Deck 8: Systemic Racism: Other Americans of Color

Question 1

Recently, researcher Celia Olivia Lacayo interviewed a random sample of 40 mostly well-educated middle-class and upper-class whites in Orange County, who:

A) overwhelming indicated that they viewed Latinos quite negatively.
B) framed Latinos as generally criminal, having too many children, lacking in motivation, and not valuing education.
C) viewed Latinos as being unable to assimilate to the white-Anglo mainstream culture.
D) All the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Recently, researcher Celia Olivia Lacayo interviewed a random sample of 40 mostly well-educated middle-class and upper-class whites in Orange County, who:

A) viewed Latinos as often a threat to American values.
B) portrayed Latinos as unmotivated and less intelligent compared to Asian Americans.
C) mostly expressed, and acted on, a desire to live segregated lives away from Latinos and African Americans.
D) All the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Recently, researcher Celia Olivia Lacayo interviewed a random sample of 40 mostly well-educated middle-class and upper-class whites in Orange County, who framed Latinos as:

A) generally criminal.
B) having too many children.
C) lacking in motivation.
D) not valuing education.
E) All the above

Answer 3

E

Question 4

For the first 200 years of colonial development, the only other non-European groups of great concern to European Americans, besides African Americans, were _____________.

A) Asian Americans.
B) Latinos.
C) Jewish Americans.
D) Native Americans.
E) people of mixed bloods, designated the Win Tribe.

Question 5

The racially framed ideas of white supremacy and superiority over those viewed as racially "inferior" were early honed by white colonizers in regard to _______________ and African Americans.

A) Asian Americans
B) Latinos
C) Jewish Americans
D) Native Americans
E) people of mixed bloods, designated the Win Tribe

Question 6

Each new immigrant group to the U.S. is placed, principally by dominant whites, somewhere on a ______________________, the still-commonplace measuring stick of social acceptability.

A) white-to-black status continuum
B) white dominance continuum
C) white hegemony continuum
D) white power continuum
E) white supremacy continuum

Question 7

Generally, the white-imposed racial continuum runs from:

A) white to black.
B) "civilized" whites to "uncivilized" blacks.
C) high intelligence whites to low intelligence blacks.
D) privilege and desirability to lack of privilege and undesirability.
E) All the above

Question 8

Legal scholar Frank Wu has used the terminology ___________ to describe how some people of color are defined as being near or at the black end of the racist continuum.

A) constructive blacks
B) positive blacks
C) productive blacks
D) progressive blacks
E) prolific blacks

Question 9

________________ are praised as being the ("model-minority") equals of whites who supposedly need no antidiscrimination protection.

A) Asian Americans
B) Latinos
C) Jewish Americans
D) Native Americans
E) people of mixed bloods, designated the Win Tribe

Question 10

The treatment of Americans of color has varied according to all the following EXCEPT:

A) time of entry.
B) size.
C) religion.
D) physical characteristics.
E) economic resources.

Question 11

When it comes to the treatment of Americans of color, in the case of _____________, whites have often emphasized a key dimension to the placement equation, that of "foreignness."

A) African Americans and Jewish Americans
B) African Americans and Native Americans
C) Asian American and Jewish Americans
D) Asian Americans and Latinos
E) Latinos and Jewish Americans

Question 12

Currently, ___________ Americans constitute the largest Asian American group, recorded at four million in the 2010 Census and recently estimated at 4.9 million.

A) Chinese
B) Filipino
C) Korean
D) Indian
E) Vietnamese

Question 13

Historian Ronald Takaki has pointed out that at an early point, ___________ immigrants were often associated "with blacks in the racial imagination of white society."

A) Chinese
B) Filipino
C) Korean
D) Indian
E) Vietnamese

Question 14

Into the late 1920s, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld state laws placing ____________ Americans in racially segregated black (not white) schools.

A) Chinese
B) Filipino
C) Korean
D) Indian
E) Vietnamese

Question 15

Coolie, a racial slur:

A) connotes somebody who performs difficult gruelling physical labor.
B) connotes somebody who was part of the indentured labor system that followed the abolition of slavery in the 1800s.
C) is nearly entirely used in relation to Asian laborers, particularly Chinese people.
D) All the above

Question 16

Mulatto, a racial slur:

A) referred to Afro-Germans, believed fathered by French Army personnel of African descent who were stationed in the Rhineland after World War I.
B) referred to ethnic groups that trace their descent to Native Americans and European settlers.
C) referred to numerous tri-racial isolate groups of the Southeastern United States.
D) referred to someone with black and white ancestors.
E) All the above

Question 17

Mongolian, a racial slur:

A) referred to one of the outdated three races proposed by Georges Cuvier in the eighteenth century, the other two groups being Caucasoid and Negroid.
B) meant Asian.
C) referred to a person of combined Spanish and Native American descent.
D) referred to a person born to (usually) a British father and an Indian mother.
E) referred to persons of mixed African and Asian ancestry.

Question 18

Over time, white Americans came to distinguish Chinese immigrants from African Americans. While both groups were framed as lazy, devious, or criminal, Chinese Americans were additionally stereotyped as _____________.

A) culturally alien.
B) ethnically foreign.
C) racially strange.
D) perpetual aliens.
E) perpetual foreigners.

Question 19

A racist law excluding "undesirable" Chinese immigrants was passed in _____ by the U.S. Congress.

A) 1700
B) 1800
C) 1782
D) 1882

Question 20

In 1896, even as he defended some rights for blacks as the lone dissenter in the Plessy v. Ferguson anti-black segregation case, the white Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan said the ________ were "so different … that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States."

A) Chinese race
B) Filipino race
C) Korean race
D) Indian race
E) Vietnamese race

Question 21

Racial Triangulation refers to:

A) Asian Americans who have been racialized relative to and through interaction with whites and blacks.
B) Native Americans who have been racialized relative to and through interaction with whites and blacks.
C) Latinos who have been racialized relative to and through interaction with whites and blacks.
D) Biracial Americans who have been racialized relative to and through interaction with whites and blacks.
E) Multiracial Americans who have been racialized relative to and through interaction with whites and blacks.

Question 22

Opposition to Japanese immigration led to the infamous ______________ between the United States and Japan, whereby under U.S. government pressure the Japanese government cut off most immigration.

A) Asian Exclusion Agreement
B) Asiatic Barred Zone Agreement
C) Gentleman's Agreement
D) Japanese Exclusion Agreement
E) National Origins Agreement

Question 23

The modest numbers of ___________ immigrants permitted into the U.S. during the 1900 to 1930 period were cut sharply to just 50 a year by the 1930s.

A) Chinese
B) Filipino
C) Korean
D) Indian
E) Vietnamese

Question 24

This Rudyard Kipling poem became a euphemism for imperialism.

A) Hymn to U.S. Expansionism
B) The Obligation of the White Savior
C) The Tears of the White Man
D) Imperial Obligations
E) The White Man's Burden

Question 25

This statute explicitly limited the privilege of naturalized citizenship to "white" immigrants.

A) The Naturalization Act of 1790
B) The Naturalization Act of 1870
C) The Naturalization Act of 1906
D) The Naturalization Act of 1910
E) The Naturalization Act of 1944

Question 26

___________________ was an 1878 landmark court decision in the U.S. that judged residents of Asian descent ineligible for naturalization.

A) In re Ah Yup
B) Korematsu v. United States
C) Takao Ozawa v. United States
D) United States v. Wong Kim Ark
E) Yick Wo v. Hopkins

Question 27

Previous court rulings that had determined that those who were partially or totally Asian were not white and were thus ineligible for citizenship remained the criterion for U.S. citizenship until the ______________________.

A) 1948 Immigration and Nationality Act.
B) 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act.
C) 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act.
D) 1970 Immigration and Nationality Act.
E) 1984 Immigration and Nationality Act.

Question 28

The first extensive discrimination targeting U.S. Latinos was aimed at ____________ in the mid-nineteenth century.

A) Cuban Americans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Salvadoran Americans
D) Stateside Puerto Ricans
E) South and Central Americans

Question 29

Well into the middle of the twentieth century, white state legislators and U.S. Congresspersons, publicly described ____________ as mixed-race "mongrels" or "inferior coloreds," often with reference to their "inferior" Indian or African "blood."

A) Cuban Americans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Salvadoran Americans
D) Stateside Puerto Ricans
E) South and Central Americans

Question 30

In some settings, in the past and the present, Mexican Americans have been able to fight discrimination better than African Americans because:

A) the white discrimination faced by Mexican Americans has often been more informal.
B) as a group Mexican Americans have historically had somewhat greater resources to draw on.
C) Mexican immigrants to the U.S. in the last century have usually had the ability to maintain strong links to their home country.
D) All the above

Question 31

In some settings, in the past and the present, Mexican Americans have been able to fight discrimination better than African Americans because:

A) the white discrimination faced by Mexican Americans has often been more informal.
B) for these immigrants and their descendants, home-country ties have generally not been destroyed by centuries of oppression, as they have been for most African Americans.
C) from the 1850s to the 1920s, people of Mexican descent on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border had a history of armed struggles against oppressive whites, struggles that inspired later generations to openly fight anti-Mexican discrimination.
D) All the above

Question 32

Some Americans with ancestral roots in Asia or Latin America have been able to alter their racialized status within the white-dominated society, but only because whites have come to see them as "better" than African Americans in terms of all the following EXCEPT:

A) cultural terms.
B) physical terms.
C) racial terms.
D) religious terms.

Question 33

At various times in history, some Asian and Latino Americans have been accepted by whites in an intermediate racial status, especially if they have all the following traits EXCEPT:

A) they are a small part of a local population.
B) their intermediate placement is of benefit to whites.
C) they have served overseas in the U.S. military.
D) they have lighter-skin.

Question 34

More recently, which of the following groups have been periodically accepted by whites as closer to the white than the black end of the old racial continuum.

A) darker-skinned middle-class Cuban Americans and South Americans
B) darker-skinned middle-class South Americans
C) working-class Japanese
D) middle-class Native Americans
E) middle-class Chinese

Question 35

When white mainstream media or other analysts say positive things about the success of certain Asian or Latino American groups, they tend to single out those who are all the following EXCEPT:

A) assimilated.
B) Christian.
C) lighter skinned.
D) white-acting.

Question 36

___________ is a demographic group whose members are perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.

A) Dominant minority
B) Honorary Aryan
C) Honorary whites
D) Middleman minority
E) Model minority

Question 37

The stereotyped model minority term and framing were originally created in the 1960s by white social scientists, media commentators, and politicians, who then sought to condemn:

A) African Americans for their active protests against white discrimination.
B) the anti-Vietnam War movement.
C) the gay rights movement.
D) the student movement.
E) All the above

Question 38

As recently as 2016, an important survey of white college students found that those who endorsed the model-minority myth in regard to greater Asian American success were more likely to view Asian Americans as ______________________________.

A) the new Jews.
B) "too smart" and "teachers' pets."
C) foreigners.
D) distinctive rivals for top positions in U.S. colleges and universities.
E) so academically focused that whites can no longer compete or have fun at U.S. colleges and universities that have large Asian American student populations.

Question 39

Harms arising from the model-minority myth include:

A) misrepresentation of the condition of relatively poor Asian Americans, of which there are many.
B) misrepresentation of the condition of Asian Americans, most of whom still suffer significant discrimination of various types at the hands of whites.
C) creation of resentment among non-Asian Americans of color because the model-minority myth is widely used to assert that the U.S. is now a racially just society.
D) All the above

Question 40

In a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, two-thirds of respondents, including majorities of whites, blacks, and Latinos reported all the following EXCEPT:

A) they agreed that immigrants' work ethic and aptitudes are advancing the country's interests.
B) they described immigrants as a societal burden.
C) they held generally positive views of certain immigrant contributions today.
D) they said that openness to non-nationals is vital to the character of the U.S.

Question 41

______________ was a 1994 ballot initiative to prohibit illegal immigrants from using non-emergency health care, public education, and other services in the State of California.

A) Proposition 187
B) Proposition 209
C) Proposition 333
D) Proposition 401

Question 42

In the 1990s, English-only advocates enacted mandates that largely eliminated bilingual (mostly Spanish-English programs) education in ___________.

A) California.
B) Arizona.
C) Massachusetts.
D) All the above

Question 43

Social science research strongly indicates that ______________ is more important in shaping increases in certain states' anti-immigrant legislation than actual numbers of immigrants.

A) a pre-existing conservative political framing
B) border security
C) economic self-interest
D) racism
E) xenophobia

Question 44

______________, a 2010 legislative Act, would require police officers to request information from any person they thought looked like an undocumented Mexican immigrant.

A) Alabama HB 56
B) Arizona Senate Bill (SB) 1070
C) The Chandler Roundup
D) Special Order 40
E) Texas Senate Bill 4

Question 45

Some social scientists have described Asian and Latino Americans as becoming white, including:

A) Joe Feagin and Kimberley Ducey
B) Nathan Glazer and Andrew Hacker
C) Michael Omi and Howard Winant
D) Mari Matsuda and Rosalind Chou
E) Michelle Hsieh and Yoko Yoshida

Question 46

A 2017 study of a farming town examined whites' segregating actions in the face of a significant increase in Latino residents, and found:

A) most whites reacted to this demographic change with nostalgia for their racial past.
B) most whites limited interracial interactions.
C) most whites privatized their lives away from the Latino residents, such as by shopping outside of town or putting their children in private schools.
D) white children adopted their parents' racial framing by segregating their own lives from Latino children.
E) All the above

Question 47

____________ and ____________ are the most likely to intermarry.

A) Asian Americans; African Americans
B) Latinos; Asian Americans
C) Latinos; African Americans
D) Whites; African Americans

Question 48

New white-Latino and white-Asian intermarriages account for ____ percent of all intermarriages.

A) 27
B) 37
C) 47
D) 57
E) 67

Question 49

One recent survey concerning racial intermarriage found all the following EXCEPT:

A) a minority of Americans surveyed view racial intermarriage as generally good.
B) a majority of Americans surveyed report that racial intermarriage made little difference or was bad for society.
C) younger respondents were the most positive about racial intermarriage.
D) better-educated respondents were the most positive about racial intermarriage.
E) newlywed respondents were the most positive about racial intermarriage.

Question 50

Erica Childs's research on white-black couples found that their white family and friends described the couples' interracial relationships as:

A) acceptable.
B) blessed by cultural differences.
C) natural.
D) non-traditional.
E) tolerable.

Question 51

In a Pew Hispanic Center survey of nearly 3,000 Latinos:

A) modest percentages of Latino groups identified their group as "white" when given the standard Census categories of white, black, Asian, American Indian, and Pacific Islander, with one exception (Cuban Americans).
B) 17 percent of the Mexican American respondents identified as white, compared to 19 percent of Puerto Ricans, 14 percent of Central Americans, and 29 percent of South Americans.
C) majorities of Mexican American and Puerto Rican respondents, from the largest Latino groups, chose Latino/Hispanic as their racial identity, as did the sample as a whole.
D) All the above

Question 52

In the 2010 U.S. Census, about ___ percent of the population identified as being from just one racial group, and just ___ percent identified as being from two or more racial groups.

A) 55; 1.3
B) 63; 1.7
C) 77; 2.1
D) 82; 2.3
E) 97; 2.9

Question 53

A 2006 Psychology Today article titled, "Mixed Race, Pretty Face?", detailed a study suggesting part-Asians are considered more beautiful than their monoracial counterparts. Such pieces lauding the beauty of mixed race peoples abound and are an example of:

A) the ethnical ambiguity is chic phenomenon.
B) mixed race chic.
C) multiracial chic.
D) the multiracial identity movement.
E) post-racial chic.

Question 54

Interviewing 46 Californians with multiracial ancestry, researchers found all the following EXCEPT:

A) those who were Asian-white in parentage were usually able to self-identify successfully as either multiracial or white.
B) those who were Latino-white in parentage were usually able to self-identify successfully as either multiracial or white.
C) those who had black-white parentage were usually able to self-identify successfully as multiracial or black.

Question 55

A person of color who has access to, utilizes, and sometimes benefits from white privilege is experiencing _________.

A) adjacency to whiteness.
B) off-white adjacency.
C) off-white contiguity.
D) off-white propinquity.
E) off-white proximity.

Question 56

Donna Jackson Nakazawa, in her book on raising multiracial children:

A) advises parents of multiracial children to "culture-proof" their homes (akin to childproofing).
B) advises parents of multiracial children to assure their children that a multiracial heritage is something to take pride in.
C) advises parents of multiracial children to create an environment that not only supports but also embraces multiculturalism.
D) optimistically accepts the common white-promoted theme that multiracial children signify a post-racial America.
E) suggests that teaching multiracial children multiculturalism means the children will be less likely to feel forced to choose one racial identity over another.

Question 57

In her interviews with parents of mixed-race children, researcher Sharon Chang found:

A) decisions made by multiracial parents are not only varied, but often tinged with uncertainty and ambivalence.
B) many multiracial parents feel that their families are becoming increasingly normalized and are central to challenging existing racial boundaries and the historical meanings of race.
C) mixed-race parents draw from their ethnic and racial backgrounds in identifying and raising their children.
D) that the importance of race, and concerns about racism, can vary significantly across the multiracial population.
E) whites often misperceive or ignore mixed-race ancestry and view and discriminate against mixed-race children based on their nonwhite ancestry.

Question 58

In a Pew Center survey:

A) one in five Asian American respondents reported facing racial discrimination in the last year.
B) one in ten Asian American respondents reported facing racist name calling in the last year.
C) one-eighth or more of Asian American respondents indicated that being Asian hurt them in looking for a job.
D) one-eighth or more of Asian American respondents indicated that being Asian hurt them in seeking admission to college.
E) All the above

Question 59

In an in-depth interview study involving 43 middle-class Asian Americans, researchers Rosalind Chou and Joe Feagin found:

A) middle-class Asian Americans rarely described facing discrimination from whites in schooling.
B) middle-class Asian Americans infrequently described facing discrimination from whites in policing.
C) middle-class Asian Americans occasionally described facing discrimination from whites in business.
D) middle-class Asian Americans frequently described facing discrimination from whites in employment settings.
E) All the above

Question 60

In 2017, analysts summarized patterns of anti-Asian discrimination, including:

A) Asian job applicants with "whitened" first names receiving a seven percent higher callback rate than those with "ethnically Asian" first names.
B) Asian renters and home buyers being told about and shown fewer units than whites with the same economic background.
C) Asian home buyers being offered less financial help.
D) discriminatory religious profiling and unlawful surveillance by the New York Police Department (NYPD).
E) All the above

Question 61

In her study of employment discrimination, Lei Lai found:

A) Asian American employees face glass ceilings in a number of employment settings, ceilings that often severely limit promotion opportunities.
B) Asian Americans appear to be less active in complaining about employment discrimination.
C) everyday discrimination faced by Asian Americans was associated with many chronic conditions.
D) All the above

Question 62

Model minority imagery:

A) deflects public attention from the more serious negative stereotypes that Asian Americans face.
B) keeps Asian Americans from being seen as "real" Americans.
C) frustrates attempts by less advantaged Asian Americans to secure the government support they need.
D) All the above

Question 63

_________________ research examines how race shapes public policy in areas such as redistricting, economic development, and historic preservation.

A) Sharon Chang's
B) Erica Childs's
C) Shilpa Davé's
D) Claire Jean Kim's
E) Leland Saito's

Question 64

In her recent study of the portrayals of Americans of South Asian descent in film and television, Shilpa Davé found:

A) onscreen representations that are often racialized in terms of language accents that clearly signal that the speakers are both "brown" and "foreign."
B) onscreen representations are often racialized in terms of "the little foreigner that could" (i.e., the model-minority myth).
C) "foreigner" to be the most predominately onscreen stereotype for both male and female Americans of South Asian descent.
D) male Americans of South Asian descent are dehumanized sexually, while female Americans of South Asian descent are made sexually available, which serves to confirm white male supremacy.
E) much racebending, a term that refers to changing the race of a character of color to white.

Question 65

In her/his recent study of the portrayals of Americans of South Asian descent in film and television, ____________ found common subplots, such as arranged marriages to contrast Indian cultural practices with white American ideas of romance.

A) Sharon Chang
B) Erica Childs
C) Shilpa Davé
D) Claire Jean Kim
E) Leland Saito

Question 66

Model-minority imagery circulated in the mainstream media deflects public attention from Asian community problems, including the fact that:

A) eight of 19 Asian American groups (for example, the Hmong at 28.3 percent) has a higher percentage of people living below the poverty line than does the U.S. population as a whole.
B) Vietnamese and Korean Americans have a poverty rate close to the national average.
C) Korean immigrants experience negative effects on their mental health in their first years in the U.S. and significant mental problems later, as well.
D) All the above

Question 67

Studies concerning white racial framing and discrimination of Latino Americans found:

A) educated whites in a major California county accented a racist framing that portrayed Latinos generally as having a "third world" culture quite inferior to that of white Americans.
B) educated whites in a major California county viewed Latinos as a threat to the dominant white-Anglo culture.
C) over half of whites admitted to holding anti-Latino views.
D) large percentages of whites signaling negative views of Latinos on Implicit Association Tests (IAT).
E) All the above

Question 68

_______________ is a dehumanizing term to denote a child born to a noncitizen mother in a country which has birthright citizenship, especially when viewed as providing a benefit to family members pursuing legal residency or secure citizenship.

A) Alien babies
B) Anchor babies
C) Birth tourists
D) Foothold babies
E) Mooring babies

Question 69

Conservative white legislators have tried to pass a so-called ________________, which requires one parent of a U.S.-born child to be a citizen or legal resident for that child to gain citizenship.

A) Birthright Citizenship Act
B) Birthtourism Act
C) Jus soli ("right of the soil") Act
D) United States Citizenship Act
E) United States Nationality Act

Question 70

Sociologist Hilario Molina interviewed mostly Mexican immigrant day-laborers, who reported:

A) at least one instance of wage theft (nonpayment or underpayment) in the two months prior to being surveyed.
B) being insulted, cited, and arrested by police.
C) being denied food or water breaks at work.
D) encountering significant stereotyping at the hands of Mexican American subcontractors they had to directly work with.
E) violence after employers had taken advantage of them, belittling their work performance, or paying less than the contracted price.

Question 71

In a national sample of 800 Latino adults, more than two-thirds reported facing everyday discrimination, including all the following discriminatory situations EXCEPT:

A) paid less than the contracted price as day-laborers.
B) others acting as though they were very afraid of them.
C) being racially threatened.
D) treated with less respect than others.

Question 72

Discrimination against Latinos is particularly commonplace in __________ and __________ areas.

A) southern; southeastern
B) southern; southwestern
C) northern; northeastern
D) northern; northwestern

Question 73

More than two-thirds of working-class Latino Americans in towns and cities in several southern states reported they had regularly been the victims of significant anti-Latino hostility and discrimination, including:

A) routinely cheated out of their earnings.
B) denied basic health and safety protections.
C) regularly subjected to racial profiling and harassment by law enforcement.
D) frequently forced to prove themselves innocent of immigration violations, regardless of their legal status.
E) All the above

Question 74

In studies of professionals of color in government and non-profit workplaces, a large majority of the Hispanic male professionals, and a large majority of the Hispanic female professionals, reported:

A) being discriminated against personally when trying to vote or participate in politics.
B) being increasingly fearful of reporting racially motivated crimes and incidents to law enforcement.
C) racial, gender, or other discrimination.
D) a spike in immigration raids in their areas in the first few weeks of the Trump administration.
E) All the above

Question 75

Housing discrimination is a serious problem for many Latinos, including:

A) discriminatory legislation targeting Latino immigrants, especially those who do working-class jobs.
B) laws limiting the number of people in a house.
C) selectively enforced pre-existing, but little used occupancy restrictions, to make Latino immigrants' lives so difficult they will leave white-dominated communities.
D) All the above

Question 76

In Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, when several whites beat a Mexican American to death while yelling racist epithets and "This is America. Go back to Mexico." The attackers were sentenced to _____________.

A) nine years in prison.
B) 20-40 years in prison.
C) 25 years to life.
D) life without parole.
E) death.

Question 77

As a presidential candidate and then president, Donald Trump put his racialized framing of Latinos into action:

A) as he sought to build a huge border wall with Mexico.
B) in his threats to set-up a massive deportation program, like the 1950s racialized "Operation Wetback" program.
C) in his pardon of a white Arizona sheriff who had been convicted for contempt of court and who had his officers racially profile Latinos in their everyday rounds.
D) All of the above

Question 78

______________ are ignored in most health equity studies.

A) Afro Latinos
B) Mexican Americans
C) Puerto Ricans
D) Cuban Americans
E) Salvadoran Americans

Question 79

A rare recent study established that health disparities between ___________ and lighter-skinned Latinos strongly mirrored those between non-Latino black and white Americans.

A) Afro Latinos
B) Dominican Americans
C) Guatemalan Americans
D) Colombian Americans
E) Honduran Americans

Question 80

Recent research indicates that well-institutionalized discrimination has slowed the socioeconomic success of major Latino groups, such as the largest group, ___________.

A) Afro Latinos.
B) Mexican Americans.
C) Puerto Ricans.
D) Cuban Americans.
E) Salvadoran Americans.