Deck 22: Patterns of Nation-States and Culture in the Atlantic World, 1750-1871

Question 1

What did Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès believe the Third Estate stood for, in his pamphlet entitled "What is the Third Estate?"

A) The French Empire
B) The French Nation
C) The French Consulate
D) The French Revolution

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In his Social Contract, and to the consternation of French radicals, Jean-Jacques Rousseau espoused the notion that humans _________.

A) had reverted to their "natural" state ever since civilization began and imposed its own external authority on them
B) had suffered no observable change from their "natural" state ever since civilization began and imposed its own external authority on them
C) had suffered a steady decline from their "natural" state ever since civilization began and imposed its own external authority on them
D) had enjoyed a steady rise from their "natural" state ever since civilization began and imposed its own external authority on them

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the peace negotiations concluding the American War of Independence, France incurred _________, an obligation which it ultimately was unable to meet, thus setting in motion one of the underlying causes for the outbreak of the French Revolution.

A) exorbitant war debt repayments
B) new tariffs on its exports
C) war reparations
D) embargoes

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In contrast to Rousseau's traditional Christian ethics, _________ sought to build morality on transcendent reason and thus came to the conclusion that his morality had to be erected on the basis of the categorical imperative.

A) David Hume
B) Jean le Rond d'Alembert
C) Gottfried-Wilhelm Leibniz
D) Immanuel Kant

Question 5

The most systematic of the so-called idealist philosophers in Germany, ______________ asserted that all thought proceeded dialectically from the "transcendental ego" to matter and from there to the spiritualized synthesis of nature.

A) Adam Smith
B) Hector Berlioz
C) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
D) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Question 6

The Louisiana Purchase took place ___________ the Haitian Revolution.

A) before
B) after
C) during
D) in spite of

Question 7

Austria's Prime Minister Prince Klemens von Metternich, an opponent of constitutional nationalism, in an effort to reinstitute the right of kings and emperors to rule by divine grace, persuaded the Congress of Vienna to formulate two new principles: _________.

A) republicanism and balance of power
B) legitimacy and balance of power
C) absolute monarchy and balance of power
D) Napoleonic totalitarianism and imperial centralization

Question 8

After the American Civil War, a period of unification ensued during which Southern states were occupied by federal troops in order to enforce the new policies of _________.

A) The Confiscation Acts
B) Reconstruction
C) The Missouri Compromise
D) The Monroe Doctrine

Question 9

The Congress of Vienna restored the French Bourbon monarchy with the coronation of King _________, the brother of Louis XVI.

A) Louis-Philippe
B) Louis XVIII
C) Louis XVII
D) Charles X

Question 10

Building on the philosophical assumption of the material state of nature, the so-called physiocrats argued that freedom and equality should be the standard economic principles and that the state should adopt a _________, or "hands-off", policy in that regard.

A) "leger-de-main"
B) "laissez-vite"
C) "laissez-faire"
D) "laissez-économiques"

Question 11

In retaliation for the defiant actions in Boston Harbor, Britain imposed the so-called _________, also known as the "Intolerable Acts" in colonial North America, which put Massachusetts into effective bankruptcy.

A) Sedition Acts
B) Declaratory Acts
C) Stamp Acts
D) Coercive Acts

Question 12

The French section of Hispaniola produced nearly _________ the world's coffee and sugar at the time of the French Revolution.

A) 1/4
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 3/4

Question 13

Although affirming the concept that the equality of all "men" was "self-evident," the Declaration of Independence tacitly excluded the _________ of all Americans who were Black slaves and the roughly half who were women, as well as Native Americans.

A) two-thirds
B) one-fourth
C) one-fifth
D) one-third

Question 14

______________ eventually became strong enough to assume control of Saint-Domingue after the slave rebellion

A) Jean-Jacques Dessalines
B) Napoleon Bonaparte
C) Francois-Dominique Tousssaint Louverture
D) The United States

Question 15

_____________ invented a machine which could behead a victim "painlessly", and he later changed his own name to elude association with its use.

A) Dr. Marcel Ignace Guillotine
B) Dr. Xavier Ignace Guillot
C) Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin
D) The Duc des Guillotines

Question 16

For French philosopher Auguste Comte, world history was arranged into three successive stages, theological, metaphysical and scientific, the last stage representing the advances and progress ushered in by the sciences, which he saw as a positive stage. Hence Comte's philosophy's was labeled _________.

A) "Optimism"
B) "Positivism"
C) "Objectivism"
D) "Progressivism"

Question 17

Regarding the newly independent North American republic, which of the following statements is not accurate?

A) The Articles of Confederation did not grant enough self-governing power to the individual states
B) The 1787 constitutional convention was convened in Philadelphia to attempt to create a far more effective federal system
C) The new republic's initial years were fraught with organizational difficulties
D) Checks and balances were put in place in the form of bicameral legislature and separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches

Question 18

Denis Diderot's most important contribution to the Enlightenment was to assemble all the latest scientific and philosophical thinking into the _________.

A) Encyclopédie
B) Livre des sophistes
C) Les Misérables
D) Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient

Question 19

After supplying the American colonists with money, arms, and officers, in 1778-1779, in alliance with _________, France declared war on Great Britain.

A) Portugal
B) Germany
C) Spain
D) Italy

Question 20

Both the American and French Revolutions were outgrowths of the _________ and the later Enlightenment.

A) Thirty Years' War
B) Napoleonic Wars
C) Seven Years' War
D) Crimean War

Question 21

The Stamp Act of 1765 paid for:

A) A trade deficit with France, as colonial merchants eagerly bought French newspapers to avoid paying the stamp tax.
B) The quartering of troops in the colonies in order to enforce the new taxes.
C) The production of new postal stamps.
D) The assembly of the First Continental Congress.

Question 22

The British administration offended the American colonists of the upper urban class when it dissolved the ________ Assembly for opposing the Stamp Act, but it withdrew the taxes in 1766.

A) Maryland
B) Georgia
C) Massachusetts
D) New York

Question 23

The US Constitution seemed to embody many of the ideals of the Enlightenment, except for:

A) A Bill of Rights incorporating ten amendments enshrining various liberties.
B) Checks and balances among the branches of government.
C) An elected president in place of a divinely-appointed monarch.
D) A commitment to abolish slavery within two decades.

Question 24

Had it not been for __________, the French government, on the verge of Revolution in 1789, would have been well-financed.

A) A sudden drop in colonial trade with the Caribbean colonies.
B) Its debt, used to finance the Seven Years' and American Revolutionary Wars.
C) The unprofitable nature of market production in the region of Paris.
D) The King's refusal to accept the resignation of his finance minister.

Question 25

The priest Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès argued in a pamphlet that the Third Estate should itself be:

A) The source of all Catholic priests, rather than the First Estate.
B) Taxed more heavily than the other two Estates, since it constituted the bulk of the population.
C) Forbidden to purchase noble titles, which had enabled some to enter the Second Estate.
D) The "national assembly", since it represented the will of the nation.

Question 26

Before he could launch a planned invasion of ________, Napoleon Bonaparte returned to France and overthrew the ineffective Directory in November 1799.

A) Austria
B) Russia
C) Egypt
D) British India

Question 27

In an address to the National Assembly on October 10, 1789, Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin argued that:

A) It would be best to abolish capital punishment altogether.
B) He hoped for the opportunity to test his machine, in the interests of the New Sciences.
C) The machine he had designed would increase the pain and suffering of a condemned person.
D) The execution of Danton by guillotine had led him to change his own name in protest.

Question 28

Fury resulted from a 1791 decision by the white settler Provincial Assembly in Saint-Domingue to:

A) Join with the National Assembly in demanding the trial and execution of Louis XVI.
B) Refuse to send a tithe from its sugar plantations to the deconsecrated Catholic Church.
C) Not grant citizen rights to mulattos whose parents were free.
D) Not recognize the National Assembly's abolition of slavery.

Question 29

During the period 1793-1797, Saint-Domingue was:

A) Also in control of the Spanish portion of the island of Hispaniola.
B) Ruled directly by Napoleon Bonaparte.
C) Controlled by Emperor Toussaint Louverture.
D) Occupied by British forces.

Question 30

The revolution in _________ is clearly the one that realized the Enlightenment principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity most fully.

A) The United States
B) France
C) Haiti
D) Portugal

Question 31

Publication of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie was difficult because:

A) It was banned as subversive by the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
B) Most of the articles had to be translated into English in order to widen its market.
C) All of its four volumes appeared in one set in 1772, forcing printers to work overtime.
D) His collaborator, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, died in the midst of the project.

Question 32

The ethnolinguistic version of the Enlightenment inspired by Johann Gottfried Herder was:

A) Reserved for a small elite who were wary of spreading the idea to the German populace.
B) Dismissive of "Germanness" and advocated the adoption of French ideas like Voltaire's only.
C) Given a major boost during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
D) Explicitly separated from a drive for national unification by the Germans.

Question 33

The leaders of Prussia attempted to gain dominance within the unwieldy and weak confederation of 39 German states created at the Congress of Vienna with a(n) ____________ in 1834.

A) War against France
B) Customs union
C) Declaration of the German Empire
D) Alliance with Austria

Question 34

One of the results of the revolutions of 1848 was:

A) The election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as president of France.
B) The establishment of an independent Ireland.
C) The establishment a unified Germany, with its capital in Frankfurt.
D) A communist takeover of Bavaria.

Question 35

The nation-state of Italy was not fully unified until it established sovereignty over _______ in 1870.

A) Sicily
B) Naples
C) Turin
D) Rome

Question 36

In the course of his unification of Germany, Bismarck launched wars against all of the following countries except:

A) France
B) Russia
C) Austria
D) Denmark

Question 37

Between 1877 and 1914, US Southern state legislatures systematically attacked African-Americans' rights in respect to all of the following except:

A) Voting rights
B) Public accommodations
C) Federal attempts to integrate schools
D) Protection against violence and personal safety

Question 38

Defeated and demoralized over a century of military and economic losses, the number of Native Americans in 1900 had declined to roughly 250,000, down from ________ in 1800.

A) 400,000
B) 750,000
C) 600,000
D) 900,000

Question 39

__________ wrote the novel Vanity Fair, a book on bourgeois human foibles and peccadilloes.

A) Charles Dickens
B) Christopher Hitchens
C) George Eliot
D) William Makepeace Thackeray

Question 40

Among the causes espoused by the Paris Commune of 1871 was:

A) A continuation of the war against Prussia, for the glory of France.
B) The separation of church and state and a confiscation of church properties.
C) The return of women to their domestic lives and the opening up of factory jobs to men.
D) The establishment of an imperial commission to take over abandoned factories.

Question 41

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Spain lost Florida to ___________ in 1763.

A) Britain
B) United States
C) France
D) Mexico

Question 42

In response to the "Boston Tea Party", Britain closed the harbor, demanded restitution, and passed the so-called Coercive Acts (called the "_______ Acts" in the American colonies).

A) Abominable
B) Understandable
C) Intolerable
D) Stamp

Question 43

In its final draft, the Declaration of Independence tacitly excluded the ________ of all Americans who were black slaves.

A) One-half
B) One-fifth
C) One-tenth
D) One-third

Question 44

The new American republic fell far short of what we would consider today to be "representative", since, until _______, voting rights were restricted to white males with property.

A) 1790
B) 1863
C) 1812
D) 1820

Question 45

Louis XVI held an assembly of the ________, which had not met since 1614, at Versailles beginning in May 1789.

A) Estates-General
B) Parlement du Paris
C) Tennis Court Oath-Takers
D) Covenanters

Question 46

Patriotic feelings were roused in France in April 1792, when:

A) Marie-Antoinette was executed in the Place de la Révolution.
B) Napoleon invaded Egypt.
C) The government declared war on Austria.
D) The British were defeated at Trafalgar.

Question 47

The machine accepted by the French Assembly for use in executions was designed by _________.

A) Halifax Gibbet
B) Joseph Ignace Guillotin
C) Tobias Schmidt
D) Antoine Louis

Question 48

At the time of the French Revolution, ________ produced nearly half of the world's sugar and coffee.

A) Brazil
B) Martinique
C) Saint-Domingue
D) Saint-Martin

Question 49

Toussaint Louverture, a grandson of a vassal king in ___________, had obtained his freedom in the 1770s.

A) Mali
B) Benin
C) Kongo
D) Madagascar

Question 50

Louverture became emperor of Haiti, renaming Saint-Domingue after:

A) His wife
B) An African deity
C) A variety of sugar cane
D) Its supposed original Taíno

Question 51

After achieving independence, the ________ elevated their spoken language, Kreyòl, into their national identity.

A) Scots
B) Germans
C) French
D) Haitians

Question 52

The successor of Louis XVIII of France, __________, took the extreme course of restoring the property of the aristocracy lost during the Revolution.

A) Louis XIX
B) Charles X
C) Louis-Philippe
D) Louis-Napoleon

Question 53

Count Camillo di Cavour, the prime minister of _________, was the politician who did the most to realize Italy's unification.

A) Piedmont-Sardinia
B) The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
C) The Grand Duchy of Tuscany
D) Austria

Question 54

Otto von Bismarck argued that, in order to unite Germany, Prussia must progress from talk to action, by employing "blood and _________".

A) Guts
B) Sweat and tears
C) Iron
D) Duplicity

Question 55

The United States faced the vital question of how to incorporate new territory after its war with _________ from 1846 to 1848.

A) Great Britain
B) Mexico
C) Russia
D) The Confederate States of America

Question 56

In Tippecanoe, a newly founded town in _________, thousands of Tecumseh's followers from a variety of Native American nations came together, but they suffered a defeat at the hands of US troops in 1812.

A) Georgia
B) Ohio
C) Iowa
D) Indiana

Question 57

The Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection Acts were passed during the presidency of _________.

A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) William McKinley
D) Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question 58

__________ painted in the Romantic style, including a scene of a languid harem in The Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834).

A) Édouard Manet
B) Hector Berlioz
C) Eugène Delacroix
D) Jacques-Louis David

Question 59

The total number of Communards killed during the 1871 uprising is now estimated to be at most _________.

A) 1,000
B) 7,400
C) 28,000
D) 30,000