Deck 11: Intelligence

Question 1

What is intelligence?

A) The acquisition of knowledge as the result of experience
B) The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning
C) Any physical event that affects a sensory cell
D) The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Who coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans?

A) Alfred Binet
B) Raymond Cattell
C) Theodore Simon
D) Sir Francis Galton

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An early intelligence test consisting of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty was the

A) Binet-Simon scale.
B) Army Alpha test.
C) Stanford-Binet test.
D) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age.

A) social; mental
B) emotional; social
C) mental; chronological
D) chronological; social

Question 5

Chang is an 8-year-old boy who can do all the tasks a typical 10-year-old can do. His chronological age is

A) 8.
B) 10.
C) 18.
D) 80.

Question 6

The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine

A) who was likely to benefit most from vocational education.
B) which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I.
C) who among business leaders should be promoted into salaried, supervisory jobs.
D) who is best qualified to attend the nation's top-tier colleges.

Question 7

Which statement best describes what today's IQ scores represent?

A) Performance of adults 16 to 89 years of age on a number of individual verbal and nonverbal tasks
B) The ratio of a child's mental age divided by his or her chronological age, then multiplied by 100
C) A person's performance on intelligence tests relative to a comparison group of people
D) The degree to which a measurement tool produces consistent, repeatable results

Question 8

Millie is an 11-year-old girl with a mental age of 11 years. Her IQ, as originally defined, would have been

A) 1.
B) 100.
C) 110.
D) 121.

Question 9

Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests?

A) Standardization establishes the performance average and variability; normalization controls the conditions under which the test is administered.
B) Standardization determines the chronological age of the subject being tested; normalization allows for the testing of the subject's mental age.
C) Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability.
D) Standardization tests the subject's ability on verbal tasks; normalization tests the subject's ability on nonverbal or performance tasks.

Question 10

A team of psychologists has devised a new intelligence test. Some versions of the test have 20 questions, and some have 50 questions. Some allow the test-takers one hour to complete the test; others give the test-takers as much time as they need. From this information you know that this new intelligence test

A) is norm-referenced.
B) would not be appropriate for adults.
C) does not measure mental age.
D) is not standardized.

Question 11

Why is it important for intelligence tests to be standardized?

A) When comparing adults' performance on an intelligence test, their precise age is not relevant to how much they know, what they can do, or how well they read.
B) Standardization is necessary in order to predict accurately how any one individual will fare in school, in the workplace, or in life.
C) It is vital that an intelligence test score reflects the test-taker's ability without consideration of the abilities of others.
D) All conditions need to be controlled as much as possible, so that a test-taker's score reflects only his or her ability.

Question 12

Why do modern-day IQ scores compare individuals of the same age group rather than using the original formula (mental age/chronological age × 100) to calculate IQ scores?

A) The original IQ formula has been corrected to eliminate cultural biases.
B) Children in the 21st century are expected to know less than children needed to know when the original IQ tests were developed.
C) Assessing intelligence in terms of mental age versus chronological age does not work well for adults.
D) Modern-day IQ scores also need to take into account children's emotional and social intelligences.

Question 13

Duane took an intelligence test and achieved a score in the 85th percentile. What does this mean?

A) Of the comparable population, 85 percent got a higher score than Duane.
B) Duane correctly answered 85 percent of the questions on the test.
C) Duane correctly answered 15 percent of the questions on the test.
D) Of the comparable population, 15 percent got a higher score than Duane.

Question 14

In order for a percentile score to be useful, you must

A) construct a measurement tool that includes exactly 100 questions.
B) understand what others at the same age are expected to know.
C) compare test-taker's scores on more than one intelligence test.
D) compare the score with those of other people in the same population.

Question 15

A team of psychologists administers an intelligence test to thousands of people to establish the performance average and variability. The team of psychologists has _______ the test.

A) normalized
B) confirmed the validity of
C) standardized
D) verified the reliability of

Question 16

When psychologists say that intelligence test scores are _______ distributed, they mean that the distribution of scores ________.

A) normally; follows a bell-shaped curve
B) positively; falls within one standard deviation of the mean
C) negatively; falls within two standard deviations of the mean
D) typically; is much more than three standard deviations from the mean

Question 17

A plot showing the range of scores on the x-axis and the number of people who got each score on the y-axis is called a

A) normal distribution.
B) mean score.
C) frequency distribution.
D) standard deviation.

Question 18

Standard deviation is the

A) average score within a group of scores.
B) average amount that each score falls above or below the mean.
C) value in a group of scores that occurs most often.
D) difference between the largest and smallest values in a group of scores.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below

-When we examine the standard distribution of IQ scores, we see that about _______ percent of the population will achieve an IQ score _______.

A) 20; below 70
B) 20; above 150
C) 75; above 130
D) 95; between 70 and 130

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below

-According to the figure, about _______ of all people have an IQ score between 100 and 115.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) half
D) two-thirds

Question 21

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below

-According to the figure, what is the IQ score of an individual in the 50th percentile?

A) 50
B) 85
C) 100
D) 115

Question 22

Achievement tests differ from intelligence tests in that they

A) are administered only to adults.
B) assess readiness for college study.
C) are not norm-referenced.
D) measure mental age.

Question 23

Which of the following findings suggests that a given test lacks split-half reliability?

A) Jorge achieves a score of 105 on an intelligence test; when he takes the same test one month later, he achieves a score of 130.
B) Martina grades a test and gives it a score of 100; Alexander grades the same test and gives it a score of 70.
C) Trey takes a test that has 30 questions that focus on verbal tasks but only 10 questions that focus on performance tasks.
D) Darlene scores 120 on the first 20 questions of a test but scores only 80 on the second 20 questions.

Question 24

For many college entrance exams, the participants read the test themselves and select answers by filling in circles on computer-scored forms. Based on this information, you can reasonably conclude that these exams have

A) high scoring reliability.
B) high construct validity.
C) high criterion-related validity.
D) relatively low test-retest reliability.

Question 25

Refer to the figure below.
The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test

A) lacks inter-observer reliability.
B) has very high cross-test reliability.
C) lacks test-retest reliability.
D) has very high convergent validity.

Question 26

The Stanford-Binet test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) report similar IQ scores for children, indicating that the two tests

A) have cross-test reliability.
B) have high scoring reliability.
C) lack criterion-related validity.
D) lack test-retest reliability.

Question 27

Refer to the figure below.
Which of the following is a valid conclusion from the data in the figure?

A) There is a correlation between IQ scores and levels of lead found in the blood.
B) People inherit genes that make them healthier and improve their IQ scores.
C) Environmental factors have a much greater effect on IQ scores than heredity.
D) Children who are exposed to lead have smaller brains than children who are not exposed to lead.

Question 28

Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores?

A) Occupation
B) Size of the brain
C) Reproductive success
D) School performance

Question 29

Sixteen-year-old Barron has an IQ of 123. It is likely that he will

A) have only one child.
B) become an engineer.
C) do well in college.
D) live to old age.

Question 30

All of the following have been shown to correlate with high IQ scores except

A) school performance.
B) life satisfaction.
C) personal income.
D) longevity.

Question 31

For practical purposes, IQ scores reflect what Spearman considered to be _______ intelligence.

A) generalized
B) emotional
C) crystallized
D) fluid

Question 32

Raymond Cattell suggested that generalized intelligence is made up of

A) verbal and mathematical abilities.
B) spatial and linguistic abilities.
C) fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
D) analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Question 33

Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence.

A) creative
B) fluid
C) crystallized
D) practical

Question 34

Which of the following people is relying the most on fluid intelligence?

A) Felix is able to identify and label fifty European countries on a map.
B) Laura is able to recognize relationships among novel geometric figures.
C) Bettina runs antivirus software on her parents' computer.
D) Austin gets a perfect score on a difficult spelling test.

Question 35

Analytical intelligence is best described as the ability to

A) gather new information to increase knowledge.
B) deal with abstract information to solve problems.
C) recall recently learned information to perform well on tests.
D) adapt to everyday life by applying experience in a specific setting.

Question 36

While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence.

A) creative
B) emotional
C) crystallized
D) analytical

Question 37

Geno was just an average student in school, but he operates a very successful auto repair shop. According to Sternberg's views, Geno most likely has a reasonable amount of _______ intelligence.

A) social
B) practical
C) analytical
D) fluid

Question 38

According to Howard Gardner, emotional intelligence involves

A) the ability to disguise one's true emotions when the situation requires it.
B) the sensitivity and capacity to control difficult people in a work environment.
C) an understanding of one's own strengths and the capacity to respond to the moods of others.
D) the ability to take on the roles of numerous characters successfully over the course of an acting career.

Question 39

Howard Gardner would argue that a successful _______ is most likely to be high in interpersonal intelligence.

A) ballerina
B) astronomer
C) painter
D) salesperson

Question 40

When anyone in your family needs directions to somewhere in town, they turn to your uncle. He has the ability to describe how to get anywhere quickly and efficiently. He can also map out the shortest route between two places. According to Howard Gardner's views, your uncle's abilities reflect _______ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) intrapersonal
C) practical
D) naturalist

Question 41

With which of the following statements would Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg both agree?

A) Traditional IQ tests do not assess all of the different components of intelligence.
B) If a person is high in one component of intelligence, he or she will be high in all components of intelligence.
C) Though there are many types of intelligence, being "book smart" is by far the most important.
D) There is little or no correlation between intelligence and academic success.

Question 42

Recognizing and understanding multiple intelligences

A) gives us a way to measure all people against a common, standardized scale.
B) enables us to understand people in light of their strengths and weaknesses.
C) explains why some people perform so poorly on standard intelligence tests.
D) allows us to categorize and reform people with significant weaknesses.

Question 43

People who in the past would have been referred to as "mentally retarded" are now generally said to have

A) Asperger's syndrome.
B) synesthesia.
C) intellectual disabilities.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 44

Clint is a 45-year-old man who functions at the sixth-grade level. He lives independently, with some social support from his brothers and sisters, and holds down a job as a dishwasher. On this basis, Clint would be classified as _______ intellectually disabled.

A) mildly
B) moderately
C) severely
D) profoundly

Question 45

By convention, children with IQ scores below _______ are considered intellectually disabled.

A) 100
B) 90
C) 80
D) 70

Question 46

The overwhelming majority of people who are classified as having an intellectual disability have a _______ disability.

A) profound
B) severe
C) moderate
D) mild

Question 47

A child with fetal alcohol syndrome often has

A) an atypical number of chromosomes.
B) a rather long face, prominent ears, and extreme shyness.
C) exceptional ability in a particular field but below-average ability in other areas.
D) close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip.

Question 48

Jamal has multiple intellectual disabilities. Yet, he has an extraordinary ability in mathematics and is able to solve complex mathematical problems within seconds. On this basis, Jamal would most likely be characterized as displaying

A) savant syndrome.
B) the Flynn effect.
C) fragile X syndrome.
D) Asperger's syndrome.

Question 49

About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display

A) fragile X syndrome.
B) schizophrenia.
C) autism.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 50

The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that the average scores on IQ tests

A) are positively correlated with life satisfaction.
B) have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed.
C) are consistently higher in women than in men.
D) are negatively correlated with education levels.

Question 51

One major consequence of psychologist James Flynn's findings is that

A) the Stanford-Binet test is no longer used.
B) intelligence tests now typically include both verbal and performance tasks.
C) more and more tests have been developed to measure analytical intelligence.
D) IQ tests have had to be altered so that test-takers must perform better to score 100.

Question 52

Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) musical
C) emotional
D) crystallized

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below

-Performance IQ, represented by the bottom line in the graph, refers to a person's ability to

A) perform well on tests of physical dexterity and agility.
B) recall information that was learned earlier in life.
C) learn new words, names, facts, and figures.
D) solve an unfamiliar problem quickly.

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below

-Based on the figure, which of the following is a valid conclusion?

A) Creative and practical intelligence are more sustainable than analytical intelligence throughout life.
B) As we age, crystallized intelligence declines more slowly than fluid intelligence.
C) As we age, emotional intelligence becomes weaker.
D) With age, what is measured in the "performance" portion of the IQ test declines more slowly than verbal ability.

Question 55

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

A) share half their genes.
B) are genetically identical.
C) have the same IQ score.
D) are rarely physically identical.

Question 56

Monozygotic twins raised together have a higher correlation in IQ scores than MZ twins raised apart. This offers proof that

A) intelligence is determined by one's genetic makeup.
B) adoption affects IQ scores more than biology does.
C) there may be an environmental influence on intelligence.
D) MZ twins raised together learn from each other.

Question 57

Most estimates of the heritability of IQ are close to the estimate that about _______ percent of the variability in IQ scores is due to genetic variability.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 50
D) 80

Question 58

When a culturally unbiased intelligence test is being constructed, it should

A) minimize the use of language.
B) focus on testing knowledge of vocabulary.
C) not attempt to measure analytical intelligence.
D) refer to culturally specific objects from a wide variety of cultures.

Question 59

Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ.

A) environmental
B) genetic
C) learned
D) inherited

Question 60

Heritability estimates for IQ apply to _______ but tell us nothing about _______.

A) individuals; populations
B) MZ twins; dizygotic (DZ) twins
C) populations; individuals
D) DZ twins; MZ twins

Question 61

Research suggests that racial differences in average IQ among Americans is most likely due to

A) failed government programs.
B) genetics.
C) the Flynn effect.
D) socioeconomic factors.

Question 62

Your cousin is expecting a baby and excitedly tells you that she plans to buy lots of classical music to make her baby smarter. Which of the following is a reasonable response, based on what you have learned?

A) "Great idea! But be sure to include Mozart, because his music works the best."
B) "Great idea! But play the rock and rap CDs you already have; they'll work too."
C) "Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter."
D) "Save your money. Intelligence is 100 percent hereditary, so you can't influence your baby's intelligence after he or she is born."

Question 63

Ivy is told that men far outperform women on standardized math tests. Which of the following reflects stereotype threat?

A) Ivy uses this as an incentive to study hard for the SAT math section.
B) Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section.
C) Ivy ignores this information and earns a high score on the SAT math section.
D) Ivy's preparation for the test allows her to earn a high score on the SAT math section.

Question 64

Jaeggi and colleagues (2008, 2010) claim that training on the n-back task increases _______ intelligence in young adults.

A) spatial
B) fluid
C) analytical
D) interpersonal

Question 65

A child's _______ age refers to the intellectual abilities commonly found in children of a particular age.

Question 66

A 10-year-old girl has a mental age of 16. Using the original formula developed by Stern in the early 1900s, her IQ score would be _______.

Question 67

_______ is a process whereby every examiner follows a specific list of instructions on how to administer a test.

Question 68

The _______ is the percentage of the comparable population that scores below a given score.

Question 69

For a psychologist, a(n) _______ test is one that gives consistent results.

Question 70

The fact that the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) tests report similar IQ scores for children indicates that the tests have _______ validity.

Question 71

Charles Spearman proposed that there is a(n) _______ intelligence that will be reflected in tests of many different kinds of ability.

Question 72

Chris has memorized the names and uniform numbers of every player on the Minnesota Twins. Raymond Cattell would have said that, in doing so, Chris has added to her _______ intelligence.

Question 73

Robert Sternberg would argue that _______ intelligence is comparable to "book smarts," while _______ intelligence is comparable to "street smarts."

Question 74

According to Howard Gardner, _______ intelligence is the ability to interact with other people, while _______ intelligence is the ability to be introspective.

Question 75

Naomi is a budding biologist who has a strong ability to recognize and categorize objects and processes in nature. On this basis, Howard Gardner would argue that Naomi is very gifted in the area of _______ intelligence.

Question 76

_______ is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction accompanied by restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests, which can range from mild to severe.

Question 77

_______ is a statistical estimate of the extent to which individual differences in genes in a population contribute to individual differences in a trait.

Question 78

The correlation of IQ scores for pairs of _______ twins is very high-almost 0.85. The correlation of IQ scores for pairs of _______ twins is closer to 0.60.

Question 79

Stan is a very intelligent 75-year-old man. When he has trouble using his new smartphone, his daughter says, "Sorry, Dad, old people can't learn these things." The more his daughter says this, the more nervous Stan becomes and the more mistakes he makes. Stan appears to be experiencing _______ threat.

Question 80

Explain how the intelligence quotient (IQ) was originally defined.