Deck 6: Deviance and Criminality the Need for Social Control

Question 1

Both psychologists and sociologists view deviant behavior as pathological.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The treatment of deviants depends on how deviance is viewed and explained by society.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Biological explanations of deviance attribute it to inborn, genetically-transmitted traits.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Deviance is more common in heterogeneous societies.

Question 5

Deviance is dangerous to societies because it threatens order.

Question 6

Deviance is always destructive to societies.

Question 7

Mental illness is never a cause of deviant behavior because the mentally ill are not responsible for their behavior.

Question 8

Criminals constitute a large percentage of the total population.

Question 9

"Departure from social norms" is an adequate definition of deviance.

Question 10

It is correct to say that deviance is relative.

Question 11

One of the functions of deviance is as a model for how not to behave.

Question 12

The existence of deviance enhances group cohesion in non-deviants.

Question 13

Researchers believe that deviance has a destabilizing effect on society.

Question 14

Deviance never leads to social change.

Question 15

Psychologists search for the reasons for deviance in the interactions of people.

Question 16

The Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso believed that criminal types were born, not made, and that they could be recognized by certain physical traits.

Question 17

According to William Sheldon, mesomorphs are disproportionately represented among delinquent boys.

Question 18

The Gluecks maintained that body type predisposes individuals toward deviant behavior.

Question 19

Scientists have concluded that deviance has a single, biological cause: some people cannot control their impulses nor defer gratification.

Question 20

Sigmund Freud believed that deviance results when the superego is insufficiently developed and cannot control the other components of the personality.

Question 21

An overdeveloped superego can also lead to deviance, according to Freud.

Question 22

Psychological theories follow a medical model, but are more sophisticated.

Question 23

Psychosomatic disorders are not expressed in any physical disease.

Question 24

People afflicted with neuroses cannot function in society and are considered disabled.

Question 25

Serial killers are usually neurotic.

Question 26

Schizophrenia is a psychosis which generally requires the affected person to be institutionalized.

Question 27

A person who believes that the CIA is trying to kill him is probably suffering from paranoia.

Question 28

Frontal lobotomies are a successful method of treating mental disorders.

Question 29

An early attempt to see deviance from a sociological perspective was made by Emile Durkheim.

Question 30

The concept of anomie is associated with Sigmund Freud.

Question 31

Robert Merton sees deviance as the result of the lack of balance between what society puts up as its goals and the means at the disposal of people to reach those goals.

Question 32

Anomie theory does not lend itself to the explanation of gang membership.

Question 33

Anomie theory focuses on society, rather than on the individual, as the source of deviance.

Question 34

The proposition that deviance is learned through symbolic interaction is the basis of the anomie theory.

Question 35

Edwin Sutherland is associated with the cultural transmission theory.

Question 36

Howard Becker was instrumental in developing the labeling theory.

Question 37

Everyone engages in secondary deviance, but not everyone engages in primary deviance.

Question 38

Crime and deviance are basically the same thing.

Question 39

Index crimes are the most serious because they consist in violations of mores and taboos.

Question 40

The highest number of index crimes is committed by individuals in the age group of 18 to 24 years.

Question 41

The concept of deviance refers to:

A) going in the wrong direction
B) bad manners
C) departure from social norms
D) reversing one's opinion

Question 42

According to the text, the following people were/are deviant:

A) Joan of Arc
B) Mozart
C) The Hell's Angels
D) People with high IQs

Question 43

Deviance is defined:

A) in the same way everywhere
B) in some cultures, as nonexistent
C) in the context of time and place
D) as another world for crime

Question 44

Deviance:

A) shows what is proper behavior
B) helps group cohesiveness
C) promotes social change
D) all of the above

Question 45

The biological explanations of deviance include:

A) Lombroso's criminal types
B) Sheldon's mesomorphs
C) the extra Y chromosome
D) all of the above

Question 46

An emotional disorder that still allows one to work in society is called a(n):

A) neurosis
B) psychosis
C) halitosis
D) prognosis

Question 47

Schizophrenia is:

A) another name for split personality
B) a term meaning "to hallucinate"
C) applied to a number of disturbances for lack of any other label
D) a psychosomatic disorder

Question 48

Merton attributed deviance to "anomie," meaning:

A) lack of legitimate means to attain group goals
B) mental retardation
C) neurosis
D) wild mood swings

Question 49

ndex crimes include all but one of the following:

A) manslaughter
B) robbery
C) moving traffic violation
D) aggravated assault

Question 50

The treatment of mental illness based on rewards and punishment is referred to as:

A) chemotherapy
B) hypnotherapy
C) shock therapy
D) behavior therapy

Question 51

Studies of delinquent gangs indicate that:

A) gang norms are substituted for society's norms in some cases
B) gangs are useful for society
C) gangs have no norms
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 52

A mother who says "If you hang out with bums, you will become a bum" favors which theory of deviance?

A) Differential association
B) Anomie
C) Labeling theory
D) Gang imitation theory

Question 53

According to the cultural transmission theory, deviance is learned through:

A) genetic inheritance
B) being labeled as deviant
C) close association with deviants
D) all of the above

Question 54

According to the differential association theory, deviant acts are:

A) considered normal by some antisocial individuals
B) caused by abnormal chromosomes
C) learned through interaction with others
D) the result of social deprivation

Question 55

To some degree, according to some research, heredity determines:

A) the ability to control impulses
B) leadership abilities
C) sociability
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 56

Deviance is defined as:

A) breaking legal codes
B) behavior forbidden by religion
C) behavior that passes the limits of what the social group tolerates
D) any violation of societal norms

Question 57

Deviant individuals:

A) set examples for others, thus reaffirming existing norms
B) are invented by society to promote group cohesion
C) hinder group cohesion by disrupting stability
D) prevent social change from occurring

Question 58

According to the labeling theory, which of the following concepts explains why a labeled individual becomes deviant?

A) Resocialization
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Self fulfilling prophecy
D) Rebellion

Question 59

The theory speculating that every society develops a number of cultural goals for members to attain, but that attainment is not possible for all, is called the:

A) anomie theory
B) differential association theory
C) deviant personality theory
D) focal concerns theory

Question 60

Deviance is relative because:

A) psychologists prefer the term "abnormality"
B) moralists prefer the term "immorality"
C) the definition of social norms varies by culture and subculture
D) no two people agree what deviance is

Question 61

Determining that a particular act is deviant may depend on:

A) the place, time, and circumstances
B) the social status of the person committing the act
C) the social status of those judging the act
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 62

From a sociological viewpoint, to say that deviance has functions means that:

A) deviant acts serve the individual's purpose
B) deviant acts are escape valves for anxiety
C) deviance may contribute to group cohesion
D) successful deviants become stronger people

Question 63

Deviance contributes to social change in that:

A) today's deviant is tomorrow's leader
B) deviant acts invariably point to outdated rules
C) deviance is a fad
D) some actions initially defined as deviant eventually become generally accepted

Question 64

Deviance that has not been discovered is called:

A) secondary deviance
B) final deviance
C) primary deviance
D) sinful deviance

Question 65

Deviance that has been exposed leads to:

A) anomie
B) labeling
C) transmission
D) forgiveness

Question 66

Labeling theory has been criticized because:

A) an undiscovered teller who steals from his bank is still a deviant
B) it does not take biology into consideration
C) it discounts the power of anomie
D) it is necessary to be realistic about people's behavior

Question 67

Deviance that is covered by the laws of a society is called:

A) anomie
B) alienation
C) crime
D) differentiation

Question 68

Which of the following is an index crime?

A) being in a football pool
B) speeding
C) robbery
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 69

White-collar crime:

A) is based on violence
B) gains small amounts of money for its perpetrators
C) is very costly to society
D) is punished more severely than blue-collar crime

Question 70

Which is true of crimes against persons in the United States?

A) The homicide rate is one of the lowest in the industrial world.
B) The homicide rate has been decreasing in the past several years.
C) Rape is an unknown crime in the U.S.
D) Most homicides are committed with knives.

Question 71

The Uniform Crime Reports:

A) are an accurate reflection of the crime rate in the U.S.
B) focus mainly on "index crimes"
C) indicate that most crimes are solved
D) deal with the number of crimes actually committed

Question 72

The criminal justice system of the United States:

A) has a high rate of apprehension
B) is engaged in vigorously prosecuting white-collar criminals
C) punishes only 5% of serious criminals with incarceration
D) handles whites and minorities in the same proportion as they are found in the population

Question 73

Compared to other democratic nations, the U. S. has:

A) more crowded jails
B) longer prison terms
C) the death penalty for murder
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 74

American prisons are:

A) effective in reducing recidivism
B) effective in deterring crime
C) effective as schools of crime
D) effective in reducing crime

Question 75

The U.S. has:

A) an unusually high imprisonment rate
B) milder penalties than most other Western countries
C) a large number of imprisoned white-collar criminals
D) fewer jails than other industrialized countries

Question 76

A condition of normlessness and separation from legitimate modes of behavior is termed:

A) trauma
B) anomie
C) alienation
D) anomaly

Question 77

Which of the following acts does not constitute a crime if committed by an adult?

A) Illegal drug use
B) Copyright infringement
C) Prostitution
D) Homicide
E) Truancy

Question 78

Which of the following is a social order crime?

A) Premeditated murder
B) Rape
C) Public drunkenness
D) Burglary
E) Arson

Question 79

According to the differential association theory, deviant acts are:

A) considered normal by some antisocial individuals
B) caused by abnormal chromosomes
C) learned through interaction with others
D) the result of social deprivation

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of a sociological theory of deviant behavior?

A) Freud's theory that anatomy is destiny
B) Mead's theory of inherited criminality
C) Cooley's theory of original sin
D) None of the above