Deck 1: Introduction: What Is Corrections?

Question 1

Corrections serves which primary functions for accused and convicted individuals?

A) management, job placement, drug counseling, and housing services
B) investigation, accusation, defense, and treatment
C) punishment, counseling, tracking, and coaching
D) management, punishment, supervision, and treatment

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to the text, the primary responsibility of the government of any country is to ______.

A) build and fund a strong standing army
B) establish a police force with the authority to use discretion when conducting arrests
C) protect its citizens from those who would harm them
D) write legislation dictating what is and what is not lawful behavior

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Functions carried out by government agencies dealing with individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes are called ______.

A) criminology
B) penology
C) corrections
D) deterrence

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Penology is ______.

A) functions carried out by government agencies having to do with the punishment of criminals
B) the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime
C) an attempt to control crime through the threat of punishment
D) the study of the nature and extent of crime

Question 5

According to Durkheim, rituals of punishment function to ______.

A) reaffirm the justness of social norms
B) reduce solidarity
C) inhibit the formation of close social bonds
D) undermine social norms

Question 6

Which is the earliest known written code of punishment?

A) British Common Law
B) the Roman Regulus
C) the Civil Code
D) the Code of Hammurabi

Question 7

Beccaria advocates that a system of punishment should include ______.

A) proportional, certain, and swift punishment
B) a detailed legal code
C) an understanding that prisoners are subject to forces beyond their control
D) a system of social control founded on the principle of utility

Question 8

______ believed that human action was often evoked by circumstances beyond the individual's control.

A) Garofalo
B) Bentham
C) Beccaria
D) Wolfgang

Question 9

Bentham's philosophy of social control rests on the principle of ______.

A) retribution
B) restitution
C) utility
D) positivism

Question 10

The Enlightenment concept of human nature sees individuals as all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) possessing free will
B) constrained in their choices
C) hedonistic
D) rational

Question 11

The notion of legal responsibility was called into question by ______.

A) the classical school
B) positivism
C) the deterrence doctrine
D) the utility doctrine

Question 12

Under Garofalo's sentencing guidelines, the ______ criminal would be subjected to transportation to a penal colony.

A) impulsive
B) habitual
C) extreme
D) mentally ill

Question 13

The effect of punishment on future behavior depends on all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) swiftness
B) severity
C) certainty
D) location

Question 14

According to Durkheim, ______ offers a balance between calming moral outrage and exciting emotions of empathy and sympathy.

A) restitutive justice
B) restorative justice
C) retributive justice
D) restitutive and restorative justice

Question 15

During what period in history did positivism emerge?

A) Antiquity
B) the Enlightenment
C) the 19th century
D) the 20th century

Question 16

The desire to exact revenge can be traced to ______.

A) natural inclination
B) social norms
C) legal codes
D) familial beliefs

Question 17

Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments and, instead, relied on what?

A) studies of the causes of crime to determine appropriate punishment
B) the view of individuals as hedonistic
C) similar punishments for similar crimes
D) swift justice regardless of the circumstances of a crime

Question 18

______ may be defined as the state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law.

A) A sentence
B) Punishment
C) Retaliation
D) Revenge

Question 19

Which doctrine maintains that all life goals are desirable only as means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain?

A) rationalism
B) revenge
C) utility
D) hedonism

Question 20

The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as ______.

A) the utilitarian principle
B) hedonistic calculus
C) the punishment doctrine
D) the Code of Hammurabi

Question 21

When the state assumes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers, rather than leaving this up to individuals, this is best characterized as ______.

A) the classical approach
B) a hedonistic calculus
C) penology
D) controlled vengeance

Question 22

Who is most closely associated with the classical school?

A) Beccaria
B) Garofalo
C) Wolfgang
D) Packer

Question 23

According to the classical school, which of the following is NOT an element of effective punishment?

A) severity
B) fairness
C) certainty
D) swiftness

Question 24

The belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ______.

A) the classical school
B) positivism
C) utilitarianism
D) the due process model

Question 25

______ is the state of having good sense and sound judgment.

A) Hedonism
B) Positivism
C) Rationality
D) Anomie

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical justification for punishment?

A) human agency
B) rationality
C) hedonism
D) determinism

Question 27

Nationwide, approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within what time period?

A) 1 year
B) 3 years
C) 6 months
D) 2 weeks

Question 28

General deterrence focuses on the prevention of criminal behavior in ______.

A) the individual prisoner
B) the public as a whole
C) the prison population
D) population groups known to have high crime rates

Question 29

Which perspective on punishment assumes that individuals can be transformed through effective programming?

A) retribution
B) reintegration
C) deterrence
D) incapacitation

Question 30

The ______ model finds its roots in the medical model.

A) incapacitation
B) retribution
C) rehabilitation
D) deterrence

Question 31

______ is the most recently identified objective of the practice of punishment.

A) Rehabilitation
B) Retribution
C) Incapacitation
D) Reintegration

Question 32

The incapacitation perspective on punishment views offenders as ______.

A) generally good people who have made bad decisions
B) mentally ill patients who need treatment
C) rational beings who weighed the costs and benefits of their crime
D) wicked people who need to be separated from innocent people

Question 33

Incapacitation works as a form of ______ while offenders are incarcerated.

A) punitive deterrence
B) general defense
C) social deterrence
D) social defense

Question 34

Deterrence research, in general, finds that legal sanctions have ______ effect on criminality.

A) a substantial
B) a mild
C) no
D) an ambiguous

Question 35

The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is consistent with ______.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 36

Which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders?

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 37

The idea that offenders are not to be trusted and should be constrained is associated with ______.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 38

The notion that good people sometimes go astray is associated with ______.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 39

A candidate for public office recently stated, "Criminals deserve to suffer because of the harm they cause our society." This statement corresponds with ______.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 40

Based on 2015 data, which of the following crimes is most likely to be cleared by arrest or exceptional means?

A) motor vehicle theft
B) robbery
C) rape
D) aggravated assault

Question 41

Based on 2015 data, which of the following crimes is least likely to be cleared by arrest or exceptional means?

A) murder
B) burglary
C) rape
D) aggravated assault

Question 42

Which of the following accurately describes recidivism?

A) attempts to use correctional supervision to help criminals reenter society
B) is a philosophy of punishment driven by a passion for revenge
C) involves an offender committing additional crimes after being punished
D) sees human behavior based on a cost/benefit analysis

Question 43

In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972), what percentage of the population studied committed over 70% of the murders, rapes, and robberies attributed to that group?

A) 6.3%
B) 10.4%
C) 20.6%
D) 34.2%

Question 44

Which country's incarceration rate approaches that of the United States?

A) Russia
B) South Africa
C) China
D) England

Question 45

Which model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society?

A) crime control model
B) due process model
C) retribution model
D) restorative model

Question 46

Who proposed two "ideal type" models undergirding the operation of the criminal justice system?

A) Bentham
B) Beccaria
C) Packer
D) Garofalo

Question 47

The due process model emphasizes ______.

A) the rights of the community
B) the rights of the accused
C) balancing the rights of all parties involved
D) the rights of law enforcement officers

Question 48

Crime rates are calculated per how many citizens?

A) 1,000
B) 10,000
C) 100,000
D) 1,000,000

Question 49

Which of the following nations has the lowest incarceration rate?

A) the United States
B) Chile
C) Canada
D) Japan

Question 50

The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment.

Question 51

Penology is the study of the penal code.

Question 52

The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane with the beginning of a period historians call the Enlightenment.

Question 53

The positivist school was founded by Beccaria.

Question 54

Enlightenment ideas eventually led to the positivist school of thought.

Question 55

Positivist approaches to punishment invoked the notion of science to determine the causes of crime and craft the appropriate punishments.

Question 56

The principle of utility was used to evaluate the success of prisons.

Question 57

Early state-controlled punishment was typically as severe as uncontrolled vengeance.

Question 58

Beccaria is associated with the idea of hedonistic calculus.

Question 59

"Controlled vengeance" is about the state taking responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged.

Question 60

Retributive justice is driven by simple deterrence and is humanistic and tolerant.

Question 61

Enrico Ferri believed the purpose of punishment was to rehabilitate offenders.

Question 62

Severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence.

Question 63

The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the life experience of the individual to be punished.

Question 64

Both specific and general deterrence rely on individuals engaging in hedonistic calculus.

Question 65

Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker dismisses the idea that criminals lack the knowledge and the foresight to take punitive probabilities into consideration when deciding whether to continue committing crimes.

Question 66

There are three types of deterrence.

Question 67

Rehabilitation refers to the "just desserts" model, which demands that punishment match as closely as possible the degree of harm criminals have inflicted on their victims.

Question 68

Underlying all systems of criminal law is the philosophical belief that individuals are deterred by the threat of punishment.

Question 69

General deterrence is aimed at potential offenders.

Question 70

A review of the research on deterrence indicates that legal sanctions have "little if any" effect on actual behavior.

Question 71

The crime control model is similar to an obstacle course in which impediments to carrying the accused's case further are encountered at every stage of processing.

Question 72

The United States has a high incarceration rate relative to other nations.

Question 73

Russia has a higher incarceration rate than the United States.

Question 74

What is corrections?

Question 75

What is the function of punishment? Why is punishment important, in your opinion?

Question 76

What is hedonism?

Question 77

Who was Raffaele Garofalo and what did he contribute to corrections?

Question 78

Who was Jeremy Bentham and what did he contribute to corrections?

Question 79

Explain Beccaria's view on crime and punishment.

Question 80

Who was Émile Durkheim and how did he relate to the function of punishment?