Deck 4: Geosphere Materials

Question 1

What are the four most common elements in the Earth's geosphere?

A) oxygen, iron, silicon, magnesium
B) silicon, lithium, carbon, magnesium
C) oxygen, neon, argon, sodium
D) oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, argon
E) iron, uranium, thorium, carbon

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the most common element in the Earth's crust?

A) silicon
B) carbon
C) iron
D) oxygen
E) nitrogen

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Oceanic crust has more of these elements than the continental crust:

A) silicon and lithium.
B) iron and magnesium.
C) potassium and calcium.
D) neon and argon.
E) silicon and oxygen.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Eight elements make up over 98% of the geosphere's mass, including this one:

A) argon.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) oxygen.
D) nitrogen.
E) helium.

Question 5

What is in the center of an atom?

A) protons and electrons
B) electrons only
C) protons and neutrons
D) electrons and neutrons
E) protons only

Question 6

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-Proton

A) positive
B) neutral
C) negative

Question 7

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-Neutron

A) positive
B) neutral
C) negative

Question 8

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-Electron

A) positive
B) neutral
C) negative

Question 9

Which statement is TRUE?

A) The percentage of Fe and Mg in oceanic crust is less than that in continental crust.
B) The percentage of Ca in continental crust is less than in the oceanic crust.
C) The percentage of K in continental crust less that in oceanic crust.
D) The percentage of Si in continental crust less than that in oceanic crust.
E) O is not present in the Earth's crust.

Question 10

The element symbols O, Al, Si, and Fe stands for:

A) oxide, albite, silicic, and ferric.
B) oxygen, aluminum, silicon, and iron.
C) oxidation, aluminous, siliclastic, and ferrous.
D) oxygen, aluminous, silica, and ferrous.
E) oxygen, aluminous, silica, and iron.

Question 11

The definition of a mineral does NOT include:

A) naturally occurring.
B) solid.
C) ordered arrangement of atoms.
D) man-made.
E) inorganic.

Question 12

An example of ionic bonding is:

A) Na⁺ bonding to Cl^-.
B) bonds between Si⁴⁺ and O^2- in the silicate tetrahedron.
C) O^2- bonding to H⁺ in ice.
D) two oxygens sharing electrons in O₂.
E) all are examples of ionic bonding.

Question 13

The most common rock forming minerals in the Earth's crust are:

A) quartz, ferro-magnesium minerals, and sulfides.
B) quartz, micas, and sulfides.
C) quartz, feldspars, and ferro-magnesium minerals.
D) sulfides, oxides, and carbonates.
E) olvine, pyroxene, and carbonates.

Question 14

What is in the center of a silicate tetrahedron?

A) Si⁴⁺
B) Si²⁺
C) Si^4-
D) O²⁺
E) O^2-

Question 15

Clays can come from the weathering (hydrolysis) of:

A) quartz.
B) feldspar.
C) micas.
D) pyroxene.
E) carbonates.

Question 16

Examples of ferromagnesium minerals are:

A) feldspars and quartz.
B) quartz and micas.
C) pyrite and galena.
D) pyroxene and olivine.
E) calcite and dolomite.

Question 17

Karst terrane and sinkholes are common in regions that have large amount of this mineral:

A) quartz.
B) calcite.
C) pyroxene.
D) feldspar.
E) pyrite.

Question 18

"Fool's gold" or pyrite is a

A) sulfide mineral.
B) silicate mineral.
C) carbonate mineral.
D) oxide mineral.
E) all of the above.

Question 19

Silicosis:

A) is a type of silicate mineral.
B) has an overall charge of 4-.
C) is a disease from the inhalation of silicate minerals.
D) is the process weathering feldpsars into clays.
E) is the process by which hot, water-rich fluids alter minerals.

Question 20

Rust is primarily made up of:

A) the tin oxide cassiterite.
B) the titanium oxide rutile.
C) calcite (CaCO₃).
D) the iron oxides: hematite and goethite.
E) galena (PbS).

Question 21

Felsic rocks:

A) commonly contain feldspar and quartz.
B) contain lots of silicon, sodium, and potassium.
C) do not have much iron and magnesium.
D) are common in the continental crust.
E) all of the above

Question 22

What is basalt?

A) a ferromagnesium mineral
B) a rock common in the continental crust
C) a rock characteristic of karst terrane
D) a mafic igneous rock
E) a type of metamorphic rock

Question 23

What is the difference between basalt and gabbro?

A) Basalt is igneous and gabbro is metamorphic.
B) Gabbro is more crystalline than basalt.
C) The rocks contain different minerals.
D) Basalt is mafic and gabbro is felsic.
E) Basalt is characteristic of oceanic crust and gabbro is characteristic of continental crust.

Question 24

The process by which a magma body crystallizes is called:

A) silicosis.
B) differentiation.
C) erosion.
D) weathing.
E) metamorphism.

Question 25

Examples of plutonic igneous rocks are:

A) basalt and gabbro.
B) gabbro and granite.
C) andesite and gypsum.
D) halite and gabbro.
E) gneiss and marble.

Question 26

An example of erosion is:

A) the breaking of rocks into smaller pieces through the action of freezing water.
B) plant roots grow in rock cracks, breaking it into smaller pieces.
C) mineral hydrolysis, oxidation, and dissolution breaks a rock into smaller pieces.
D) the transportation of rocks by movements of water, wind, and ice.
E) all of the above.

Question 27

What does lithified mean?

A) layers of sedimentary rocks
B) sediment becomes deposited in channels and stream beds
C) loose "unconsolidated" material has become a solid rock
D) rock debris has been carried by a glacier
E) limestone has crystallized into gabbro

Question 28

Metamorphosed limestone is:

A) gneiss.
B) gabbro.
C) basalt.
D) mica.
E) marble.

Question 29

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-andesite

A) volcanic igneous
B) evaporite
C) metamorphic
D) plutonic igneous
E) clastic sedimentary

Question 30

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-rock salt

A) volcanic igneous
B) evaporite
C) metamorphic
D) plutonic igneous
E) clastic sedimentary

Question 31

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-granite

A) volcanic igneous
B) evaporite
C) metamorphic
D) plutonic igneous
E) clastic sedimentary

Question 32

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-sandstone

A) volcanic igneous
B) evaporite
C) metamorphic
D) plutonic igneous
E) clastic sedimentary

Question 33

Match the following options to its correct definition.
-gneiss

A) volcanic igneous
B) evaporite
C) metamorphic
D) plutonic igneous
E) clastic sedimentary

Question 34

Metamorphism involves:

A) dehydration of minerals.
B) recrystallization of old minerals into new ones.
C) new minerals that grow in the direction influenced by pressure.
D) changes of rock because of temperature and pressure changes.
E) all of above.

Question 35

Gneiss:

A) is a banded metamorphic rock.
B) is a foliated (sheeted, leaf-like) metamorphic rock.
C) is a crystalline igneous rock.
D) forms from the evaporation of sea water.
E) is a type of sedimentary rock comprised of gravel.

Question 36

What is the rock cycle? A cycle that describes:

A) how water evaporates to form rocks and minerals.
B) how sediment is transported and weathered.
C) how magma crystallizes minerals that settle and form igneous rocks.
D) how igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks relate through different processes.
E) how rocks are broken down into smaller pieces.

Question 37

Granite is used for:

A) countertops.
B) floors.
C) statutes.
D) building materials.
E) all of the above.

Question 38

If silicon has a charge of +4 and oxygen has a charge of -2, what is the total charge on this structure?

A) 2-
B) 2+
C) 4+
D) 4-
E) 8-

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT aggregate?

A) sand
B) gravel
C) crushed stone
D) limestone
E) diamonds

Question 40

Which of the following is a sedimentary rock that chemically precipitates from solution?

A) conglomerate
B) shale
C) sandstone
D) rock salt
E) coal

Question 41

What is an evaporite?

A) rock salt
B) limestone
C) gypsum
D) chemical sedimentary rock concentrated by the evaporation of seawater
E) all of the above

Question 42

What are some concerns with aggregate mining?

A) the physical disturbances to the Earth's surface produced by quarrying
B) the amount of dust generated by mining aggregate
C) the amount of noise generated by mining aggregate
D) safety concerns that accompany transporting aggregate from mines to where it is used
E) all of the above

Question 43

Which of the following is part of mine reclamation?

A) drainage control
B) ongoing environmental monitoring
C) revegetation of previously mined areas
D) returning the mined land to use
E) All are part of mine reclamation.

Question 44

Rocks that have been changed by heat, fluids or pressure are:

A) sedimentary rocks.
B) chemical rocks.
C) igneous rocks.
D) metamorphic rocks.
E) minerals.

Question 45

Which of the following aspects of sedimentary rocks could be used to reconstruct the past environment?

A) its composition
B) its texture, like grain size and grain shape
C) its fossils
D) its structures, like ripples or mudcracks
E) all of the above

Question 46

Describe and draw the silicate tetrahedron. Label each of the atoms and describe the type of bonding between the Si and O. Why is this structure important for geologists?

Question 47

What is the difference between weathering and erosion? Describe both processes using geological examples.

Question 48

What the rock cycle? Define the 3 categories of rocks (sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic) and provide two examples for each kind of rock.

Question 49

List and describe three minerals outlined in the chapters that are dangerous to human health. Are these minerals useful for us in products?

Question 50

What is aggregate? Is it an important industry in the United States? How is aggregate used? How do you use aggregate every day?

Question 51

What is the most common element in the Earth's crust? What do you think the source(s) of this element could be?