Deck 16: Indirect and Implicit Measures of Cognition and Affect

Question 1

Participants were asked to write down the first thing that comes to mind when reading the following statement: "When I walk in my neighborhood, I always feel good about." This would be an example of what type of indirect measure?

A) a Thematic Apperception Test
B) a sentence completion task
C) supraliminal priming
D) a recognition measure

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT considered a "social cognition" methodology? (circle all that apply)

A) Thematic Apperception Test
B) the Stroop effect
C) recording eye-gaze
D) sequential priming

Answer 2

A,D

Question 3

Eye gaze would be considered an indirect/implicit measure of _____(a)_____; tests of the Stroop effect would be considered an indirect/implicit measure of _____(b)_____.

A) memory; attention
B) attention; memory
C) memory; memory
D) attention; attention

Answer 3

D

Question 4

With _____(a)_____ tasks, the researcher is interested in the types of memory errors made by respondents; in _____(b)_____ tasks, the researcher is interested in the accuracy of respondents' memories.

A) recall; recall
B) recall; recognition
C) recognition; recall
D) recognition; recognition

Question 5

With false recognition tasks, research has revealed how some information gets encoded in memory. What are some of the possible effects that would be found in studies with a false recognition task? (circle all that apply)

A) participants are more likely to misremember the presence of certain personality traits in a target person if those traits are consistent with traits that were presented with the target person
B) participants tend to confuse male targets with other male targets in a discussion group when determining "who said what," and similarly confuse Black male targets with other Black male targets more so than with other White male targets in the same group
C) when asked to recite a list of remembered words, words that were positioned at the beginning and end of the list are more likely to be remembered
D) the processing speed of remembering stereotype-consistent information is faster than remembering stereotype-inconsistent information

Question 6

To manipulate participants' feelings of uncertainty (or certainty), researchers had participants write about a time when they felt very uncertain (certain) about their self, their relationship, or their future. This would be an example of:

A) subliminal priming
B) sequential priming
C) supraliminal priming
D) a cued recall task

Question 7

Why is it that we can use response latency as an implicit measurement of a participant's internal states? (circle all that apply)

A) people take longer to respond when they see something they do not like
B) it takes less time to respond when there are preexisting associations between stimuli in a participant's memory (i.e., the association is "automatic")
C) it takes more cognitive effort (and therefore a longer amount of time) to process information that seems contradictory or requires "thinking about it"
D) people respond faster when they do not have to be consciously aware of the stimuli that are presented to them

Question 8

Which of the following types of measurements or tasks provide insight into the automaticity of certain associations in our memory?

A) fMRI imaging
B) sentence completion tasks
C) IAT studies
D) cognitive busyness studies

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a social psychophysiological measurement of, or technique for measuring, affective or cognitive processes?

A) assessing the amount of oxygenated blood in certain areas of the brain
B) putting sensors on different parts of the face to detect tiny facial twitches
C) assessing the amount that a person is currently sweating
D) sending magnetic waves through specific parts of the brain
E) all of these are psychophysiological measurements or measurement techniques

Question 10

Which of the following issues is NOT a criticism or limitation of psychophysiological assessments of internal states (e.g., attitudes, motivations)?

A) it is impossible to decipher whether physiological arousal is attributed to positive or negative internal states
B) there is not always a one-to-one exclusive correspondence between the seemingly active regions of the brain and cognitive processes that are expected to take place in those regions
C) the devices required for making these assessments are expensive, and require a lot of training to use
D) such a blatantly artificial environment makes the external validity of such studies questionable

Question 11

The "Stroop" Task is an example of:

A) a measure of retrieval
B) a measure of memory
C) a measure of perception
D) a measure of attention
E) none of the above

Question 12

If a participant's eye gaze is directed toward one particular stimulus rather than other stimuli involved in the study, this is likely an indicator of:

A) greater interest in the stimulus
B) social approval of the stimulus
C) a stimulus that is difficult to process or understand
D) a negative stimulus
E) all of the above

Question 13

Research that uses recall tasks

A) is better suited for the study of memory errors
B) has found order effects in recall ability for different items
C) is most often interested in the accuracy of items recalled
D) is most often interested in the number of items recalled
E) tends to focus on "intrusions" and the reasons for these errors

Question 14

Having participants complete a series of sentence unscrambling tasks containing words meant to induce a certain mood is an example of:

A) subliminal priming
B) supraliminal priming
C) concept priming
D) parafoveal processing
E) sequential priming

Question 15

The underlying logic of _________ tasks is that positive primes should facilitate the evaluation of positively viewed target stimuli, while positive primes should inhibit judgment of negatively viewed stimuli.

A) subliminal priming
B) sequential priming
C) automatic evaluation
D) lexical decision
E) pronunciation

Question 16

Which of the following cognitive processes or components is NOT involved in the processing experienced by a participant completing the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

A) response interference
B) processing speed
C) cognitive busyness
D) automatic associations
E) explicit evaluations

Question 17

This form of psychophysiological measurement is concerned with understanding the relationship between oxygen flow in the brain and various processes and emotional states; use and interpretation of this measure requires a deep understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the different brain regions.

A) facial electromyography
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C) event-related potentials (ERPs)
D) electroencephalography (EEG)
E) none of the above

Question 18

Explain the logic behind the Stroop effect. Specifically, (a) describe the Stroop effect; (b) explain why it is an indirect or implicit measurement, and what does it measure; and (c) provide an example that demonstrates the Stroop effect, and be sure to explain why your example reflects this effect.

Question 19

What is the distinction between supraliminal and sequential priming? (a) Explain the key features of each type of priming, how they are similar and different, and what key outcome measures are with each type of priming. Also, (b) provide an example for how each type of priming might be delivered (i.e., how would a participant be supraliminally or sequentially primed?).

Question 20

Why do researchers use indirect or implicit measures of affect, attitudes, motivations, and information processing? Specifically, provide three reasons for why researchers would use implicit measures of internal states and processes. For each reason, explain why it is a concern, and how indirect/implicit measures avoid or address this concern.

Question 21

You are interested in researching whether people have internal biases against individuals who are overweight, but you are concerned about social desirability and participants "adjusting" their responses to appear less biased. How could you measure this bias indirectly or implicitly? In your response, (a) describe two different assessment methods you could use to assess participants' attitudes and/or emotional reactions to overweight people. Explain the basic features of each method, as well as how each method addresses the issue of social desirability. (b) For each method, provide an example study to illustrate how you would investigate attitudes toward overweight people - be sure to include a discussion and explanation of the technique you would use, what the dependent variable would be and how it would be measured, and what the expected results would be according to the methods you used (i.e., some people would be biased, others would not).

Question 22

What kinds of research questions are best addressed by using indirect or implicit measures? Why?

Question 23

What are the four stages of information processing? What kinds of measures or techniques are used at these different stages?

Question 24

What information can be gained from using physiological measures (EMG, EEG, etc.) that cannot be obtained using information processing or attentional measures?