Deck 16: Imitation

Question 1

Reinforcement of some imitative responses must occur, before the unreinforced generalized imitative response occurs.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Imitation training involves stimulus discrimination and differential reinforcement.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the example given in the text, the trainers were able to teach Marilla to imitate both verbal and physical responses.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

When the trainers were teaching Marilla to imitate, she sometimes made the response when the trainer had not done so. When she did this, the trainer still praised her and gave her food.

Question 5

Is this an example of generalized imitation? The behavior analysts had reinforced several different imitative responses. When they modeled a novel response, Marilla imitated it.

Question 6

What is the following statement made by the trainer an example of: The trainer holds up a picture of a cat and then says to Dicky, "This is a cat. Now say cat."

A) Generalized imitation
B) Physical prompt (physical guidance)
C) Verbal prompt
D) Guided instruction
E) Verbal stimulus method (verbal approach)

Question 7

When learning language, an extensive imitative repertoire is essential.

Question 8

To train imitation, we need both a discrimination contingency and a differential reinforcement contingency.

Question 9

To get generalized imitation, we must reinforce some imitative responses.

Question 10

What sort of prompts did Risley and Wolf use to bring Dicky's verbal behavior under the control of stimuli outside of his immediate environment?

A) Physical prompt (physical guidance)
B) Verbal prompt
C) Guided instruction
D) External prompt

Question 11

What is this an example of: The trainer said, "Do this," raised his arm once more, and took Marilla's hand and raised it for her. Then he fed her a spoonful of her lunch.

A) Generalized imitation
B) Physical prompt (physical guidance)
C) Verbal prompt
D) Verbal stimulus method (verbal approach)

Question 12

Imitative reinforcers are:

A) Unlearned reinforcers
B) Learned reinforcers

Question 13

We can be sure the following is an example of imitation: The stop light turns from red to green, and all the cars proceed through the intersection.

Question 14

You are trying to get a child to walk to the bathroom after you give her a "go to the bathroom" instruction. She sometimes has trouble following instructions so immediately after giving the bathroom instruction you gently put your hands under her armpits and walk her to the bathroom. What kind of prompt is this?

A) Focal compliant
B) Physical prompt (physical guidance)
C) Guidance prompt
D) Prompt prompt
E) Leading prompt

Question 15

Match the numbers to the words that go in the boxes to Diagram the establishment of a learned imitative reinforcer.

-No food & praise
B) Stimuli from imitation
C) Food & praise
D) Trainer says "do this"

Question 16

Match the numbers to the words that go in the boxes to Diagram the establishment of a learned imitative reinforcer.

-No food & praise
B) Stimuli from imitation
C) Food & praise
D) Trainer says "do this"

Question 17

Match the numbers to the words that go in the boxes to Diagram the establishment of a learned imitative reinforcer.

-No food & praise
B) Stimuli from imitation
C) Food & praise
D) Trainer says "do this"

Question 18

Match the numbers to the words that go in the boxes to diagram the stimulus-discrimination training contingency for establishing imitation for a child (Marilla) who previously showed no imitative stimulus control (Baer, Peterson, & Sherman, 1967).


-____ Trainer raises arm and says “do this”

Question 19

Match the numbers to the words that go in the boxes to diagram the stimulus-discrimination training contingency for establishing imitation for a child (Marilla) who previously showed no imitative stimulus control (Baer, Peterson, & Sherman, 1967).

-Trainer says "raise your arm"
B) Trainer raises arm and says "do this"
C) Trainer doesn't say "raise your arm"
D) Trainer doesn't raise arm and doesn't say "do this"
E) Marilla raises her arm

Question 20

Match the numbers to the words that go in the boxes to diagram the stimulus-discrimination training contingency for establishing imitation for a child (Marilla) who previously showed no imitative stimulus control (Baer, Peterson, & Sherman, 1967).

-Trainer says "raise your arm"
B) Trainer raises arm and says "do this"
C) Trainer doesn't say "raise your arm"
D) Trainer doesn't raise arm and doesn't say "do this"
E) Marilla raises her arm

Question 21

Match the following definitions with the terms below.

- Imitation

A)The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.
B)The trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response.
C)Imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.
D)A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.
E)Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers.
F)Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 22

Match the following definitions with the terms below.

- Imitative reinforcers

A)The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.
B)The trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response.
C)Imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.
D)A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.
E)Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers.
F)Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 23

Match the following definitions with the terms below.

-Verbal prompt

A)The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.
B)The trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response.
C)Imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.
D)A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.
E)Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers.
F)Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 24

Match the following definitions with the terms below.

-The theory of generalized imitation

A)The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.
B)The trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response.
C)Imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.
D)A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.
E)Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers.
F)Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 25

Match the following definitions with the terms below.

-Generalized imitation

A)The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.
B)The trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response.
C)Imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.
D)A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.
E)Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers.
F)Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 26

Match the following definitions with the terms below.

-Physical prompt

A)The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.
B)The trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response.
C)Imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.
D)A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.
E)Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers.
F)Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 27

Fill in the Blank

-Imitation
$\bullet$ The form of the behavior of the ___________________________
$\bullet$ is _______________________by
$\bullet$ similar behavior of the ___________________________.

Question 28

Fill in the Blank

-Physical prompt (physical guidance)
$\bullet$ The _______________________physically moves the trainee's body
$\bullet$ in an approximation of the ___________________________response.

Question 29

Fill in the Blank

-Generalized imitation
$\bullet$ ___________________________of the response
$\bullet$ of a ___________________________
$\bullet$ without previous ___________________________
$\bullet$ of ___________________________of that specific response.

Question 30

Fill in the Blank

-Verbal prompt
$\bullet$ A ___________________________verbal stimulus
$\bullet$ that raises the ___________________________of a correct response.

Question 31

Fill in the Blank

-The theory of generalized imitation
$\bullet$ _____________________imitative responses occur
$\bullet$ because they automatically produce imitative ___________________________.

Question 32

Fill in the Blank

-Imitative reinforcers
$\bullet$ Stimuli arising from the ___________________________between
$\bullet$ the ___________________________of the imitator
$\bullet$ and the ___________________________of the model
$\bullet$ that function as ___________________________.

Question 33

Define the following concepts:
-Imitation (Make the example one that is not an example of generalized imitation.)

Question 34

Define the following concepts:
-Physical prompt (physical guidance)

Question 35

Define the following concepts:
-Generalized imitation

Question 36

Define the following concepts:
-Verbal prompt

Question 37

Define the following concepts:
-The theory of generalized imitation

Question 38

Define the following concepts:
-Imitative reinforcers

Question 39

Give an example of each of the following concepts
-Imitation

Question 40

Give an example of each of the following concepts
-Physical prompt (physical guidance)

Question 41

Give an example of each of the following concepts
-Generalized imitation

Question 42

Give an example of each of the following concepts
-Verbal prompt

Question 43

Give an example of each of the following concepts
-The theory of generalized imitation

Question 44

Give an example of each of the following concepts
-Imitative reinforcers

Question 45

How would you show that you have achieved generalized imitation?

Question 46

Give an example of an added contingency for imitation and an automatic, built-in one.

Question 47

Why do we need a theory of generalized imitation?

Question 48

Why is generalized imitation crucial for language learning?

Question 49

What are the two main causes of a child's imitating vocal behavior?

Question 50

Why isn't extinction the best control procedure for demonstrating reinforcement?
• What is the best control procedure?

Question 51

Fill in the empty boxes for
-Diagram the stimulus-discrimination training contingency for establishing imitation for a child (Marilla) who previously showed no imitative stimulus control (Baer, Peterson, & Sherman, 1967).

Question 52

Fill in the empty boxes for
-Complete the diagram of imitation training, with the use of a prompt, to get Dicky to verbally identify pictures.

Question 53

Fill in the empty boxes for
-Please complete the diagram for this contingency.

Question 54

Fill in the empty boxes for
-Please complete this diagram.

Question 55

Diagram a contingency showing how you can use verbal prompts to take advantage of excessive imitation and establish more normal verbal behavior under more normal stimulus control.
$\bullet$ Do such a diagram for a procedure for establishing control by stimuli that are present.
$\bullet$ Do such a diagram for a procedure for establishing control by stimuli or events that are not present.

Question 56

Diagram how we establish conditioned imitative reinforcers.