Deck 6: More Racial Oppression: Other Institutional Sectors

Question 1

All the following statements concerning spatial racism are true, EXCEPT:

A) one statistical measure of residential segregation, the index of dissimilarity, has slowly decreased for metropolitan areas in regard to white-black segregation over recent decades.
B) half of all black persons and 40 percent of all Latinos live in neighborhoods without a white presence.
C) the average white person lives in a neighborhood that is nearly 80 percent white.
D) segregation of Asian Americans from whites in metropolitan areas is essentially non-existent, though it is usually significantly less than for black and Latino Americans.
E) segregation in metropolitan areas of Asian Americans from whites still exists, though it is usually significantly less than for black and Latino Americans.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The ____________________ can be used as a measure of segregation.

A) diversity index
B) index of dissimilarity
C) isolation index
D) Kullback-Leibler distance
E) self-dissimilarity

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One important social science study asked 800 adults in the Chicago area to describe their image of a racially ideal community. Which of the following did the social science researchers not find?

A) Most white, black, and Latino respondents communicated that their ideal community would be a diverse one where their racial group was less than half the population.
B) Black and Latino respondents mostly house-hunted in diverse areas where their racial group was less than half the population.
C) Black respondents routinely chose to live segregated from other racial groups.
D) White respondents mostly house-hunted in, and chose to reside in, communities where whites were the vast majority.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

One important social science study asked 800 adults in the Chicago area to describe their image of a racially ideal community. Which of the following did the social science researchers not find?

A) White respondents routinely chose to live in majority-white neighborhoods.
B) White respondents did not routinely chose to live in majority-white neighborhoods.
C) Black respondents did not routinely choose to live in majority-black neighborhoods.
D) White respondents said that an area with many African Americans or Arab Americans is their least ideal area.

Question 5

One important social science study asked 800 adults in the Chicago area to describe their image of a racially ideal community. White respondents said that an area with many African Americans or Arab Americans is their least ideal area because:

A) neighborhood quality would likely be poorer.
B) cultural dissimilarities would be great.
C) crime would be substantial.
D) qualities of schools would be poorer.
E) All the above

Question 6

Research has shown:

A) when a predominantly white area becomes more than about eight percent black, whites consider moving out.
B) when a predominantly white area reaches about 20 percent black, many whites will not consider moving in.
C) entry into white residential spaces has often been difficult or dangerous for black individuals and black families.
D) most heavily white spaces remain difficult or dangerous for black individuals and black families, even today.
E) All the above

Question 7

In a significant 1968 Supreme Court decision, ___________________, a relatively progressive U.S. Supreme Court referred to contemporary discrimination as "a relic of slavery."

A) Allen v. State Board of Elections
B) Banks v. California
C) Black Unity League of Kentucky v. Miller
D) Grunenthal v. Long Island Railroad Company
E) Jones et ux. v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.

Question 8

One recent study concluded that black and Latino urbanites, especially in more segregated larger cities, are much more likely than white urbanites there to:

A) have neighbors with meager socioeconomic resources.
B) endure inferior city services.
C) deal with street crime on a recurring basis.
D) All the above

Question 9

A major government report on housing discrimination described research using large-scale paired-testing (a white tester and a tester of color) in 28 metropolitan areas. Researchers found all the following EXCEPT:

A) homeseekers of color were more likely than similarly qualified white homeseekers to be shown fewer rental units and houses.
B) Asian homeseekers were more likely than similarly qualified black and Hispanic homeseekers to be shown fewer rental units and houses.
C) black and Asian renters, whose race is readily identifiable based on name and speech, are significantly more likely to be denied an appointment than minorities perceived to be white.
D) during in-person visits, renters who are identifiably black, Hispanic, or Asian are shown fewer units than minorities who are perceived to be white.

Question 10

Various housing discrimination studies found which of the following?

A) Boston landlords were significantly more willing to show apartments to prospective tenants with white-sounding names than those with black-sounding names.
B) In Ohio, the vast majority (80 percent) of rental and home-buying discrimination involved African Americans, even though African Americans were only 18 percent of the area's population.
C) Black Ohioan women were the most likely to report rental and home-buying discrimination.
D) Once housed, some African American renters and homebuyers in Ohio faced racially differential treatment in regard to pets or rental conditions, or direct racial harassment.
E) All the above

Question 11

Sociologists Maria Krysan and Reynolds Farley examined responses of 2000 black respondents in several U.S. cities to questions about neighborhood-mix preferences. The average black respondent:

A) was open to living in a diverse neighborhood.
B) preferred a 50-50 black-white mix.
C) was willing to consider any residential mix with a visible black presence.
D) usually did not prefer a mostly black community.
E) All the above

Question 12

Only since the ______ have federal regulations sought to ban lending discrimination.

A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s
E) 1980s

Question 13

___________ describes the discriminatory practice of fencing off areas where banks would avoid investments based on community demographics.

A) Gentrification
B) Inclusionary zoning
C) Redlining
D) Residential segregation
E) White flight

Question 14

A recent investigation by ProPublica and Consumer Reports of auto insurance premiums in Missouri, Texas, Illinois, and California found that certain leading insurers charge people of color in numerous neighborhoods on average, ________ percent more than white neighborhoods with a similar level of insurance risk.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50

Question 15

A significant aspect of the Great Recession (2008-2010) involved white lending officials' discriminatory lending practices, including all the following EXCEPT:

A) regularly channeling black and Latino homeowners into subprime (high-interest) home loans when they would have qualified for regular-interest, less risky loans.
B) regularly channeling poor white homeowners into subprime (high-interest) home loans when they would have qualified for regular-interest, less risky loans.
C) ensuring black and Latino homebuyers were more than twice as likely as white homebuyers to receive expensive subprime mortgages, even after loan amounts and household incomes were taken into account.
D) expanding loans to families of color and making substantial profits even though lenders knew the families would have trouble repaying the loans.
E) granting high-interest loans for second mortgages to unsuspecting customers of color with the argument that the latter could use their home equities for important needs such as paying medical bills.

Question 16

Effects on families and communities of color of white lending officials' discriminatory lending practices during the Great Recession (2008-2010) included:

A) many black and Latino homeowners losing their homes to foreclosures, thereby losing billions of dollars in assets.
B) many working-class white homeowners losing their homes to foreclosures, thereby losing billions of dollars in assets.
C) lenders and investors holding repossessed homes of Native American families and allowing them to deteriorate.
D) lenders and investors holding repossessed homes of Asian American families and allowing them to deteriorate.

Question 17

A major 2018 study by the Center for Investigative Reporting searched 31 million loan records in 61 metropolitan areas and found all the following EXCEPT:

A) many lenders turned away blacks at significantly higher rates than whites in 48 cities.
B) many lenders turned away Latinos at significantly higher rates than whites in 25 cities.
C) many lenders turned away Asians at significantly higher rates than whites in nine cities.
D) many leaders turned away Native Americans at significantly higher rates than whites in three cities.
E) many leaders turned away working-class whites at significantly higher rates than middle-class whites in two cities.

Question 18

A major 2018 study by the Center for Investigative Reporting searched 31 million loan records in 61 metropolitan areas and found:

A) many lenders regularly and very disproportionately excluded applicants of color from mortgage loans, even when the applicants were well-qualified for loans.
B) in Washington, D.C., blacks, Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans were significantly more likely to be denied a home loan than whites.
C) in many metropolitan areas, large areas of the cities were redlined
D) qualified homebuyers seeking loans in areas where the residents were disproportionately people of color often had more trouble getting loans than elsewhere.
E) All the above

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding homeownership among African Americans?

A) From 2000 to 2015, the rate of black homeownership plunged to approximately 41 percent.
B) Average wealth for African Americans who are homeowners is much higher than for those who are renters.
C) The average white household among those aged 47-64 years has housing wealth of about $67,000, whereas the average African American household in the same age cohort has no home equity.
D) Far more whites than blacks use home equity wealth for children's college educations, to sustain a normal retirement, and for other life enhancements.
E) All the above

Question 20

Of the housing discrimination complaints filed annually:

A) less than one-third are resolved in a way that is satisfactory to the complainant.
B) more than one-half are resolved in a way that is satisfactory to the complainant.
C) most involve stiff penalties for the discriminators, which discourages further discrimination.
D) most are processed to the satisfaction of the targets of the illegal discrimination.

Question 21

Over the last ten years the number of race-based complaints filed annually with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has been in the _________ range.

A) 5,000-13,000
B) 15,000-23,000
C) 28,000-36,000
D) 42,000-50,000
E) 61,000-69,000

Question 22

Numerous research studies show that in the hiring process, workers of color are less likely to obtain jobs than whites with equivalent credentials, including:

A) a study that examined job opportunities for recent college graduates and found that black applicants received 14 percent fewer calls for interviews than whites with identical resumes.
B) a Milwaukee study in which 34 percent of white applicants were called back versus 14 percent of equally qualified black applicants.
C) a study of hiring at upscale restaurants in New York City that found that applicants of color were less likely than white applicants to be interviewed for open positions and were a little more than half as likely to get an offer of employment as white applicants.
D) a study of Los Angeles hotel employers that found that almost all preferred immigrant Latino workers to native-born black workers for maid jobs.
E) All the above

Question 23

Black athletes face all the following EXCEPT:

A) negative perceptions and stereotypes.
B) academic clustering.
C) low graduation rates.
D) exploitation of their academic knowledge off the playing field.
E) isolation and marginalization from the larger university populace.

Question 24

White men overwhelmingly dominate in the head coach, athletic director, and other leadership positions in the major Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) schools and conferences, holding nearly ______ percent of these usually well-paid positions.

A) 33
B) 50
C) 63
D) 75
E) 87

Question 25

Black players are ___________ of Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) college players.

A) less than half
B) nearly half
C) half
D) more than half

Question 26

Which of the following has seen improved representation of people of color in coaching and other management ranks in recent years?

A) Major League Baseball (MLB)
B) National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
C) National Basketball Association (NBA)
D) National Football League (NFL)
E) National Hockey League (NHL)

Question 27

Census data and social science surveys of hundreds of workers in a wide array of occupational groups in the largest U.S. municipalities reveal that racial bias in job recruiting adversely impacts job opportunities for workers of color, even when all the following EXCEPT ______________ is considered.

A) gender
B) age
C) physical or mental conditions that limit workers' movements, senses, or activities
D) scope of workers' networks

Question 28

A study by Christopher Boulton of the advertising industry involved observational studies and interviews with interns and practitioners at major agencies. He found:

A) much favoritism for white applicants and employees.
B) the use of established white networks to secure employment in the industry.
C) the use of exclusionary white networks to secure employment in the industry.
D) a strong concern among those doing the hiring about how a new employee might fit into existing white work groups.
E) All the above

Question 29

A research study of advertising agencies, many of them part of large global firms, found that African Americans made up approximately _____ percent of all advertising managers and professionals.

A) five
B) ten
C) fifteen
D) twenty
E) twenty-five

Question 30

A representative survey of active-duty service members of the U.S. Army found:

A) some 27 percent of black and Latino officers surveyed reported racial discrimination in their military units.
B) among enlisted personnel surveyed, 24 percent of blacks had faced racial discrimination.
C) among enlisted personnel surveyed, 19 percent of Latinos had faced racial discrimination.
D) All the above

Question 31

A representative survey of active-duty service members of the U.S. Army found all the following EXCEPT:

A) a majority of white officers thought there was less discrimination in the military than in the civilian sector.
B) a majority of white enlisted personnel thought there was more discrimination in the military than in the civilian sector.
C) less than a majority of black enlisted personnel thought there was less discrimination in the military than in the civilian sector.
D) less than a majority of Latino enlisted personnel thought there was less discrimination in the military than in the civilian sector.

Question 32

A survey of 366 professionals of color who had gone through the National Urban Fellows leadership program reported racial discrimination, including all the following EXCEPT:

A) a substantial majority of the professionals of color surveyed reported experiencing some type of racial, gender, or other discrimination.
B) approximately 80 percent of the black male professionals and 78 percent of the black female professionals surveyed reported experiencing discrimination.
C) significant proportions of the Asian and Hispanic American female professionals surveyed reported experiencing discrimination.
D) Asian American female professionals surveyed reported facing more discrimination than Asian American male professionals.
E) Hispanic female professionals surveyed reported facing more discrimination than Hispanic male professionals.

Question 33

A survey of 366 professionals of color who had gone through the National Urban Fellows leadership program reported significant proportions of Asian and Hispanic American professionals faced discrimination, including:

A) 66 percent of Hispanic men.
B) 71 percent of Hispanic women.
C) 57 percent of Asian American men.
D) 46 percent of Asian American women.
E) All the above

Question 34

A survey of 366 professionals of color who had gone through the National Urban Fellows leadership program reported various kinds of discrimination, including all the following EXCEPT:

A) blocked promotions.
B) racially biased comments.
C) lack of professional opportunities.
D) a collective campaign (i.e., mobbing) by white co-workers to exclude, punish, and humiliate them.
E) lack of respectful acknowledgment of their work.

Question 35

Most complaints of harassment filed with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), including such things as racist slurs, blocked access to job resources, and physical threats, have been filed by ____________ workers.

A) African American
B) Asian American
C) Latino
D) Native American
E) white

Question 36

African American employees who deem their racial work climate "negative," report all the following EXCEPT:

A) more job turnover.
B) less work satisfaction.
C) more experiences of exclusion from committees and positions of responsibility.
D) more work-related health problems.

Question 37

Researchers who examined data for 245 employees in several workplaces, found:

A) African American workers were more likely to be aware of racial harassment in the workplace than whites, including those in the same workplaces.
B) Asian American workers were more likely to be aware of racial harassment in the workplace than whites, including those in the same workplaces.
C) Latino workers were more likely to be aware of racial harassment in the workplace than whites, including those in the same workplaces.
D) Native American workers were more likely to be aware of racial harassment in the workplace than whites, including those in the same workplaces.
E) All the above

Question 38

Senior executives interviewed by the Executive Leadership Council said they valued racial diversity amongst company management, explaining that black women's underrepresentation among senior managers was due to:

A) poor efforts by the women involved.
B) structural or policy-based barriers that hinder their participation.
C) strong patriarchal systems that make it difficult for them to break into this white male dominated world.
D) dirty politics.
E) All the above

Question 39

Research on corporate advancement found that:

A) scarcely one percent of senior corporate executives are black women and three percent are black men; whereas, 77 percent of senior corporate executives are white men.
B) a small percentage of senior executives cite discrimination for lack of racial diversity amongst company management.
C) most senior executives tend to blame black employees for lack of racial diversity amongst company management.
D) senior executives seldom explain lack of racial diversity on higher-level white executives for poor mentoring and other subtle or overt discrimination.
E) All the above

Question 40

Research has found that most senior executives tend to blame black employees for lack of racial diversity amongst company management, suggesting the latter:

A) should take on more challenging assignments.
B) listen to advice.
C) are detrimental to the organization.
D) are not team players.
E) are troublemakers.

Question 41

Research has found that most senior executives tend to blame black employees for lack of racial diversity amongst company management, suggesting the latter:

A) ask too many questions.
B) should plan their careers better.
C) do not share the company's culture.
D) have difficult personalities.
E) are not sufficiently social.

Question 42

Fortune magazine has underscored the reality of black women as double outsiders in corporate America via:

A) their demoralization.
B) the overlooking of their credentials.
C) the diminishment of their accomplishments.
D) cultural slights.
E) All the above

Question 43

Researchers at the Urban Institute have estimated that black workers today lose more than ________ in wages each year because of the overt and subtle employment discrimination they face, dollars that substantially remain in employers' hands.

A) $100 million
B) $500 million
C) $1 billion
D) $50 billion
E) $120 billion

Question 44

Today, a majority of black men are employed in the following EXCEPT:

A) moderate-wage clerical jobs.
B) relatively low-paying blue-collar jobs.
C) managerial jobs disproportionately servicing black clients or consumers.
D) professional jobs disproportionately servicing black clients or consumers.
E) part-time work.

Question 45

Today, a majority of black women tend to be concentrated in:

A) moderate-wage clerical jobs.
B) service jobs.
C) unskilled blue-collar jobs.
D) professional and managerial jobs substantially oriented to black clients or consumers.
E) All the above

Question 46

This term signals that white businesspeople are at least dimly aware of the non-meritocratic ways in which the vested interests of whites are commonly protected and extended to the disadvantage of businesspeople who are not white.

A) cronyism
B) good old boy networks
C) in-group favoritism
D) in-group homogeneity
E) racial nepotism

Question 47

________________ suggests the important concept of systemic gendered racism for the complexity of societal pressures and discriminatory conditions that black female entrepreneurs routinely face today.

A) Philomena Essed
B) Patricia Hill Collins
C) Yanick St. Jean
D) Ruth Thompson-Miller
E) Adia Harvey Wingfield

Question 48

Adia Harvey Wingfield studied black female entrepreneurs who started beauty salons and found they faced significant discriminatory barriers, including all the following EXCEPT:

A) lenders' discriminatory practices.
B) owners' limited social networks.
C) white patrons' unwillingness to patronize their establishments.
D) discrimination from the people they hired.

Question 49

_____________ is the deeply held conception in most people's minds of effective leaders necessarily being white or white male.

A) White archetype
B) White exemplar
C) White mentality
D) White paragon
E) White prototype

Question 50

About three-quarters of black students and 80 percent of Latino students currently attend a school that has ______ percent of students of color.

A) 10-30
B) 20-50
C) 30-70
D) 40-80
E) 50-100

Question 51

Large percentages of students of color attend schools that have ______ percent white students.

A) 0-10
B) 10-20
C) 20-30
D) 30-40
E) 40-50

Question 52

Highly segregated schools generally have ____________ than predominantly white schools.

A) more children from low-income families
B) relatively fewer dollars spent per student
C) less-experienced teachers
D) All the above

Question 53

In _______________, a conservative Supreme Court majority made it clear that they viewed largescale resegregation of public schools to be constitutional, so long as it was not done with overtly expressed racist motivation.

A) Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
B) Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
C) Green v. New Kent County (1968)
D) Freeman v. Pitts (1992)
E) Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

Question 54

President George W. Bush's main legacy in education is the _______________.

A) Blair Education Bill.
B) Goals 2000: Educate America Act.
C) National Defense Education Act.
D) No Child Left Behind Act.
E) Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act.

Question 55

A recent New York City study found that upper-middle-class white parents:

A) desire a racially diverse education for their children.
B) choose predominantly white schools and programs in their school district.
C) do not want their children to attend a mostly white school.
D) do not want their children to attend a school with a small minority of whites amongst a majority of low-income children of color.
E) All the above

Question 56

David Figlio analysed the scores of some 55,000 children in a school district of Florida and concluded:

A) that black students with unusual names learn impulse control because they are racially teased or get used to white students and teachers asking about their names.
B) that black students with supposedly black-sounding names averaged lower scores on reading and math tests.
C) that black girls who are given names more common among boys are more likely to develop behavioral problems when they reach puberty.
D) that black boys with uncommon first names are more likely to drop out of school.
E) All the above

Question 57

Today, younger black Americans are ____________ to have completed high school compared to white Americans.

A) less likely
B) only a little less likely
C) significantly less likely
D) as likely
E) more likely

Question 58

Today, more than ______ percent of black Americans attain a high school diploma.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80
E) 90

Question 59

Generally speaking, white middle-class students have a better-resourced pre-college education, which gives them an edge in:

A) scoring well on conventional entrance tests.
B) enrolling in higher-status colleges and universities.
C) completing college programs.
D) in competing for better-paying jobs.
E) All the above

Question 60

A 2017 report by the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center examined data on graduation rates for part-time and full-time college students who had begun two-year or four-year college programs in fall 2010. They found:

A) the percentages who got degrees or certificates within six years varied little by racial group.
B) white students graduated at a 62 percent rate; whereas, black, Latino, and Asian students graduated at a 38 percent, 46 percent, and 51 percent rate, respectively.
C) degree completion rates were much less at the two-year colleges, which students of color are more likely to be able to attend.
D) degree completion rates were much higher at the two-year colleges, which students of color are more likely to be able to attend.

Question 61

Studies of top colleges and universities have found:

A) that black students are now more underrepresented at the nation's top colleges and universities than they were 35 years ago.
B) that black students are now less underrepresented at the nation's top colleges and universities than they were 35 years ago.
C) that Latino students are now less underrepresented at the nation's top colleges and universities than they were 35 years ago.
D) that the probability of enrolling in a highly selective college is two times greater for white students than black students.
E) that the probability of enrolling in a highly selective college is three times greater for white students than Latino students.

Question 62

In 2017-2018 alone, many predominantly white campuses experienced a great array of racist incidents and events, including:

A) white violence against students of color.
B) white-supremacist signs and graffiti posted across campuses.
C) white Greek and other student organizations engaging in racist skits and parties.
D) student-invited speeches by extreme white nationalists.
E) All the above

Question 63

A recent study by sociologists Ruben May and Pat Goldsmith found that:

A) bouncers at nightclubs' doors periodically use differences in clothing styles to exclude black men.
B) bouncers at nightclubs' doors are more reluctant to allow groups of black men entry than groups of white men.
C) bouncers at nightclubs' doors are more likely to refuse entry if a black man is drunk and disorderly than if a white man is drunk and disorderly.
D) All the above

Question 64

Studies of discrimination in restaurants revealed:

A) poor service received by African Americans that seemed racially motivated.
B) African Americans regularly being seated at undesirable tables.
C) commonplace negative views of black customers by white servers, including their views of dining and tipping behavior.
D) acknowledgment by white servers that they had periodically heard racist comments and racist code words from coworkers, often about customers.
E) All the above

Question 65

One Gallup poll found that _____ of black shoppers felt they were not treated as well as whites in downtown or mall stores.

A) less than half
B) nearly half
C) half
D) more than half

Question 66

A report by the New Jersey Citizen Action group cited data for that state, and nationally, that showed financing mark-up charges for black buyers averaged _______ percent higher than for white buyers.

A) 20-30
B) 30-40
C) 40-50
D) 50-60
E) 60-70

Question 67

The DOS commands of "master" disk and "slave" disk prompt, as _________ points out, reinscribe the master/slave narrative into the level of computer code.

A) Tarana Burke
B) Anna Everett
C) Philomena Essed
D) Yanick St. Jean
E) Adia Harvey Wingfield

Question 68

A study of a diverse group of 264 teenagers found:

A) twenty-nine percent of the black youth had directly experienced racial hostility and other racialized mistreatment online.
B) forty-two percent of non-black youth of color had directly experienced racial hostility and other racialized mistreatment online.
C) seventy-one percent of the black youth and 67 percent of the other youth of color reported that they had seen online hostility and racialization being experienced by others.
D) individual discrimination experienced by adolescents of color had a significant negative impact on them, in such areas as increasing anxiety and depression.
E) All the above

Question 69

A study of a diverse group of 264 teenagers found that youth of color had directly experienced racial hostility and other racialized mistreatment online:

A) on social network sites.
B) in discussion forums.
C) in online gaming.
D) in text-messaging.
E) All the above

Question 70

Data on ________ mortality provide a dramatic indication of the great impact of accumulating racism on African Americans.

A) crude
B) age-specific
C) infant
D) maternal
E) under-5

Question 71

The most recent black infant mortality rate is _________ the white infant mortality rate.

A) less than twice
B) nearly twice
C) twice
D) more than twice

Question 72

Research, including a major 2017 survey, reveal:

A) one-fifth of black respondents indicate that blacks in their area often face discrimination in seeking medical care.
B) one-fifth of black respondents reported that they had sometimes avoided medical care because they were afraid of racial discrimination.
C) patients of color treated for physical or mental illness are less likely than comparable white patients to get adequate care.
D) patients of color are more likely to have their pain underestimated by healthcare providers.
E) All the above

Question 73

One study of racial attitudes using the online Implicit Association Test (IAT) examined the responses of 2500 people who self-identified as physicians and found all the following EXCEPT:

A) some 70 percent implicitly preferred whites to blacks, with men having a stronger preference than women.
B) white physicians had the strongest implicit white preference.
C) black physicians showed no implicit white or implicit black preference.
D) white and black physicians showed an implicit dislike of Latino immigrants.

Question 74

A Harvard study examined the connection between explicit and unconscious racial bias of 287 Boston and Atlanta physicians and their thrombolysis recommendations for white and black patients.

A) The physicians showed no overt bias for white or black patients on explicit questions about racial matters.
B) The physicians showed a pro-white, anti-black bias on the Implicit Association Tests (IAT) given to them.
C) As the physicians' pro-white bias increased, so did their likelihood of treating white and black patients differently in regard to medical procedures.
D) All the above

Question 75

Research by the pathbreaking researcher ___________ and his associates continues to demonstrate widespread problems with toxic wastes for communities of color, from San Francisco to Houston to New York City.

A) Robert Bullard
B) Joe Feagin
C) David Nibert
D) John Sorenson

Question 76

The use of _____________ has greatly changed the way we visualize, understand, and analyze racial bias within the United States and the globe.

A) counter-mapping
B) cyber geographic information science and systems (CyberGIS)
C) digital geologic mapping
D) Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
E) spatial racism analysis

Question 77

Robert Bullard and Beverly Wright note that today the main government environmental protection approach:

A) is white-framed and racially inegalitarian.
B) institutionalizes unequal enforcement.
C) trades human health for profit.
D) places the burden of proof on the 'victims' and not on the polluting industry
E) All the above

Question 78

Black residents are less likely to cross racial-territorial boundaries of towns and cities than white residents.

Question 79

Typically, blacks spend proportionately less time interacting with whites than whites spend interacting with blacks.

Question 80

Segregation between places (e.g., city-suburb or suburb-suburb) may be increasing, even as overall metro-neighborhood segregation declines.