Deck 5: Socialization and the Life Cycle

Question 1

As understood in sociology, how is the self considered to be dual?

A) Modern society has lead to an increase in mental disorders-one of the most severe being multiple personality disorder. Sociology studies the social situations that lead to this dual understanding of the self.
B) The individual has a sense of themselves as a free individual with personal desires and a capacity to act independently, but the individual is also limited by society's norms, values, and regulations.
C) The self goes through two stages-the immature self and the mature self. The first is presocialized, animalistic, and instinctive. The mature self replaces the immature self as the individual becomes socialized and learns control, discipline, and societal norms.
D) Both a and b, but not c
E) None of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

From a young age, children are surrounded by their family's thoughts and actions. The child gains important cultural knowledge through exposure to these activities and values. Additionally, the child undergoes internal development processes, called self-development.This process by which individuals internalize the codes, narratives, and values that already exist in society is called:

A) Peer Pressure
B) Socialization
C) Selfways
D) Sociodevelopmental Phases
E) None of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of an agent of socialization?

A) School
B) A Soccer Team
C) Church
D) Friends
E) All of the above

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The Minnesota Twin Family study documents biological and dispositional tendencies in some 8,000 twins. Which of the following statements describes their findings?

A) Identical twins raised entirely separate from one another were still identical in behaviors and values, as well as appearance.
B) At best, biology only explains about half of our 'personality.'
C) Identical twins raised apart were about as different as they were similar.
D) Both b and c, but not a
E) All of the above

Question 5

According to Chapter 5, the parable of Socrates accepting death rather than giving up his beliefs, Descartes' proclamation "I think therefore I am," and Hamlet's contemplation of "To be or not to be, that is the question" can be understood as evidence that:

A) The self is now considered to have its own moral life apart from society.
B) There are harsh consequences for individuals unwilling to be socialized.
C) Some individuals are not capable of being properly socialized.
D) Both b and c, but not a
E) None of the above

Question 6

According to the theories presented in Chapter 5, in what ways is the postmodern self different from modern self?

A) The postmodern self is "other-directed;" people are torn between maintaining one identity and needing to be flexible and frequently changing.
B) The postmodern self is reflexive; the individual might struggle more to determine their identity, but at the same time can actively reconstruct oneself.
C) The postmodern self is no longer limited to a core self; as such, individuals are free to explore their possibilities.
D) The postmodern self is more fragmented, but better equipped to deal with a fast-paced, complex society.
E) All of the above

Question 7

When adults enter into situations that reshape their sense of self, their outlooks, and their relationships with the world, this is referred to as:

A) Behavioral Modification
B) Psychotherapy
C) Adult socialization
D) Nothing. It is simply the fact of everyday life.
E) None of the above

Question 8

Markus et al use the term "selfways" to refer to:

A) The mannerisms, behaviors, and affect specific to an individual's action.
B) The ways in which an individual mirrors the values and norms of their parents and immediate family members.
C) The cultural ideas and values associated with particular cultural and social groups in the world.
D) Both a and b, but not c
E) None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of parents acting as the primary agent of socialization?

A) A mother hugs a child who comes in from playing outside crying.
B) When a child refuses to eat their vegetable, the parent denies the child dessert.
C) When a young son turns 5, a mother no longer allows him to accompany her in the women's public restroom. Instead, he is taken by his father.
D) A daughter accompanies her father to work on "Take your daughter to work day."
E) All of the above

Question 10

What does the concept 'role taking' refer to in socialization?

A) The child's ability to understand the parents' expectations, and to conceptually assume some elements of the parent's role
B) A socialization activity in which the children and the parents switch roles for the day so that both may appreciate the other's activities and chores.
C) A dysfunctional situation in which the parents are incapable of raising the children, and the children instead are forced to act as the primary agents of socialization for one another and their parents.
D) An exercise sometimes used in elementary schools where children take turns playing different social roles and behaving inappropriately so that they learn the consequences of their action.
E) None of the above

Question 11

How might siblings in a family affect one's socialization process?

A) If there are a high number of children in a family, the parents are unable to offer as much support and control to each child at all times.
B) With larger families, parents have less time for rational, inductive explanations, and control may become coercive.
C) Families in which the children are spaced farther apart tend to be less frustrated and have more relaxed discipline.
D) The firstborn child typically gets more attention and stimulation from birth.
E) All of the above

Question 12

When friends or relatives inquire about a new born, their first question is often "Is it a boy or a girl?" According to Chapter 5, which of the following explains this phenomenon?

A) They prefer one gender to the other, and secretly hope that the baby is their preferred gender.
B) They are likely participating in an office pool to predict the baby's gender and hope they are correct.
C) They want to know how to interact with the child, what to say, what kind of physical gestures to make, and how to describe the child to others.
D) Both a and c, but not b
E) None of the above

Question 13

Over time, human societies have become more complex: new social institutions are differentiated out from the family, the community is less personal and more extended, states governed by formal law and bureaucracy emerge, to name a few of the changes. What implication has this transition had on socialization?

A) Family remains an important socialization agent, but is more distant from other societal institutions. As a result, more socialization occurs outside of the family.
B) Morality has declined around the world.
C) Social organizations and groups, such as school, peers, and church have replaced family as the primary agent of socialization.
D) None. Socialization remains a complicated process involving the family and society.
E) None of the above

Question 14

In what ways is school an important secondary socialization experience?

A) Intelligence is highly valued in contemporary society. At school, students learn a large quantity of facts and information, and are transformed into useful and productive members of society.
B) Schools develop cognitive capacities and instill social interaction skills in students.
C) Schools are more competitive, stratified and impersonal than the family, and as such prepare students for the rigors of adult economic life.
D) Both b and c, but not a
E) None of the above

Question 15

How do peer groups act as agents of socialization?

A) Peer groups consciously set out to socialize one another.
B) The socialization process is explicit. Parents or teachers in charge of the peer group give the group a task, and establish the values and rules that will ensure this goal is accomplished.
C) Children form groups either to accomplish something or simply because they want to have a good time. Through their interactions with one another, they are exposed to beliefs outside of their own and have the opportunity to take on different roles.
D) Peer groups are stratified and unequal. Children learn about the challenges of real life and meritocracy from interacting in these groups.
E) None of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is one example of how post-modernity has transformed the life course trajectory?

A) Leaving adulthood is marked by retirement from work.
B) Disease epidemics disrupt the life course, forcing individuals to leave work early, or to begin working at a young age to provide for family.
C) Many individuals delay marriage and childhood, prioritizing their career.
D) All of the above

Question 17

An 'identity crisis' is:

A) A concept introduced by Erik Erikson to describe the psychological factors of prolonged adolescence.
B) A so called "time out" for young adults to experiment with different roles and positions in society.
C) The practical challenge young adults face to define their lives-by career, relationship, or job.
D) The emotional challenge young adults face to foster a coherent new sense of self that is independent of one's peers and parents.
E) All of the above

Question 18

In postmodern society, psychotherapy has emerged as a central social institution. According to Chapter 5, what is the goal of psychotherapy?

A) To discover and institutionalize mentally unstable individuals so as to protect society from deviant behavior.
B) To develop a more real and independent self.
C) To alter individuals understanding of time, space, and events in such a way that their cognition is transformed.
D) To help individuals to repress and forget events in their past that continue to harm or plague their present experience
E) All of the above

Question 19

In postmodern society, self management is not limited to traditional forms such as psychotherapy and Western medicine. Which of the following is evidence of a new culture of caring for body and soul?

A) The prevalence of fitness centers
B) Yoga
C) Massage as therapy and profession
D) The rising practice of Eastern religion
E) All of the above

Question 20

According to chapter 5,which of the following describes the significance of Arlie Hochschild's theory of 'feeling rules?'

A) The theory of 'Feeling Rules' captures the fact that society is becoming more sensitive and in tune to emotion, which previously was considered a private activity.
B) 'Feeling rules' are significant be cause the illustrate the uncertainty of post-modern life-we have to work to control our emotions, as well as to be interpreted and understood accurately by one another.
C) 'Feeling Rules' refer to the ways in which states have begun regulating individual's freedom of expression.
D) Both a and b, but not c
E) None of the above

Question 21

Socialization is a process that begins at birth and ends when an individual reaches adulthood at age 20.

Question 22

Religious conversion, drug rehabilitation, and fraternity hazing are examples of socialization.

Question 23

A recent report of the American Psychological Association found no real correlation between girls' self image and a proliferation of hyper-sexualized images of girls and young women in advertising.

Question 24

Socialization is a formal process of transmitting codes, values, narratives, and norms.

Question 25

In the process of raising children, both parents and children are socialized.

Question 26

Inductive control is irrational, unpredictable, and negative.

Question 27

Gender is the biological distinction between male and females.

Question 28

One of the central values transmitted by the American educational system is individualism.

Question 29

Media, television and the Internet in particular, have become prominent socializing agents. From watching television or surfing the web, individuals are exposed to specific cultural knowledge, perhaps unlike their immediate experiences.

Question 30

Life Course analysts view life as a linear, biological path from birth to death.

Question 31

In postmodern society, it has become increasingly difficult to define life stages.