Deck 6: The Renaissance and the Reformation: 1300-1600

Question 1

The role/influence of the Catholic Church upon European culture during the late Middle Ages

A) was profound - cannot be overestimated.
B) was minimal at best.
C) permeated every aspect of culture
D) A and C only.
E) None of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is true?

A) The historical periods that followed the Middle Ages are known as the Renaissance and the
Reformation.
B) The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening caused in part by the reintroduction of Greek and Roman thought in intellectual circles that were confined mainly to the upper class and nobility.
C) The Reformation was a religious reawakening that affected all of Western civilization.
D) The Renaissance and the Reformation had a profound impact upon the Catholic Church and as a result, the power of the church was diminished.
E) All of the above.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following is true in regard to the Renaissance and the Reformation?

A) As a result of the diminished authority of the Catholic Church, a significant change relative to how Western civilization viewed the body occurred.
B) The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle made significant contribution to Renaissance thought.
C) Humanists, those individuals who focused on the "human condition", gained a strong foothold during the Renaissance much to the dismay of the Catholic Church who insisted spiritual matters must take precedence over secular/humanist matters if eternal salvation is to be conferred.
D) None of the above.
E) All of the above

Answer 3

E

Question 4

During the Renaissance and Reformation, which of the following were false?

A) different theories of how the body should be viewed were developed.
B) the groundwork was laid for different attitudes about sport and physical education.
C) physical education and sport were no better off than they were during the Middle Ages.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 5

Humanists

A) believed in a philosophy that placed its focus on humans as opposed to the "other worldly" or . heavenly concerns of earlier philosophies.
B) developed the concept of Humanism.
C) saw value in the way the ancient Greeks viewed the body - the Greeks believed that the human body . played an important role in the secular world--everyday life.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 6

Which of the following is true?

A) The "Renaissance Man" was a male who was well-rounded with regard to education; able to hold intellectual and cultural discussions as well as display his physical and athletic skills.
B) During the Reformation, religious reformers argued that the body housed the soul and as a result, the body could not be denigrated because it was the temple of God.
C )The body was considered by scholars and leaders of the Renaissance and the Reformation to be more important than it was during the Middle Ages.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 7

During the Renaissance

A) the Classics were held in high regard.
B) secular concerns were important.
C) leading educators incorporated physical education into their educational curriculum.
D) many intellectuals began to differ with the church relative to the philosophical and theological positions of the body.
E) All of the above.

Question 8

The Renaissance was characterized by

A) secular ideas about thought and culture.
B) the development of nations.
C) helping to end the Medieval ways of thought associated with the Church.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 9

Which of the following is true?

A) Renaissance thinkers undermined the philosophical basis used by the Church to control its members by reading and discussing philosophies that were contrary to those of the Church.
B) In general, classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans emphasized how to live in the secular world while Christian religion emphasized life in the spiritual world.
C) Many intellectuals began to differ with the Church as to what was "reality". As a result, a new view emerged that believed that the material world ("the here-and-now") and our bodily experiences were indeed, "real" and important.
D) Renaissance philosophy, along with the rediscovery of Greek beliefs about the body, physical education and athletic competition, laid the groundwork for the justification of physical education in Western civilization.
E) All of the above.

Question 10

The Reformation

A) was stimulated by religious zeal.
B) goal was to "re-form" the Catholic Church.
C) caused the creation of the various Protestant (from "protest") sects and a new rebuilt version of the Church.
D) produced changes in culture and beliefs about the nature of the human body.
E) All of the above.

Question 11

The Renaissance

A)produced philosophers who attempted to show that the classical philosophies went hand in hand with the teachings of the Church.
B) produced philosophers who inadvertently paved the way for the philosophical undermining of the Church.
C) Unlike the Middle Ages, did not produce too many philosophers who had a lasting impact.
D) The most studied philosophy was Scholasticism, which attempted to reconcile the theology of the Christian church with rational thought.
E) All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is true?

A) It was not that unusual to find that during the Renaissance, the church continued to emphasized ascetic and monastic virtues of self-denial and bodily mortification.
B) The "pleasures of the flesh" that the Christian church allowed, like eating, drinking, and sex were necessary to survival, however, it was proof to the Church that humans are indeed, "weak.'
C) The classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans, which were re- discovered during the Renaissance, accepted the human body and appealed to a new group of Renaissance philosophers known as "humanists".
D) Humanists attacked the monastic virtues as having been falsely imposed on the true structure of Christianity and by doing so, advanced the philosophical position of the body.
E) All of the above.

Question 13

Humanists

A) believed that the human body was evil and supported the monastic and ascetic approach of the Catholic Church.
B) supported the religious belief of "original sin".
C) rejected the Greek belief that the soul and body are one and that the actions of the body naturally express the humanity of the soul.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

The approach used by the Humanists

A) encouraged the study of the ancient Greeks and Romans and attempted to study the philosophy and history of the classics.
B) emphasized the joy of living and enjoyed their corporeal existence.
C) believed that a person's corporeal life was a good thing and worth contemplating--believed in the "Universal Man".
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Petrus Paulus Vergerius

A) was influenced by Plato and educated sons of wealthy families.
B) was a great leader of humanist thought in Italy.
C) believed that the Spartan model of physical education was advantageous because it prepared one for war.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 16

Vittorino da Feltre

A) founded La Giocosa which blended the spirit of Christianity with the classics and the Greek concept of physical education.
B) believed that the body, like the mind, must be developed.
C) was the most famous of the Italian humanists.
D) was one of the first, if not the first, educator's to institute. physical education as an important part of . the educational program during the Renaissance.
E) All of the above.

Question 17

Aeneas Silvico Piccolomini

A) primarily was involved in educating children of wealthy families.
B) believed that games and exercises which develop the muscular activities should be encouraged by every teacher.
C) was a humanist and an early Renaissance writer who believed that athletic skills such as archery,swimming, and spear throwing should be taught to all children so Christians could defend themselves.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 18

Baldassare Castiglione

A) wrote The Courtier.
B) believed in the concept of the "Universal Man".
C) believed that the well-rounded courtier should know how to swim, leap, run, play tennis, and perform on the vaulting horse.
D) Included a discussion in The Courtier about the role of women.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following is true?

A) Philosophers like William of Ockham developed a philosophical foundation that used the body in order to educate children.
B) It was not unusual to find theologians during the Reformation that argued against participating in sport and physical education.
C) Arguments that developed during the Reformation continue to burden contemporary physical educators which cause us to continually justify playful activities as having educational merit.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 20

Desiderius Erasmus

A) figured prominently in both the Renaissance and Reformation because he was a staunch defender of the Catholic Church.
B) advocated making education a part of every person's life, regardless of social class.
C) was trained as a priest and was a dualist.
D) was ambivalent regarding the virtues of health and physical education.
E) B, C, and D only.

Question 21

Martin Luther

A) was a leader in the Reformation and helped change the attitude of Christians towards the body.
B) believed that each individual, no matter what social class he/she belonged to, needs to be educated.
C) believed in honorable and useful forms of exercise such as music and wrestling.
D) believed that the human body should be taken care of for both spiritual and physical reasons.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

John Calvin

A) championed the cause of physical education in Europe's schools.
B) had a positive effect on the development of sport and physical education well into the twentieth century.
C) encouraged his followers to "play, dance, and sing".
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

Thomas Elyot

A) wrote The Book of the Governor which contained several chapters on physical education.
B) believed that not all sports were good, however, running, swimming, and hunting were sports that Elyot approved of.
C) encouraged young aristocrats to play football because it developed manly attributes and contributed to character development.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 24

Roger Ascham

A) was an English humanist and taught at Cambridge University.
B) wrote The School Master and in this classic text, recognized the importance of physical education.
C) appreciated the value of exercise because in addition to doing good for the body, it also contributed to the mind by resting it.
D) wrote the Toxophilus (the art of shooting the bow) which was one of the first "how to" books on sport in the Western world.
E) All of the above.

Question 25

In regard to Vittorino da Feltre, which of the following is true?

A) He studied Greek and used the term Gymnasium to establish a venue where training of the body in the form of physical education could take place.
B) He could do everything that he taught, from reading ancient Latin and Greek to teaching the "arts".
C) He believed that the body had to be disciplined and educated.
D) He believed in the value of the "liberal arts" to liberate the educated person from the chains of ignorance and prejudice
E) All of the above.

Question 26

Which of the following is true?

A) the Renaissance was a time of dramatic philosophical change, a time when painters and sculptors celebrated the human form.
B) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the quintessential Renaissance Man who excelled as an artist, musician, engineer, mathematician, and scientist.
C) da Vinci studied anatomy by dissecting corpses and made more than 200 accurate human anatomy drawings.
D) da Vinci's anatomical drawings and notes on physiological function were studied by Renaissance scientists and others interested in kinesiology and exercise.
E) All of the above.

Question 27

Which of the following is false?

A) Michelangelo (1475-1564) was a gifted painter, sculptor, poet, and architect.
B) Sculpted the famous white marble masterpiece titled DAVID which is considered to be a perfect anatomical and physical model of a young male.
C) Both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo depicted the human body in sculpture and painting in exquisite anatomical detail.
D )Renaissance artists like da Vinci and Michelangelo believed that the human body is the most beautiful form on earth and should be studied and celebrated in art.
E) None of the above are false.

Question 28

Vittorino da Feltre was the first educator to effectively bring together the humanist educational ideals of developing the mind, body, and spirit in order to develop the ideal citizen.

Question 29

Vittorino da Feltre opened a school he named La Giocosa (Pleasant House) which used a model of physical education that other physical education programs were modeled after.

Question 30

During the Renaissance, physical education was part of a total educational package of many philosophers and became more common in the educational curriculum then it was during the Middle Ages.

Question 31

The education of women improved over what it had been during the Middle Ages but was still far from being equal with that of men.

Question 32

William of Ockham was a philosopher who disparaged the body every chance he got and claimed that it - the body - was a worthless source of information and insisted that the mind, and the mind alone, revealed all that was true and accurate.

Question 33

Desiderius Erasmus, was a strong supporter of the Catholic Church, believed in the value of physical education and sports to prepare Crusaders to fight the Turks and vehemently opposed the attempt of Martin Luther to reform the Catholic Church.

Question 34

Thomas Elyot was a famous Englishman whose Book of the Governor contained several chapters about physical education.

Question 35

Elyot resisted the influences of Luther and Calvin and reached the conclusion in his book that "all sports are good".

Question 36

Elyot identified 6 physiological benefits that could be obtained by exercising.