Deck 12: Neurodevelopmental, Disruptive, Conduct, and Elimination Disorders

Question 1

The incidence of Down Syndrome is _____ correlated with maternal age.

A) weakly
B) negatively
C) positively
D) not

Answer 1

positively

Question 2

Which of the following is defined as supportive education for children with intellectual disability that includes them in regular classroom settings whenever possible?

A) supported employment
B) mainstreaming
C) sheltered workshop
D) shadowing

Answer 2

mainstreaming

Question 3

Comorbid physical ailments are commonly diagnosed in people with ____________ intellectual disability.

A) mild or moderate
B) severe or profound
C) only moderate
D) only profound

Answer 3

severe or profound

Question 4

Chromosomes normally come in pairs, but people with Down syndrome have three number ____________ chromosomes in every cell in their body.

A) 13
B) 15
C) 18
D) 21

Question 5

Physically, the brains of children with Down syndrome are

A) smaller than normal and contain plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which are structures normally found in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
B) larger than normal and contain plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which are structures normally found in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
C) smaller than normal and contain enlarged ventricles similar to those found in patients with schizophrenia.
D) larger than normal and contain enlarged ventricles similar to those found in patients with schizophrenia.

Question 6

Postnatal causes of intellectual disability, such as encephalitis and lead poisoning account for about ______ percent of the cases diagnosed.

A) 8
B) 10
C) 12
D) 14

Question 7

An intervention program that provides job training and job coaches to help people succeed in meaningful jobs is called

A) sheltered workshops.
B) supported employment.
C) mainstreaming.
D) occupational workshops.

Question 8

The onset of intellectual disability is always before which age?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 18
D) 22

Question 9

In the DSM-5, the term _____ replaces the older term ____.

A) mental retardation; intellectual developmental disorder
B) mental retardation; intellectual disability
C) intellectual developmental disorder; mental retardation
D) intellectual disability; mental retardation

Question 10

Approximately 85% of all people who are diagnosed with intellectual disability fall into the ____________ subtype.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 11

With the possible exception of ____________, children with intellectual disability are five times more likely to be diagnosed with a psychological disorder than other children.

A) schizophrenia or substance use disorders
B) depression or posttraumatic stress disorder
C) bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder
D) schizoaffective disorder or phobias

Question 12

Which phrase best expresses the proportion of the population that has an intellectual disability?

A) just under 1%
B) fewer than 5%
C) just over 5%
D) just under 10%

Question 13

An average IQ score would be between ______ and ______.

A) 50; 75
B) 65; 90
C) 70; 100
D) 85; 115

Question 14

Women in the ____________ age group have the highest chance of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome.

A) 15 to 24 years
B) 25 to 34 years
C) 35 to 44 years
D) 49 years and older

Question 15

Normal intelligence is classified as achieving intelligence test scores that ____________ the mean IQ score of 100.

A) fall one standard deviation above or below
B) fall two standard deviations above or below
C) fall three standard deviations above or below
D) are exactly at

Question 16

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which

A) the body produces too much of the amino acid phenylalanine.
B) the body cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine.
C) a lack of phenylalanine, if not supplemented, causes intellectual disability.
D) a missing enzyme can be supplied by a protein-rich diet.

Question 17

A work environment that teaches job skills to adults with significant cognitive impairments by having them complete tasks for other businesses is called

A) a sheltered workshop.
B) mainstreaming.
C) occupational workshops.
D) supported employment.

Question 18

Applied to children with intellectual disability, mainstreaming means

A) never placing children with retardation in special classes.
B) avoiding applying the label "retardation" to children's condition.
C) treating children with retardation in the same way as any others.
D) integrating children with retardation into regular classrooms whenever possible.

Question 19

Overall, about 1 in every _____ children is born with Down syndrome.

A) 500
B) 1000
C) 5000
D) 10,000

Question 20

Intellectual disability occurs in approximately ____________ of the general population.

A) 1 to 3%
B) 5 to 7 %
C) 7 to 10%
D) 10 to 13%

Question 21

Which subtype of intellectual disability is the LEAST likely to be caused by biological factors?

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 22

The leading known preventable cause of intellectual disability is

A) lead exposure.
B) alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
C) malnutrition.
D) bacterial and viral infections.

Question 23

Disorder of written expression, or ____________, includes difficulty composing grammatically correct sentences; frequent grammatical, punctuation, or spelling errors; and diminished ability to organize coherent paragraphs.

A) dyspraxia
B) dyslexia
C) dysgraphia
D) dyscalculia

Question 24

____________ occurs when a DNA series makes too many copies of itself and "turns off" a gene on the X chromosome.

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Williams syndrome
C) Praeder-Willi syndrome
D) Tuberous sclerosis complex

Question 25

Phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs most frequently in ____________ and ____________.

A) African Americans; Hispanics
B) Native Americans; Asians
C) Whites; African Americans
D) Whites; Native Americans

Question 26

____________ results from a genetic defect that causes a build-up of uric acid in the body.

A) Cornelia de Lange syndrome
B) Praeder-Willi syndrome
C) Williams syndrome
D) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Question 27

As many as _____ children in the U.S. suffer from a specific learning disorder.

A) 500,000
B) 1,000,000
C) 2,000,000
D) 4,000,000

Question 28

Which learning disorder has been researched the most and appears to be significantly influenced by genetic factors?

A) Disorder of written expression
B) Disorder of comprehension
C) Mathematics disorder
D) Reading disorder

Question 29

One of the characteristics of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is that

A) it only occurs in girls because it is a recessive trait requiring two X chromosomes.
B) it only affects boys since the genetic mutation is found on the Y chromosome.
C) nearly all children who develop the disorder have severe, chronic self-injurious behavior.
D) as with phenylketonuria, children require a strict dietary regimen until age 8 to prevent intellectual disability.

Question 30

Mathematics disorder, or ____________, is the diminished disability to understand mathematical terms, operations, or concepts; recognize numerical symbols or arithmetic signs; or copy numbers/figures correctly.

A) dysgraphia
B) dyscalculia
C) dyspraxia
D) dyslexia

Question 31

____________ is a behavioral procedure that rewards successive approximations of desired behavior.

A) Chaining
B) Looping
C) Shaping
D) Stringing

Question 32

Which choice most closely approximates the rate of fetal alcohol syndrome in the U.S.?

A) 1 in 100 live births
B) 1 in 200 live births
C) 1 in 500 live births
D) 1 in 1000 live births

Question 33

In North America and Europe, more children with mild intellectual disability are from

A) environments with high rates of physical abuse.
B) middle class families.
C) mothers who abused drugs or alcohol during pregnancy.
D) the lower socioeconomic strata.

Question 34

The text states that a reading disorder most likely results from

A) difficulties with vision and visual perception.
B) an inability to accurately store vocabulary and grammar in memory.
C) a diminished attention span which leads to mental fatigue.
D) diminished ability to recognize and produce sounds that when put together form words.

Question 35

Mild intellectual disability that is more common among children in lower socioeconomic statuses is called _____ retardation.

A) psychosocial
B) sociocultural
C) cultural-familial
D) socioeconomic

Question 36

Ingestion and inhalation are the two most common ways that ____________ enters the body.

A) lead
B) iron
C) copper
D) aluminum

Question 37

Reading disorder, the most common type of learning disorder, is also known as

A) dyslexia.
B) dyscalculia.
C) dysgraphia.
D) dyspraxia.

Question 38

A behavioral procedure that teaches complex tasks by linking together small discrete behaviors is known as

A) looping.
B) chaining.
C) stringing.
D) shaping.

Question 39

Which genetic disorder is the leading inherited cause of intellectual disability?

A) Down syndrome
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Praeder-Willi syndrome

Question 40

The genetic disorder that causes benign tumor growth in every organ in the body is called

A) Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
B) Tuberous sclerosis complex.
C) Williams syndrome.
D) Praeder-Willi syndrome.

Question 41

Disorders that consist of serious impairments in a child's reciprocal social interaction and communication and include stereotypical behaviors, interests, and activities are called

A) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) autism spectrum disorder.
C) disruptive behavior disorders.
D) conduct disorders.

Question 42

Until the 1970s, autism spectrum disorder was thought to be caused by ____________, or parents who were emotionally unresponsive to their infants.

A) frigid parents
B) refrigerator mothers
C) emotionally repressed parents
D) schizophrenogenic mothers

Question 43

Treatment for learning disorders generally occurs

A) at home.
B) in afterschool programs.
C) in educational settings.
D) at community-based outreach programs.

Question 44

According to your text, 60% to 75% of children with autism spectrum disorder have IQs:

A) of 100 or above.
B) between 85 and 100.
C) between 70 and 85.
D) below 70.

Question 45

____________ is a behavioral intervention that uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve specific behaviors.

A) Cognitive behavioral therapy
B) Applied behavior analysis
C) Family systems therapy
D) Solution-focused treatment

Question 46

Which type of treatment offers the best long-term outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder?

A) Cognitive therapy
B) Psychodynamic therapy
C) Behavioral therapy
D) Family therapy

Question 47

Diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder change as research provides more information on the symptoms and causes. Which of the following has been a result of this?

A) decrease in diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
B) increase in incidence of autism spectrum disorders
C) decrease in incidence of autism spectrum disorders
D) increase in diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders

Question 48

____________ is a common childhood disorder that is characterized by inattentiveness, excessive energy, and impulsivity.

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) Conduct disorder
D) Disruptive behavior disorder

Question 49

The text describes two alternate explanations for the increased rate of autistic disorder, which are

A) unhealthy changes in the American diet and increased rates of genetic abnormalities.
B) increased exposure to lead and increased environmental pollution.
C) changes in diagnostic practices and the addition of two new disorders to the autism spectrum category.
D) reactions from other childhood vaccinations and the inclusion of a comorbid autism disorder for children with intellectual disability.

Question 50

Concordance rates for reading impairment are approximately _____% for monozygotic twins and _____% for dizygotic twins.

A) 50; 25
B) 75; 25
C) 75; 50
D) 90; 50

Question 51

Which of the following are contributing factors in the development of autism spectrum disorder?

A) Maternal age, prenatal environmental factors, and genetic factors
B) Paternal age, prenatal environmental factors, and emotionally unresponsive caregivers
C) Emotionally unresponsive parents, maternal age, and environmental factors
D) Genetic factors, brain abnormalities, and paternal age

Question 52

The onset of autism spectrum disorder is always before the age of

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 53

The incidence of autism spectrum is _____ correlated with _____ age.

A) negatively; maternal
B) positively; maternal
C) negatively; paternal
D) positive; paternal

Question 54

Problem behaviors are classified into five groups. Positive reinforcement and shaping do not figure into the treatment plan for

A) aberrant behaviors.
B) language deficits.
C) academic skills.
D) social skills.

Question 55

Support for a neurodevelopmental basis of autism spectrum disorder is found in

A) overactivation in certain areas of the brain that are associated with facial recognition and the recognition of facial expressions.
B) low levels of specific neurotransmitters in children with the disorder.
C) unusually accelerated head and brain growth in the first few years of life.
D) an identified specific genetic mechanism that causes brain abnormalities.

Question 56

Medications that are prescribed to manage certain behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder include

A) typical antipsychotics, depressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
B) mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and stimulants.
C) benzodiazepines, anxiolytics, and antidepressants.
D) stimulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antipsychotics.

Question 57

Supporters of the anti-vaccination movement believe that the ____________ vaccine causes autism.

A) MMR
B) DPT
C) chickenpox
D) tetanus

Question 58

Approximately ____________ of parents with children who have learning disabilities use nontraditional approaches to working with specific learning disabilities, such as diet and nutritional supplements.

A) 25%
B) 45%
C) 55%
D) 85%

Question 59

Mildly adversive procedures are used in the treatment of

A) social skills.
B) daily living difficulties.
C) aberrant behaviors.
D) communication deficits.

Question 60

Deficits in social communication and social interaction and the presence of restrictive and repetitive behavior patterns are collectively known as

A) autism spectrum disorders.
B) childhood integrative disorders.
C) developmental delay disorders.
D) disruptive behavior disorders.

Question 61

While boys tend to display more physical aggression, girls with conduct problems participate in ____________, which includes teasing, spreading rumors, and excluding other girls from their group.

A) peer alienation
B) social manipulation
C) relational aggression
D) cyber bullying

Question 62

In 2003, the Pediatric Research Equity Act gave the FDA the authority to mandate pharmaceutical research on children. This addressed what problem?

A) Few children were receiving the benefits of drug treatments.
B) Drug companies were inappropriately testing drugs on children.
C) Empirical data on the safety and efficacy of drugs given to children were lacking.
D) Medication use among children was in decline because of fears about its safety.

Question 63

The four behavior categories of conduct disorder are

A) extreme dislike of others, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations.
B) aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, serious rule violations, and social isolation.
C) deceitfulness or theft, aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, and serious rule violations.
D) serious rule violations, extreme dislike of others, aggression toward people or animals, social isolation.

Question 64

The first line of treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is

A) medication.
B) inpatient hospitalization.
C) education-based intervention programs.
D) psychosocial interventions.

Question 65

A classroom behavioral management program that targets school-relevant goals is called a(n)

A) Daily Report Card.
B) Interim Report Card.
C) Progress Report Card.
D) Behavior Report Card.

Question 66

ADHD can be best described as a ____________ disorder with genetic, biological, and environmental influences.

A) neurodevelopmental
B) psychological
C) multidimensional
D) neurobehavioral

Question 67

Which of the following must occur to meet DSM-5 guidelines for an encopresis diagnosis?

A) repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes
B) at least one such event a month for at least three months
C) chronological age of at least 5 years
D) behavior frequency of at least twice a week for at least three months.

Question 68

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?

A) It is a community-based intervention used to treat oppositional defiant and conduct disorders.
B) It is primarily used with preschool children.
C) It is extremely flexible and can be easily tailored to the child's needs.
D) It decreases the need for juvenile incarceration and inpatient hospital stays.

Question 69

ADHD treatment plans should take into consideration

A) the caregivers' ability to comply with the treatment plan and the child's age.
B) underlying genetic factors and the level of functional impairment.
C) the child's age and the level of functional impairment.
D) possible environmental causes and underlying genetic factors.

Question 70

Children who wet their pants during the day at school could have which of the following?

A) diurnal encopresis
B) nocturnal encopresis
C) diurnal enuresis
D) nocturnal enuresis

Question 71

____________ is an ADHD intervention designed to teach parents how to reward positive behaviors and decrease negative ones.

A) Cognitive parent training
B) Solution-focused therapy
C) Behavioral parent training
D) Acceptance and commitment therapy

Question 72

Which disorder is characterized by negative, hostile, or defiant behaviors that are less severe than those found in conduct disorder?

A) Disruptive behavior disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder
D) Pervasive developmental disorder

Question 73

____________ is a childhood disorder that is characterized by a continuous and repeated pattern of violating the basic rights of others or breaking societal rules.

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) Disruptive behavior disorder
D) Conduct disorder

Question 74

Which characteristic differentiates oppositional defiant disorder from ADHD and conduct disorder?

A) Disruptive behavior only occurs at home rather than in a multitude of settings.
B) More girls are diagnosed with the disorder.
C) Children are diagnosed at a much older age.
D) Children have less co-occurring psychological disorders.

Question 75

Most prominently, children with ADHD have deficits in

A) affect regulation.
B) executive functioning.
C) emotional regulation.
D) social functioning.

Question 76

At what point does lack of bowel control indicate the possibility of a disorder of elimination?

A) After the age of 3
B) After the age of 7
C) After the age of 5
D) After the age of 1

Question 77

Worldwide, about _____% of children have ADHD. The disorder occurs about _____ times as often in boys as in girls.

A) 1 to 3; 2 to 3
B) 1 to 3; 4 to 5
C) 3 to 5; 2 to 3
D) 3 to 5; 4 to 5

Question 78

Children are most commonly diagnosed with ADHD in

A) preschool.
B) early elementary school.
C) late elementary school.
D) middle school.

Question 79

Which medication has been used the MOST in the treatment of ADHD?

A) Antidepressants
B) Stimulants
C) Mood stabilizers
D) Anxiolytics

Question 80

Which medication is often prescribed to children with oppositional defiant disorder to help reduce the symptoms of aggression?

A) Typical antipsychotics
B) Antidepressants
C) Atypical antipsychotics
D) Anxiolytics