Deck 2: Sensory Persistence and Information Persistence

Question 1

Kojima et al.'s (2014) case of "Patient X'' is important because ________.

A) it shows that some kind of sensory memory is modality-specific and independent from short-term memory
B) it shows that some kind of sensory memory is not modality-specific
C) it shows that sensory memory is equivalent and overlapping to short-term memory
D) it shows convincingly that sensory memory depends exclusively on the peripheral sensory organs and not the brain

Answer 1

A

Question 2

As reported by Kojima et al. (2014), "Patient X" could ________.

A) report more than nine in a series of digits presented verbally
B) not report five digits when a series is presented visually
C) report more than four in a series of digits presented verbally
D) not recall the syllable presented verbally to him just one second earlier

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Kojima et al.'s (2014) study, "Patient X" ________

A) lost the ability to retain auditory information
B) lost the ability to read
C) lost the ability to understand words
D) had a profound attentional deficit

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sensory memory is important because it ________.

A) complements long-term memory
B) can be long-lasting when linked to an emotional context
C) was recently shown to be an important source of false memories
D) we need to be able to detect important and unpredictable stimuli when they arise; among all the information that enters our sensory systems

Question 5

In the classic work by George Sperling (1960), subjects in the "partial report paradigm" with delays less than 500 ms recalled ________ compared to those in the "whole report paradigm."

A) a lower percentage of letters in total and also as a percentage of the set of letters that was cued,
B) the same percentage of letters,
C) a lower percentage of letters in total, however a higher percentage of the set of letters that was cued,
D) a higher percentage of letters in any case,

Question 6

In the classic work by George Sperling (1960), subjects in the "partial report paradigm" with delays larger than 500 ms recalled ________ compared to those in the "whole report paradigm."

A) a lower percentage of letters in total, but a higher percentage of the set of letters that was cued
B) the same percentage of letters
C) a lower percentage of letters in total and also as a percentage of the set of letters that was cued
D) a higher percentage of letters in any case

Question 7

The main conclusion of Sperling's work is ________.

A) a large, categorical and modality-specific memory store lasting up to 500 ms is available
B) a large, pre-categorical and modality-specific memory store lasting up to 500 ms is available
C) a large, pre-categorical but not modality-specific memory store lasting up to 1000 ms is available
D) a large, categorical but not modality-specific memory store lasting up to 200 ms is available

Question 8

Sensory register is ________.

A) a general term referring to a very brief, very large capacity, memory store
B) a large capacity, short duration, memory store for visual information
C) a large capacity, short duration, memory store for auditory information
D) a point where information from modality specific sensory memories comes together into one store

Question 9

"Pre-categorical" refers to ________.

A) a stimulus that has not be processed to the point of having meaning
B) a type of memory that can fit in any known system
C) a type of context that can affect multiple memory systems
D) an action that can affect multiple memory systems

Question 10

"Output interference," one of the main critiques to Sperling's model, refers to ________.

A) the use of different channels (i.e. written words vs spoken words, pointing to numbers etc) for reporting recall (the "output") either distorts memories or allows material in short term memory to be lost
B) the contextual expectations for reporting recall (the "output") either distorts memories or allows material in short term memory to be lost
C) similar memories either distorts memories or allows material in short term memory to be lost
D) the very act of reporting recall (the "output") either distorts memories or allows material in short term memory to be lost

Question 11

Several studies have shown that identity information in the partial-report task lasts much longer that location information. This observation is important because ________.

A) it shows that identity information can interfere with location information
B) it conflicts with the idea by Sperling that information in iconic memory is just a fading icon, since different aspects seem to fade at different rates
C) it supports the idea by Sperling that information in iconic memory is just a fading icon, each of which fading at different rates
D) it shows that location information can interfere with identity information

Question 12

Echoic memory is ________.

A) a brief categorical auditory memory store that holds all incoming auditory information
B) a brief pre-categorical auditory memory store that holds all incoming auditory information
C) a brief pre-categorical auditory memory store that holds familiar, repeated incoming auditory information
D) memory studied in a special room with a lot of echo

Question 13

The modality effect is ________.

A) the improved recall of the final items of a list when that list is presented verbally in comparison with a visual presentation
B) when recall is better if to-be-remembered items are followed by a suffix that is a non-speech sound than when followed by a suffix that is a speech-like sound
C) when the act of retrieval itself interferes with retrieval
D) when a stimulus has not been processed to the point of having meaning

Question 14

A modality effect is attributed to ________.

A) echoic memory
B) episodic memory
C) iconic memory
D) generic memory

Question 15

Crowder and Morton (1969) proposed the ________ to account for the suffix effect and the modality effect.

A) pre-categorical acoustic store model
B) modal model
C) triarchic model
D) dual-process model

Question 16

Conrad and Hull (1968) examined recall accuracy as a function of serial position. They found what they called a ________: when participants read the items out loud during the trial they were better at remembering the last two items on the list than they were when they did not read the items out loud.

A) inverse duration effect
B) output interference
C) suffix effect
D) modality effect

Question 17

Morton et al. (1971) explored echoic memory. In one condition they added a buzzer sound as a suffix, and in the other condition they added a ________ sound as a suffix.

A) loud bang
B) whistle
C) speech sound
D) music

Question 18

Neath et al. (1993) demonstrated that the suffix effect could be created or eliminated with identical suffix stimuli depending on what information about the suffix the listener was told in advance. This observation is a problem for the idea of echoic memory as a pre-categorical store, because ________.

A) it contradicts data on interference
B) if a pre-categorical modality specific acoustic store was the only cognitive process being used to recall the items, then the results should have been the same in both conditions
C) echoic memory does not have sufficient capacity
D) the observed effect depends on the length of the suffix

Question 19

The classical approach to study stimulus persistence is ________.

A) serial presentation of nonsense syllables in a very noisy environment
B) adding suffixes to the items used
C) enhancing the effect of "output interference" by asking the subjects to use more complex ways of responding
D) the temporal integration paradigm experiments

Question 20

The results from various studies suggest that visual stimulus persistence is very brief and is estimated to last about ________ ms in ideal conditions.

A) 10
B) 200
C) 500
D) 1000

Question 21

Stimulus persistence has been studied for auditory stimuli. Efron (1970b) found that no matter how long the actual tone lasted, participants perceived the tone as at least ________ ms in duration.

A) 130
B) 500
C) 730
D) 1000

Question 22

In Vincent Di Lollo's experiment (1980), participants were presented with 12 dots placed at random on a 5×5 matrix, which had 25 potential locations. Following an interstimulus interval, dots were placed at random in 12 of the 13 remaining locations and subjects were asked to ________.

A) indicate the location where a dot had not appeared
B) remember where a dot had not appeared in the previous iteration
C) move the dots according to a preordained pattern
D) remember where a dot had not appeared in any previous iteration

Question 23

Vincent Di Lollo's experiment (1980) found that the number of errors increased as the duration of the first set of dots increased, indicating that stimulus persistence appeared to ________, as the duration of the stimulus increased.

A) decrease
B) increase in any case
C) remain the same
D) increase, but only if coloured dots were used

Question 24

In a direct challenge to Sperling's model, Irwin and Yeomans (1986) varied the duration of the stimulus display in a partial-report paradigm experiment. They found a large effect of cue delay and ________.

A) that longer stimulus durations increased recall
B) that longer stimulus durations decreased recall
C) no effect of stimulus duration
D) that longer stimulus durations decreased recall, but only when visual contrast was low

Question 25

Taken together, the results of Di Lollo (1980) and Irwin and Yeomans (1986) suggest that stimulus persistence and information persistence are ________.

A) two separate and dissociable phenomena
B) two separate but not dissociable phenomena
C) different aspects of the same phenomenon
D) two separate but dissociable only when visual contrast was elevated

Question 26

The "dorsal stream" is ________.

A) a major pathway linking the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe with the parietal lobe
B) a major pathway linking the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe with the temporal lobe
C) a major pathway dedicated to the identification of objects and faces
D) the pathway linking the retina to the primary visual cortex

Question 27

The likely neural substrate of visual stimulus persistence is ________.

A) the dorsal stream
B) the optical pathways, from the retina to V1
C) the ventral stream
D) the frontal cortex

Question 28

The likely neural substrate of visual information persistence is ________.

A) the optical pathways, from the retina to V1
B) the putamen
C) the frontal cortex
D) the dorsal stream or the ventral stream

Question 29

Information persistence cannot be considered sensory memory because it is ________.

A) modality-independent
B) pre-categorical in nature
C) present also when the sensory systems are inactive
D) not pre-categorical in nature

Question 30

In macaque monkeys, the anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), which lies along the ventral stream, is active during iconic memory tasks. This is not surprising because the STS ________.

A) is associated with objection recognition
B) tracks changes
C) is linked to stimulus persistence
D) detects brightness

Question 31

What assumptions did early cognitive psychologists make about sensory memory?

Question 32

What were George Sperling's experiments with iconic memory (1960)?

Question 33

What is a real-world example of a situation where decisions must be made based on visual information that appears only briefly?

Question 34

What is echoic memory?

Question 35

What are the modality effect and the suffix effect in echoic memory research?

Question 36

What are stimulus persistence and information persistence?

Question 37

What parts of the brain are responsible for stimulus persistence?

Question 38

What occurred during the experiments by Di Lollo (1980) and Irwin and Yeoman (1986)? What were their main conclusions? Why are these conclusions important for sensory memory research?

Question 39

What is an example of a temporal-integration paradigm experiment and what does this experiment demonstrate? You may want to include a diagram to illustrate your answer.

Question 40

What are the relevance of dorsal and ventral streams in stimulus and information persistence? You may want to include a diagram to illustrate your answer.