Deck 5: Structuralism

Question 1

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following?​

A)​Wundt
B)Külpe
C)​Titchener
D)both Wundt and Külpe
E)both Wundt and Titchener

Answer 1

​Titchener

Question 2

​When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt,his colleagues ____.

A)​quickly followed in his footsteps
B)incorporated his new ideas into their own approaches
C)​tried their best to convince him to stay in England and add the new approaches he had learned to the department of philosophy
D)were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions
E)None of the choices are correct

Answer 2

were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions

Question 3

One of Titchener's most profound influences on the development of experimentation in psychology was his publication ____.​

A)​Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873,1874)
B)Principles of Psychology (1890)
C)​An Outline of Psychology (1896)
D)Primer of Psychology (1898)
E)Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905)

Answer 3

Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905)

Question 4

​Discuss and give examples of the central criticisms of structuralism.What contributions has structuralism made to psychology?

Question 5

​Provided that students and colleagues were properly respectful,Titchener was ____ to them.

A)​distant but cordial
B)kind and helpful
C)​condescending
D)dismissing
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system,including ____.​

A)​his focus on consciousness
B)introspection
C)​apperception
D)elements of consciousness
E)none of the choices are correct;Titchener retained virtually all of Wundt's system

Question 7

​Titchener spent most of his career at ____.

A)​Cornell University
B)Harvard University
C)​Cambridge University
D)University of London
E)Oxford University

Question 8

Wundt's focus was on ____,whereas Titchener's was on ____.​

A)​introspection;inspection
B)elements of consciousness;synthesis of elements
C)​apperception;perception
D)synthesis;apperception
E)synthesis of elements;analysis of elements

Question 9

​Name and define the three basic states (types)of conscious as identified by Titchener? Each state is composed of elements,which are irreducible and groupable according to their characteristics.Name and describe the characteristics of mental elements that Titchener used to categorize (group)them.Are these characteristics fundamental to each of the three states of consciousness? Explain your answer.

Question 10

​Titchener's relationship with Wundt and his family was one of ____.

A)​distance
B)formality
C)​closeness
D)false cordiality
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 11

​For many of his early years at Cornell,Titchener was known as "the professor in charge of ____

A)​music
B)philosophy
C)​coin collecting
D)correspondence
E)everything

Question 12

​As more and more students became drawn to Titchener's lectures at Cornell,he ____.

A)​had more active involvement in all aspects of laboratory research.
B)did not allow these students to do his research.
C)​became a popularizer.
D)allowed these students to choose their own dissertation topics.
E)became less actively engaged in laboratory research.

Question 13

Describe Titchener's form of introspection.What are the similarities and differences between his approach and that of Wundt? What was Titchener's experimental approach,particularly with regard to the concept and role of reagents?​

Question 14

​Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of ____.

A)​formality
B)concern
C)​humility
D)good humor
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 15

One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____.​

A)​did not depart from Wundtian ideas in any significant manner
B)took great care to scrupulously present all of Wundt's ideas,whether he agreed with them or not
C)​did not,himself,have any creative ideas
D)translated Wundt's books from German into English
E)was Wundt's cousin

Question 16

In terms of studying conscious experience,what is the stimulus error as discussed by Titchener? How does it relate to Wundt's distinction between immediate and mediate experience? Describe Titchener's differentiation between consciousness and mind.What was his vision for structural psychology?​

Question 17

Compare and contrast Titchener's and Wundt's systems of psychology,including their goals,methodology,and theories.Why is it important to stress that Wundt's system is not structuralism?

Question 18

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____.​

A)​swallow a stomach tube
B)record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation​
C)​make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse
D)attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 19

Titchener's behavior toward women in Psychology was contradictory,in that he sometimes supported and sometimes impeded their professional growth.Please discuss this contradiction using examples.​

Question 20

For Titchener,what is the subject matter of psychology? How is psychology similar to and different from other sciences?​

Question 21

Titchener opposed the development of areas such as child psychology and animal psychology because ____.​

A)​these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind
B)these areas were more subject to the stimulus error
C)​he supported applying psychological knowledge
D)psychology should instead be interested in curing sick minds
E)None of these answers is correct

Question 22

Titchener's opinion about how introspection should be used probably became formed ____.​

A)​before he went to Leipzig
B)while working with Wundt in Leipzig
C)​when he returned to Oxford after leaving Leipzig
D)when he was at Cornell
E)during a visit to Clark University,in a discussion with Freud

Question 23

​Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error,that is,about ____.

A)​assuming a one-to-one correspondence between the stimulus and its perception
B)assuming a logarithmic relationship between the strength of the objective stimulus and the intensity of the psychological experience of the stimulus
C)​describing the observed object rather than the experience of it
D)describing feelings instead of sensations
E)describing qualities of the stimulus instead of quantities

Question 24

In the Original Source Material from A Textbook of Psychology,Titchener described the difference between ____.​

A)​independent and dependent experience
B)immediate and mediate experience
C)​structuralism and Wundtian psychology
D)truth and fiction
E)inspection and introspection

Question 25

​Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____.

A)​conscious experience
B)behavioral events
C)​mental and behavioral events
D)both conscious and unconscious experiences
E)anything that could be observed scientifically

Question 26

Of the 56 doctoral degrees Titchener conferred,what percentage were given to women?

A)​about 2%
B)about 10%
C)​more than a third
D)over half
E)three of every four

Question 27

The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of ____.​

A)​mind
B)consciousness
C)​memory
D)apperception
E)learning

Question 28

To confuse the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed was to commit ____.​

A)​introspective error
B)retrospective error
C)​stimulus error
D)inspection rather than introspection
E)retrospection rather than introspection

Question 29

If you described the test you are now taking as being on paper,you would not be giving a true introspective report of your conscious experience according to Titchener.In introspection,to use everyday words such as "paper" is to ____.​

A)​deny reality
B)commit the stimulus error
C)​reason illogically
D)use abbreviated syntax
E)be a rational human being

Question 30

​____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D.degree in psychology.

A)​Karen Horney
B)Cora Friedline
C)​Margaret Mead
D)Christine Ladd-Franklin
E)Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 31

While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection,Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports.​

A)​subjective,quantitative;objective;qualitative
B)objective,quantitative;subjective,qualitative
C)​subjective,qualitative;objective,quantitative
D)objective,qualitative;subjective,quantitative
E)perceptive,brief;sensation,extended

Question 32

Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it?​

A)​Wundt
B)Külpe
C)​Titchener
D)Washburn
E)Comte

Question 33

Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because ____.​

A)​psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons
B)only psychology studies brain-behavior relationships
C)​only psychology uses introspection
D)only psychology depends on human observers
E)None of the choices are correct;he believed psychology was virtually identical to the natural sciences

Question 34

Titchener's introspection method was most like ____ method.​

A)​Wundt's
B)Brentano's
C)​Stumpf's
D)Külpe's
E)Fechner's

Question 35

Who said psychology was NOT in the business of curing sick minds?​

A)​Wundt
B)Külpe
C)​Titchener
D)James
E)Comte

Question 36

Who was the first female psychologist elected to the National Academy of Sciences?​

A)​Ladd-Franklin
B)Friedline
C)​Washburn
D)Boring
E)Dallenbach

Question 37

​Who scolded Titchener for still practicing "a very old fashioned standpoint" in excluding women from psychology meetings?

A)​Ladd-Franklin
B)Washburn
C)​Comte
D)Friedline
E)Dallenbach

Question 38

Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women:​

A)​were not admitted to graduate programs in psychology.
B)were believed unable to grasp the pure research methods of experimentation.
C)​psychologists were almost exclusively engaged in applied research.
D)could not be admitted without their husbands,and none had married experimental psychologists.
E)were too pure to smoke.

Question 39

The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____.​

A)​mind
B)conscious experience
C)​consciousness
D)perception
E)apperception

Question 40

​Who was Titchener's first doctoral student?

A)​Ladd-Franklin
B)Washburn
C)​Comte
D)Friedline
E)Dallenbach

Question 41

For Titchener,distinct sensations combined with others to form ____.​

A)​emotions
B)apperceptions
C)​beliefs
D)affective states
E)perceptions and ideas

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology,according to Titchener?​

A)​to reduce conscious processes to their simplest components
B)to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes
C)​to determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated
D)to connect these elements with their physiological correlates
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 43

A century before Titchener's work the philosopher ____ wrote that the act of introspection itself altered the conscious experience being studied.​

A)​Hume
B)Locke
C)​Mill
D)Kant
E)Descartes

Question 44

In their evaluation of Titchener's theoretical viewpoint toward the end of his career,Schultz and Schultz conclude that he was ____.​

A)​too rigid and dogmatic to ever change
B)a minor figure in the history of modern psychology
C)​too tied to Wundtian thought to make any original contributions of his own
D)as flexible and open to change as scientists are supposed to be
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 45

Substantial doubts about and attacks on introspection ____.​

A)​began when Titchener started using it as a method of study
B)were unknown before the work of Titchener
C)​began when Titchener started using it as a method of study and were unknown before the work of Titchener
D)existed long before Titchener used the method
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 46

When Titchener died,the era of structuralism ____.​

A)​was turned over to the Chicago school of thought
B)collapsed​
C)​reverted to Wundtian psychology
D)was taken over by his student,E.B.Boring
E)continued vigorously for another decade

Question 47

By 1896,Titchener had identified approximately how many elements of sensation?​

A)​1
B)4
C)​5
D)11,600
E)more than 44,000

Question 48

In his introspection experiments,Titchener wanted his subjects (observers)to ____.​

A)​try to create new images in consciousness from the presented stimuli
B)search for their inner self
C)​have their galvanic skin response recorded while they gave their introspective reports
D)be passive recorders of the experiences registering on the conscious mind
E)remember their childhood experiences

Question 49

By the 1920s the term used by Titchener for his system of psychology was ____.​

A)​functionalism
B)voluntarism
C)​existential
D)behaviorism
E)introspection

Question 50

The English physician ____ wrote "due to the extent of the pathology of mind,self-report is hardly to be trusted."​

A)​Turner
B)Maudsley
C)​Mill
D)Berkeley
E)Gray

Question 51

Who argued that the mind may observe all phenomena but its own?​

A)​Mill
B)Comte
C)​Hume
D)Titchener
E)Ebbinghaus

Question 52

The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____.​

A)​atomism
B)elementism
C)​determinism
D)use of the dehumanizing term subjects rather than observers
E)use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers

Question 53

Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness?​

A)​perceptions
B)apperceptions
C)​ideas
D)affective states
E)limens

Question 54

Feelings or emotions lack clearness because ____.​

A)​if we focus on them to determine clearness,the feeling or emotion disappears.
B)if we focus on them to determine clearness,the feeling or emotion becomes more intense.
C)​duration,not clearness,is the essence of emotion.
D)quality and intensity are sufficient to explain emotion.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Titchener's descriptors of sensations did NOT include which of the following?​

A)​quality
B)intensity
C)​duration
D)clearness
E)propensity

Question 56

Titchener's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s);namely ____.​

A)​two;pleasure/displeasure and tension/ relaxation
B)one;tension/relaxation​
C)​one;pleasure/displeasure
D)one;excitement/depression
E)two;pleasure/displeasure and excitement/depression

Question 57

Which of the following was a topic to be explored by Titchener's psychology?​

A)​the reduction of conscious processes
B)the determination of the laws of association of elements of consciousness
C)​to identify the physiological correlates of the elements
D)All the choices are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 58

Titchener's research identified three elements of consciousness: sensations,affective states,and ____.​

A)​subliminal perception
B)perception
C)​images
D)behavioral intention
E)elements of emotion

Question 59

The criticisms directed at the method of introspection are more relevant to the kind of introspection practiced by ____ than by ____.​

A)​Wundt;Külpe
B)Külpe;Titchener
C)​Wundt;Locke
D)Wundt;Titchener and Külpe
E)Titchener and Külpe;Wundt

Question 60

Toward the end of Titchener's career,he came to favor the ____ method instead of the ____ method.​

A)​psychophysiological;psychological
B)psychoanalytic;structuralist
C)​introspective;Wundtian
D)behavioristic;mentalistic
E)phenomenological;introspective 

Question 61

​According to the textbook,a significant contribution of structuralism was ____.

A)​its adherence to Wundt's original paradigm
B)development of interest in brain research
C)​incorporation of varied research methods into the examination of consciousness
D)its service as a stimulus for psychoanalysis
E)its service as a target for criticism

Question 62

With Titchener's structuralism as an idea to oppose,psychology ____.​

A)​moved far beyond his initial boundaries
B)made few advances in the United States
C)​became even more mysterious
D)went from an emphasis on applied research to an emphasis on basic research
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 63

Among Titchener's most influential works on the direction of the new psychology in the United States was The Animal Mind.

Question 64

In his treatment of women,Titchener ____.​

A)​provided unwavering support of the advancement of women
B)demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology
C)​gave no notable contribution
D)showed unflagging protest to women in academic appointments
E)wanted nothing more than a male dominated profession

Question 65

The idea of developing an introspective language was ____.​

A)​carefully controlled
B)not of interest to Titchener
C)​really a form of inspection
D)never realized
E)an idea whose time had come

Question 66

If one of Titchener's introspectionists reported seeing a table,this report would not be accepted because ____.​

A)​this would be stimulus error
B)this would involve using a meaning word
C)​a table would be an objective,quantitative report
D)this would be a stimulus error and involve using a meaning word
E)a table would be a subjective,qualitative report

Question 67

In addition to introspection,another criticism of Titchener's system was its ____.​

A)​practicality
B)artificiality and sterility
C)​difficulty of use
D)ease of use
E)genuineness and productiveness

Question 68

Experimental laboratory work in psychology in the United States was most influenced by Wundt's Principles.

Question 69

Because some time elapsed between the experience and the reporting of it,critics charged that introspection was really a form of ____.​

A)​inspection
B)illusion
C)​retrospection
D)delusion
E)error

Question 70

The two most important contributions of Titchener's system to modern psychology are ____.​

A)​his version of introspection and the experimental method
B)his experimental method and a strong position to protest
C)​the delineation of a single dimension of affect and the identification of three (not two)elements of consciousness
D)facilitating the transition from a focus on self-report to a focus on the objective observation of behavior and insisting on pure research
E)the insistence on pure research and the focus on normal individuals as subjects

Question 71

In terms of describing the method of introspection,Titchener ____.​

A)​defined it with the precision of an Oxford scholar
B)had difficulty defining exactly what he meant
C)​used inspection and retrospection
D)relied on Wundt's definition
E)used Comte's operational definition

Question 72

The Titchener Experimentalists would admit women to their meetings on the condition that they could smoke an entire cigar.​

Question 73

Titchener's focus was on the synthesis of elements of consciousness into higher-order cognitive processes.​

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true about the status of the introspective method in modern psychology?​

A)​The introspective method has been abandoned in all fields of modern psychology.
B)The cognitive field of research is still debating whether introspection is a legitimate research method.
C)​Psychophysics in the only area of modern research that still continues to use introspection.
D)Several areas of modern psychology,such as clinical and industrial/organizational,use the introspective method.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 75

Titchener could be regarded as somewhat open-minded in his attitudes toward the rights of women.​

Question 76

​More women completed doctoral degrees with Titchener than with any other psychologist of that period.

Question 77

The first woman to earn a PhD in psychology was Margaret Washburn.

Question 78

Titchener's view of the field of psychology was ____​

A)​breathtakingly broad
B)one of his most lasting contributions
C)​too limited to embrace new work and dimensions
D)more encompassing than most critics then and now realized
E)not shared by others but widely respected nonetheless

Question 79

Ordinary words such as "table" were not to be used by Titchener's introspectionists.Therefore,it became a goal to ____.​

A)​less carefully control external experimental conditions
B)develop a working vocabulary free of meaning
C)​use languages other than English as a control measure
D)use inspection rather than introspection
E)specify the use of obscure terms

Question 80

Titchener's graduate student observers were instructed to ignore certain classes of words called ____ words.​

A)​stimulus
B)error
C)​meaning
D)distractor
E)reagent