Deck 7: Reproduction, Dispersal, and Migration

Question 1

Nonsexual reproduction might produce a colony of connected genetically identical individuals known as a

A) Colony
B) Reproductive population
C) Module
D) Eusocial

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The outcome of sexual selection might be

A) Improved feeding behavior
B) Increase in the brightness of tail spot coloration in males of a fish species
C) More efficient conversion of energy to production of eggs
D) Evolution of hermaphroditism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A sequential hermaphrodite that switches from male to female is

A) Protandrous
B) Gonochoristic
C) Protogynous
D) Anachronistic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Protogynous sequential hermaphroditism may be favored because when large, the individual

A) Will produce more offspring if it makes eggs
B) Can compete successfully against other females for nesting sites
C) Can compete successfully against other males for mates
D) None of the above

Question 5

Bindin operates when

A) Sperm are first spawned by bivalves into the water
B) An embryo undergoes cleavage
C) Egg and sperm are in contact
D) Larval settlement occurs

Question 6

Populations with sexual reproduction have been found to be

A) Always more abundant than asexual populations of the same species
B) Always less abundant than asexual populations of the same species
C) Generally consisting of older individuals than asexual populations
D) More resistant to disease and parasites than asexual populations

Question 7

Many species of corals spawn on the same nights because

A) They hope to maximize interspecies gamete contacts
B) The most phytoplankton food is in the water on these nights
C) The species are keyed into the same astronomical cycles, in order to maximize intraspecific gamete contact
D) These nights are very dark and one can avoid predators

Question 8

An adaptation for very low population density of a sexual species might be

A) Dwarf parasitic males
B) Smaller and fewer eggs
C) Reproduction at an earlier age
D) Increase of sperm size

Question 9

Reproductive effort should increase when a population

A) Is subjected to lower adult mortality
B) Consists of sequential hermaphrodites
C) Has separate sexes
D) Is subjected to higher adult mortality

Question 10

Increased environmental uncertainty should select for

A) Very high reproductive effort with reproduction occurring just once
B) Reproduction spread out over several reproductive seasons
C) Extremely low reproductive effort
D) Nonsexual reproduction

Question 11

Which of the following adaptations might reduce genetic variability in a very local population?

A) Gonochoristic sex
B) Production of large numbers of floating eggs
C) Long dispersal distance
D) Eusociality

Question 12

A planktotrophic larva

A) Usually develops from rather large eggs
B) Is always capable of dispersal across oceans
C) Is not capable of settlement throughout all of its planktonic life
D) Settles only on hard substrata

Question 13

Which of the following species types would likely produce the smallest egg?

A) Lecithotrophic species
B) Benthic species
C) Planktotrophic species
D) Estuarine species

Question 14

Planktotrophic eggs are

A) Capable of fueling the entire lifetime nutritional needs of the larva
B) Only useful during the period that the larva is developing its feeding organ
C) Always floating at the surface
D) Always devoid of any food content

Question 15

Fish that spawn in fresh water but feed in continental shelf waters are

A) Catadromous
B) Polytomous
C) Lecithotrophic
D) Anadromous

Question 16

Fully oceanic fish

A) Nevertheless always have their juvenile stages in freshwater rivers
B) Have larval stages that always travel greater distances than the adult stage
C) Complete their life cycle in coastal open ocean waters
D) Always live seaward of the shelf-slope break

Question 17

Marine turtles

A) Navigate by detecting the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field
B) Rarely nest at the same beach two times in a row
C) Usually die after nesting
D) Cannot use swimming to get to nesting sites and rely only on currents

Question 18

Species with planktonic larvae, whose adults live successfully only at the upper limit of the intertidal zone,

A) Will be able to settle successfully if their planktonic larvae are released for exactly 21 days
B) Will be able to settle successfully if their planktonic larvae are released at spring high tide and swim for 21 days
C) Will settle successfully if they are released in water and develop to the point of settlement in 14 days
D) Will settle successfully if first they are photopositive but are photonegative 14 days later

Question 19

Settling larvae

A) Require fresh and clean substrates, devoid of bacteria and other organisms
B) Cannot encounter an appropriate substratum, except by being thrust against the bottom by turbulent water motion
C) Can detect dissolved substances several meters away and swim toward them as a settling cue
D) Can detect dissolved substances a few centimeters away and swim toward them as a settling cue

Question 20

Larvae of estuarine benthic species

A) May leave the estuary, but return depending upon water currents and wind
B) May leave the estuary but never return
C) Never leave the estuary
D) Are never planktonic, so as to prevent washout into coastal waters

Question 21

Larvae that move from estuaries onto the continental shelf

A) Move passively with currents
B) Tend to rise on the ebb tide and sink on the flood tide
C) Have no tidal cycle, but a strong diurnal cycle
D) Never return to the estuary from which they came

Question 22

Benthic species with planktotrophic larvae

A) Are more common in the Antarctic than anywhere else
B) Reach their maximum diversity in the tropics
C) Are the least common form of dispersal type in the ocean
D) None of the above

Question 23

Planktotrophic benthic species and migrating fish species have the following in common

A) Both move at least thousands of kilometers
B) Both are completely faithful to specific spawning grounds
C) Both types have, respectively, more than one area in which to exploit resources
D) Spawning in fresh water, but adult feeding in saltwater

Question 24

Benthic species with planktotrophic larvae

A) Have narrower biogeographic ranges than species with non-planktonic larvae
B) Are found only in the Pacific Ocean
C) Are common in deep-sea soft bottoms
D) Have broader biogeographic ranges than species with non-planktonic larvae

Question 25

Coral reef fish larvae

A) Never home to their original patch reef
B) Can adjust water depth to change directions in water currents
C) Can home to the exact spot where they were born
D) Have a life span of no more than one day

Question 26

Which larval type typically has the longest life span?

A) Planktotrophic larvae
B) Lecithotrophic larvae
C) Crawlaway larvae
D) Brooded larvae