Deck 11: Women Working in Prisons and Jails

Question 1

Which term does the author deem inappropriate to use when describing persons working with incarcerated adults and children?

A) guard
B) correctional officer
C) prison and jail worker
D) prison officer

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Atkins and Hoggett (1984), which reason has been used to justify limiting women's paying job opportunities?

A) patronage
B) equality
C) singlehood
D) maternity

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which women had more legal rights at the beginning of the 19th century in England?

A) married women
B) widowed women
C) divorced women
D) single women

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Gender discrimination in the workplace is typically viewed through which two lenses?

A) cultural beliefs and intersectionality
B) intersectionality and fear
C) fear and institutionalized workplace policies
D) institutionalized workplace policies and cultural beliefs

Question 5

The degree to which male and female workers are concentrated in different jobs is referred to as gender-based ______.

A) earning gaps
B) learning curves
C) competency differences
D) occupational segregation

Question 6

In an analysis of Ohio Civil Rights Commission sex discrimination in employment cases filed by women, the most common type of discrimination was ______.

A) being fired
B) sexual harassment
C) pregnancy related
D) working condition

Question 7

Women as a group have been disadvantages via limited access to rewards and opportunities in a system where men have been viewed as ______ and women as ______.

A) abnormal; normal
B) deviant; typical
C) normal; different
D) different; ordinary

Question 8

Racial discrimination is more often motivated by which of the following?

A) disempowerment
B) paternalism
C) protection
D) control

Question 9

Discrimination against women is more often motivated by ______.

A) humiliation
B) disempowerment
C) paternalism
D) degrading

Question 10

Which of the following is considered to be one of the first successful gender discrimination cases in the United States?

A) Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977)
B) Schroer v. Billington (2008)
C) Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc (2018)
D) Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)

Question 11

When women first broke into the criminal legal system, they were labeled as ______.

A) mothers
B) matrons
C) mom
D) feminists

Question 12

The first prison and police matrons were often ______.

A) minority women
B) lower-class women
C) well-connected women
D) immigrant women

Question 13

Which name is associated with rural jails that were run by Sheriff's and their wives?

A) mom and pop
B) big houses
C) the slammer
D) up the river

Question 14

Which of the following statements pertaining to Sherriff's wives in rural mom and pop jails is true?

A) They worked in an official capacity.
B) They were considered trained managers.
C) They managed day-to-day operations.
D) They were paid positions.

Question 15

In a recent study of prison/jail workers' reasons for pursuing this work, researchers found gender differences that emphasized ______.

A) enforcing society's laws
B) advancement opportunities
C) job security
D) pay

Question 16

The promotion block experienced by many women and people of color in jobs traditionally unavailable to them is also known as the ______.

A) ripple
B) glass ceiling
C) glass escalator
D) crab-basket

Question 17

Which effect was identified in the chapter as an example of tokenism?

A) crab-basket
B) glass ceiling
C) ripple
D) glass escalator

Question 18

According to a 1992 study of men in predominately women professions, token men in women-dominated jobs experienced a ______.

A) crab basket
B) ripple
C) glass ceiling
D) glass escalator

Question 19

Which gendered role is expected to attend to everyone's emotional needs in the office?

A) iron maiden
B) seductress
C) pet
D) mother

Question 20

Which gendered role attends to some men's sexual stereotypes about women?

A) iron maiden
B) seductress
C) pet
D) mother

Question 21

Which gendered role is also the resident "cheerleader," whose priority seemed to be to support men coworkers and build up their egos?

A) iron maiden
B) seductress
C) pet
D) mother

Question 22

The ______ were women who did not fit into any of the other categories, possibly resisting them by choice.

A) iron maidens
B) seductresses
C) pets
D) mothers

Question 23

Women never or barely hired to work in men's prisons is an example of ______ sexism.

A) institutionalized
B) structured
C) hostile
D) benevolent

Question 24

Which trailblazer was the first woman Commission of New York City Corrections and was the chair of the first NYC parole panel?

A) Mary Bell Harris
B) Miriam Van Waters
C) Katharine Bement Davis
D) Kate Barnard

Question 25

Which trailblazer was elected the first Commissioner of Oklahoma Charities and Corrections of Kansas and Oklahoma in 1907?

A) Mary Bell Harris
B) Miriam Van Waters
C) Katharine Bement Davis
D) Kate Barnard

Question 26

Which trailblazer was the first Superintendent of the Federal Institution for Women in Alderson, VA?

A) Mary Bell Harris
B) Miriam Van Waters
C) Katharine Bement Davis
D) Kate Barnard

Question 27

Which trailblazer was one of the first people to push for recognizing juvenile delinquency and started and ran an institution for delinquent girls, among other things?

A) Mary Bell Harris
B) Miriam Van Waters
C) Katharine Bement Davis
D) Kate Barnard

Question 28

Who was the first woman to be a superintendent of a male prison and Deputy Commissioner in Pennsylvania and Director of the D.C. Department of Corrections?

A) Mary Bell Harris
B) Margaret Moore
C) Katharine Bement Davis
D) Kate Barnard

Question 29

Who was identified as an example of the current sexism and homophobia in the area of women guards is ______.

A) Mary Bell Harris
B) Katharine Bement Davis
C) Kate Barnard
D) Charmaine McGuffey

Question 30

Which scholar conducted some of the finest research on incarcerated women to date but is rarely recognized for it?

A) Louise Stevens Bryand
B) Katharine Bement Davis
C) Kate Barnard
D) Charmaine McGuffey

Question 31

Which of the following states that it is illegal to base terms of employment on a person's sex, race, religion, or national origin?

A) Title II
B) Title III
C) Title VI
D) Title VII

Question 32

According to the author, some report that ______ was added to the list of nondiscriminatory characteristics listed in the Title VII amendment b at the last minute and as an attempt to derail the entire amendment.

A) race
B) religion
C) natural origin
D) sex

Question 33

Title VII allows which agency the power to prosecute violators in the federal courts, a power that was quickly utilized?

A) Employee Benefits Security Administration
B) U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
C) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
D) U.S. Department of Labor

Question 34

According to the text, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was geared for discrimination cases based on ______.

A) sex
B) race
C) religion
D) national origin

Question 35

Which type of sex-discrimination brought on behalf of prison/jail staff has generated the most attention in women's legal right to work in men's prisons?

A) pregnancy
B) promotion
C) job assignment
D) prisoners' rights to privacy

Question 36

Which type of officers receives the most hostility from male coworkers and is most openly resentful of this hostility?

A) iron maiden role
B) institutional role
C) modified role
D) inventive role

Question 37

A woman guard sees their physical weakness as overcompensated for by their superior communication skills and respect for prisoners. This statement illustrates which role?

A) iron maiden
B) inventive
C) modified
D) institutional

Question 38

Which role is characterized by a woman officer's preference of safe assignments and the reliance on men officers to back them up?

A) iron maiden role
B) inventive role
C) institutional role
D) modified role

Question 39

Which role characterizes women officers as advantageous, better works in the prison system when compared to men?

A) iron maiden role
B) inventive role
C) institutional role
D) modified role

Question 40

Which role identified by Zimmer (1986) is characterized by rule and policy followers that tend to downplay their female status?

A) iron maiden role
B) inventive role
C) institutional role
D) modified role

Question 41

Which of the following is considered to be one of the most tangible indications of male guards' and supervisors' hostility to the women guards?

A) hostile sexism
B) bullying
C) sexual harassment
D) stalking

Question 42

Which of the following statements pertaining on job performance and attitudes is true?

A) Women tend to be more punishment-oriented.
B) Women are better at deescalating violent situations.
C) Women are more likely to talk out or reason with defiant inmates.
D) Women guards are more likely to issue inmate conduct reports.

Question 43

Some studies have found that women guards are more ______ in orientation than men officers were.

A) rehabilitative
B) punitive
C) retributive
D) restitutive

Question 44

According to the job model, ______ impact guards' gender differences.

A) preferred modes of interaction
B) prior experiences
C) organizational structure
D) attitudes

Question 45

Which model suggests that women place greater importance than do men on relationships with others in their work environment?

A) gender model
B) work-role prisonization model
C) job model
D) importation-differential experiences model

Question 46

In this century where men are more likely to report discrimination in promotions, the ______ model is more dominant.

A) gender model
B) work-role prisonization model
C) job model
D) importation-differential experiences model

Question 47

Which model was found to have been more dominant during the studies in the first few decades following Title VII where women reported discrimination in promotions?

A) gender model
B) work-role prisonization model
C) job model
D) importation-differential experiences model

Question 48

Which model speculates that the on-the-job prison/jail environments and structural factors shape these employees' views of discrimination?

A) work-role prisonization model
B) importation-differential experiences model
C) gender model
D) job model

Question 49

Which model posits that prison/jail employees' socialization prior to working in these jobs, via demographic variables such as gender and race, influence individuals' experiences with and how they view discrimination?

A) work-role prisonization model
B) importation-differential experiences model
C) gender model
D) job model

Question 50

Role strain is a measure of a workers' stress when their job responsibilities feel ______.

A) clear
B) ambiguous
C) well-defined
D) definite

Question 51

Historically, married women fared much worse that unmarried women because they were viewed as their husband's property.

Question 52

Perry-Jenkins and Gerstel (2020) characterized housework and parenting as paid work.

Question 53

A major distinction between racism and sexism is that people of color do not tend to share the private sphere as intimately with the empowered.

Question 54

White women disproportionately benefit from the financial and networking advantages accrued to their White fathers and other relatives, husbands, and friends.

Question 55

All the "pioneering" women in the criminal legal system were concerned with advancing gender equality.

Question 56

White privilege resulted in the first "trailblazers" largely being White.

Question 57

Title VII is viewed by many scholars as the greatest motivation for hiring women into nongendered jobs in men's prisons.

Question 58

The Title VII doctrine focuses on the modern concept of sex discrimination.

Question 59

Title VII is very costly to litigate.

Question 60

According to some scholars, academics are equally interested in corrections works and inmates.

Question 61

The two most common types of sex-discrimination brought on behalf of prison/jail staff are promotion and job assignment discrimination.

Question 62

The 1993 Jordan v. Gardner case found that the use of men guards to perform body searches of women prisoners violate women prisoners' rights to freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.

Question 63

The research on women guards was almost nonexistent until the mid-1980s.

Question 64

Women officers who work hard to demonstrate competence are described as "climbers," "dykes," or "cold" and they are isolated and distrusted by their colleagues.

Question 65

Modified role officers are rule and policy followers that tend to downplay their female status.

Question 66

Sexual harassment is one of the most tangible indications of male guards' and supervisors' hostility to the women guards.

Question 67

According to the job model, gender differences in guards' occupational experiences are shaped by the attitudes, prior experiences, and preferred modes of interaction that they bring to the job.

Question 68

Most guard research has found coworker support more commonly reported as a stressor and/or more impactful among women than men guards.

Question 69

Institutions with higher security levels tend to have the highest rate of women guards and evaluated women officers more favorably.

Question 70

Role problems are a measure of a workers' stress when their job responsibilities feel ambiguous, ill-defined, unclear, and/or in conflict with each other.

Question 71

Discuss three ways the U.S. legal system has attempted to justify limiting women's paying job opportunities.

Question 72

Explain the glass-ceiling effect. You may use an example to illustrate your answer.

Question 73

Identify and explain the characteristics of the four gendered roles that men placed women coworkers in as identified by Kanter (1977).

Question 74

What changes started in the 1960s lead to women's hiring in men's prisons?

Question 75

Zimmer, in his 1986 ethnography of women guards, identified three roles or adjustment strategies regarding women's work. Explain the roles and identify the characteristics associated with each one.