Intensive supervision
B) Work release
C) Shock probation
D) Victim-offender reconciliation

Question 42

______ involves being sentenced to prison, serving a short period of time, and then being placed on probation.

A) Intensive supervision
B) Work release
C) Shock probation
D) Victim-offender reconciliation

Question 43

Individuals selected for shock probation tend to be ______.

A) violent offenders
B) repeat offenders
C) first-time offenders
D) white-collar criminals

Question 44

What is the relationship between corrections boot camps and recidivism?

A) Boot camps reduce recidivism.
B) Boot camps increase recidivism.
C) Boot camps do not reduce recidivism.
D) Boot camps have not been properly assessed.

Question 45

What is the relationship between shock probation programs and recidivism?

A) Shock probation programs reduce recidivism.
B) Shock probation programs increase recidivism.
C) Shock probation programs do not reduce recidivism.
D) Shock probation programs have not been properly assessed.

Question 46

What is the relationship between work release programs and recidivism?

A) Work release programs reduce recidivism.
B) Work release programs increase recidivism.
C) Work release programs do not reduce recidivism.
D) Work release programs have not been properly assessed.

Question 47

When victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs) are utilized, about ______ of victims invited to participate accept.

A) 15%
B) 37%
C) 60%
D) 82%

Question 48

Satisfaction reports from victims involved with VORPs indicate that they experience ______.

A) a reduction in their fear of being revictimized
B) increased confusion about the reasons they were victimized
C) frustration with the justice process
D) anger about not receiving restitution

Question 49

VORPs follow which correctional model?

A) rehabilitative
B) restorative
C) retributive
D) incapacitation

Question 50

Which correctional model is known as the balanced approach?

A) rehabilitative
B) restorative
C) retributive
D) deterrent

Question 51

The practice of imprisoning convicted criminals has been the primary means of punishment in the Americas since its discovery.

Question 52

In 1916, the Supreme Court ruled to allow judges to sentence offenders to probation.

Question 53

The term probation comes from the Latin word probative, meaning to prohibit.

Question 54

Fewer than 2 million Americans were on probation in 2012.

Question 55

There are more offenders on probation today than at any other time in America's past.

Question 56

In 2012, 68% of probationers successfully completed their conditions of supervision and were released.

Question 57

Whites constitute about 54% of the adult probation population.

Question 58

Many jurisdictions require their probationers to pay for the costs of supervision.

Question 59

Many more offenders get into trouble because of pathologies, not deficiencies.

Question 60

Most probation/parole officers are white and middle-class.

Question 61

About half of probation officers are female.

Question 62

Probation and parole officers are not officers of the court.

Question 63

One study found that 13% of offenders supervised by a hybrid officer received a technical violation.

Question 64

Authoritarian supervision styles can lead to hostility and rebelliousness among those to whom it is directed.

Question 65

In Japan, there are 50,000 professional probation officers and only 800 volunteers.

Question 66

Probation officers enjoy a great deal of prestige in Japan.

Question 67

In 2011, the average salary for probation officers was $52,000 a year.

Question 68

Job stress for probation officers may eventually lead to psychological withdrawal from the job, shortchanging probationers and the community.

Question 69

Good case management in community corrections requires little to no community involvement.

Question 70

The boot camp idea of corrections is generally unpopular with the public.

Question 71

Social capital refers to connections to others and social institutions that promote prosocial behavior and discourage antisocial behavior.

Question 72

Work release is a type of intermediate sanction.

Question 73

Shock probation was initiated in the United Kingdom in the 1950s.

Question 74

VORPs are often used with sex offenders.

Question 75

Minorities constitute the majority of the probation population.

Question 76

Describe the judicial reprieve and discuss the various ways it is present in modern probation practice.

Question 77

Explain why some seasoned offenders prefer prison to probation.

Question 78

Explain the various ways in which probation benefits communities, as opposed to imprisonment.

Question 79

What are the most important job stressors identified by probation officers? How do you think they can be alleviated?

Question 80

Identify the three roles probation and parole officers can follow. Provide brief hypothetical scenarios that represent the three roles in action.