Deck 7: Cognitive and Physical Performance

Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to sensation, perception, and thought?

A) cognition
B) memory
C) metamemory
D) knowledge
E) wisdom

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following terms refers to residues of previous cognitive processing stored within the brain?

A) cognition
B) memory
C) metamemory
D) knowledge
E) wisdom

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Information acquisition begins

A) with memory
B) with wisdom
C) at the sensory systems
D) at the cognitive system
E) with experience

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All but which of the following statements are true about changes in vision that occur with age?

A) a decrease in the eye's ability to change shape to view objects at different distances
B) a yellowing of the lens, requiring more illumination to view objects
C) the development of cataracts
D) an increase in pupil size
E) effects on the receptor cells in the retina

Question 5

The main cause of hearing impairment is

A) wax accumulation
B) damage to the cochlea
C) background noise
D) rapid speech
E) presbycusis

Question 6

From a functional perspective, the main problem associated with hearing loss is

A) the reduced ability to listen to music
B) the reduced ability to watch television
C) the reduced ability to understand speech
D) the enhanced ability to detect background noise
E) the inability to communicate

Question 7

Research findings suggest which of the following is the most difficult with increasing age?

A) listening to normal speech
B) listening to rapid speech
C) listening to one speaker among many
D) listening to speech in the presence of reverberation or echo
E) listening to interrupted speech

Question 8

The implications of changes to taste and smell with age suggest that

A) older people may enjoy their food less than at a younger age
B) older people may enjoy their food more than at a younger age
C) older people may be more aware of smells
D) older people may completely lose their sensitivity to bitter and sour tastes
E) older people may completely lose their sensitivity to sweet and salty tastes

Question 9

Canadian research suggests that pain is a significant problem for many older people. One study indicated that _____ percent of Canadian nursing home residents experience pain at least once a week.

A) twenty
B) forty
C) fifty
D) seventy
E) eighty

Question 10

Which of the following terms refers to awareness of the body's positioning as it moves through space?

A) kinesthesis
B) gait
C) ataxia
D) coordination
E) biomechanics

Question 11

Which of the following three stages of memory is a model often used for structuring discussions about memory and aging?

A) primary, working, and long-term
B) sensory, primary, long-term
C) sensory, short-term, and long-term
D) primary, short-term, and long-term
E) working, short-term, and long-term

Question 12

Icons refer to memory traces associated with

A) information that is visual
B) information that is auditory
C) information in consciousness
D) information in unconsciousness
E) information that is skill related

Question 13

Echoes refer to memory traces associated with

A) information that is visual
B) information that is auditory
C) information in consciousness
D) information in unconsciousness
E) information that is skill related

Question 14

There are two types of short-term memory:

A) sensory and working
B) sensory and primary
C) primary and working
D) icons and echoes
E) episodic and semantic

Question 15

Working memory is

A) mental manipulation of the information in consciousness into a form appropriate for long-term storage
B) mental manipulation of the information in unconsciousness into a form appropriate for long-term storage
C) mental manipulation of the information in consciousness into a form appropriate for short-term storage
D) part of the sensory memory
E) a passive manipulation of information

Question 16

Episodic memory refers to

A) knowledge about concepts not necessarily associated with a single episode of acquisition
B) mental manipulation of the information
C) the remembering of discrete events
D) the retention of skill
E) remembering to do something at a future time

Question 17

Semantic memory refers to

A) knowledge about concepts not necessarily associated with a single episode of acquisition
B) mental manipulation of the information
C) the remembering of discrete events
D) the retention of skill
E) remembering to do something at a future time

Question 18

The distinction between remembering and knowing appears to relate to

A) retrieval from semantic and episodic memory respectively
B) retrieval from episodic and semantic memory respectively
C) retrieval from short-term and long-term memory respectively
D) retrieval from working and procedural memory respectively
E) retrieval from long-term and primary memory respectively

Question 19

With respect to acquiring information into long-term memory, older people are disadvantaged with

A) unfamiliar information
B) material presented slowly
C) tasks that require automatic processing
D) interrupted speech
E) kinesthesis

Question 20

Research suggests that with age, older people are less likely to recall information than to recognize it. One reason that has been offered to explain this discrepancy is

A) the disorganization of information during acquisition
B) the organization of information processing
C) that recall uses long-term memory whereas recognition uses working memory
D) that recall uses episodic memory whereas recognition uses semantic memory
E) that recall uses semantic memory whereas recognition uses episodic memory

Question 21

Research suggests that older adults have a higher frequency of autobiographical memories for which age period?

A) 5-15
B) 10-30
C) 20-40
D) 18-55
E) 30-65

Question 22

Which of the following terms refers to people's knowledge and beliefs about memory, including their own memory?

A) sensory memory
B) metamemory
C) primary memory
D) working memory
E) procedural memory

Question 23

During the past century, the assumption of intelligence has changed from

A) a single ability to a multiple abilities model
B) a multiple abilities to a single ability model
C) a verbal comprehension to a spatial orientation model
D) an associative memory to an inductive reasoning model
E) an inductive reasoning to a deductive reasoning model

Question 24

Which of the following terms refers to mental abilities not acquired by learning from one's culture, but that reflect individual differences in the integrity of the central nervous system?

A) intelligent quotient
B) fluid intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) inductive reasoning
E) primary mental abilities

Question 25

Which of the following terms refers to problem solving skills acquired from the culture?

A) intelligent quotient
B) fluid intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) inductive reasoning
E) primary mental abilities

Question 26

Overall, research on intelligence suggests that

A) with age, there is no change in intelligence
B) intelligence remains close to levels at earlier ages until after 65
C) intelligence substantially increases with age
D) intelligence substantially decreases with age
E) intelligence begins to decline at 50 and continues to decrease substantially over time

Question 27

A precursor of creativity is

A) divergent thinking
B) convergent thinking
C) intelligence
D) wisdom
E) exclusive skills

Question 28

One dimension of wisdom is the pragmatics of the mind, which refers to

A) exclusive competence
B) the basic information processing system
C) factual and strategic knowledge and their relationship to problem solving in real life situations
D) good judgment about important life matters
E) using common sense to solve everyday problems

Question 29

Wisdom implies the application of expert knowledge that includes knowledge about all but which of the following?

A) the basic pragmatics of life
B) the uncertainties of life
C) context
D) the relativism of values and goals in life
E) convergent thinking

Question 30

People like Winston Churchill and Asa Gray were at their cognitive best during their later years. They exemplify the principle of

A) selective compensation with optimization
B) selective optimization with compensation
C) competent compensation with optimization
D) competent optimization with compensation
E) performance optimization with compensation

Question 31

Gerontologists study physical competence to understand

A) changes that occur with age at cellular levels
B) what people of different ages usually do and are capable of doing
C) at what age people are no longer competent
D) the outward signs of biological aging
E) the physical experience of aging

Question 32

What people do is called

A) competence
B) physicality
C) performance
D) development
E) fitness

Question 33

What people are capable of doing is called

A) competence
B) physicality
C) performance
D) development
E) fitness

Question 34

Physical fitness is related to

A) competence
B) physicality
C) performance
D) development
E) fitness

Question 35

Measures such as retrospective activity questionnaires and current time budget diaries are used to construct

A) indexes of regular performance
B) registers of habitual performance
C) indexes of habitual competence
D) indexes of habitual performance
E) registers of regular performance

Question 36

Findings after 1980 show _____ levels of physical activity among older people than in earlier surveys.

A) similar
B) lower
C) higher
D) doubled
E) tripled

Question 37

Findings from the 1999 Manulife Financial survey on exercise frequency show

A) a u-shaped curve for women
B) a u-shaped curve for older men
C) a n-shaped curve for women
D) a n-shaped curve for men
E) a n-shaped curve for older women

Question 38

The most extensive studies of age, gender and physical activity effects on physical competence to date, in Canada, used data from

A) the Canadian Study on Health and Aging
B) the National Population Health Survey
C) the Canadian Community Health Survey
D) the Canada Fitness Survey
E) the Participation and Activity Limitation Survey

Question 39

The findings from the Canada Fitness Survey indicate the most loss of competence with age for

A) the push-up and sit-up tests
B) the step test
C) handgrip strength
D) handgrip flexibility
E) females

Question 40

A model that was proposed to account for age trends in athletic performance, and has received empirical support, suggests

A) that the extent of age loss in physical competence is greater for activities with higher rates of expenditure of the available energy
B) that the extent of age loss in physical competence is less for activities with higher rates of expenditure of the available energy
C) that the extent of age loss in physical competence is greater for activities with lower rates of expenditure of the available energy
D) that the extent of age maintenance in physical competence is greater for activities with higher rates of expenditure of the available energy
E) that the extent of age maintenance in physical competence is greater for activities with lower rates of expenditure of the available energy

Question 41

In the American study of physical fitness by Kovar and LaCroix, the physical activity of grasping with fingers refers to

A) mobility
B) endurance
C) freedom of movement
D) fine motor movement
E) strength

Question 42

The typological perspective to understand and measuring physical competence in older people is a(n)

A) hierarchical approach
B) linear approach
C) normative approach
D) outdated approach
E) incorrect approach

Question 43

The five groups of competence in the typological perspective include

A) physically competent, physically frail, physically independent, physically fit, physically elite
B) physically dependent, physically frail, physically interdependent, physically fit, physically elite
C) physically dependent, physically frail, physically fit, physically strong, physically elite
D) physically dependent, physically frail, physically independent, physically fit, physically elite
E) physically dependent, physically fine, physically independent, physically fit, physically elite

Question 44

Physically dependent people

A) are unable to perform some or all of the basic activities of daily living such as walking and bathing
B) are able to perform the basic activities of daily living but lack the competence to undertake a full range of instrumental activities
C) have competence in the basic and instrumental activities of daily living and are able to undertake light physical work and recreation
D) exercise two or more times weekly for reasons of enjoyment, health and well-being
E) are those who score at the highest fitness levels for their age

Question 45

People who are able to perform the basic activities of daily living but lack the competence to undertake a full range of instrumental activities such as cooking and shopping would be classified as

A) physically dependent
B) physically frail
C) physically independent
D) physically fit
E) physically elite

Question 46

Fall prevention initiatives focus on which group of older people?

A) physically dependent
B) physically frail
C) physically independent
D) physically fit
E) physically elite

Question 47

An older man lives alone, takes care of himself well, and plays golf about twice a month during the spring and summer. He is best described as

A) physically dependent
B) physically frail
C) physically independent
D) physically fit
E) physically elite

Question 48

The majority of older people belong to which category?

A) physically dependent
B) physically frail
C) physically independent
D) physically fit
E) physically elite

Question 49

People who score at the highest fitness levels for their age fall into which category

A) the physically dependent
B) the physically frail
C) the physically independent
D) the physically fit
E) the physically elite

Question 50

Physically fit individuals exercise two or more times weekly for reasons of enjoyment, health, and well-being. The aims of intervention for people within this category are

A) to continue to sustain or improve their levels of fitness
B) to increase their exercise to five times per week
C) to decrease their exercise to only once per week
D) to stop exercising
E) to always exercise with someone else

Question 51

Conventional hearing aids are only a partial solution to hearing loss because they amplify the background noise and foreground speech.

Question 52

Older people are not able to acquire new ways of learning.

Question 53

Wisdom implies good judgment in important and certain matters of life.

Question 54

Physical changes occur at levels ranging from the cellular to whole body functions.

Question 55

Competence and performance have the same meaning.

Question 56

What are the components of cognition? Briefly define each. How does memory relate to cognition?

Question 57

Describe the vision and hearing related changes that occur with age. What are the implications for the day-to-day lives of older people?

Question 58

What evidence is there that pain sensitivity decreases with age?

Question 59

What is the difference between primary and working memory? What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

Question 60

Define long-term memory. Briefly describe the four main categories of long-term memory. Are these categories mutually exclusive?

Question 61

Why do gerontologists study physical competence? What two main concepts do they usually study? How do they study them?

Question 62

Briefly discuss the changes in age trends in physical performance.

Question 63

Identify and define the five groups of competence in the typological perspective of physical competence in older people.

Question 64

Who are the physically elite? Does Canada support the physically elite? If so, how? Why is research on the physically elite important?

Question 65

Discuss the acquisition and retrieval of information in the different stages of memory.

Question 66

Describe the four main categories of long-term memory. How valid is the stereotype that older people live in the past? Are they more likely to remember events decades past than current events? Why?

Question 67

Describe how ideas about intelligence and its measurement have changed over the past century, with examples. Describe the most recent models.

Question 68

Discuss the three types of research design used in studying age trends in intelligence. What have the designs found? Discuss the problems associated with these approaches.

Question 69

Discuss population age trends in physical fitness. How is physical fitness measured? What do the findings from Canada suggest? How can these findings be explained? How do results from the United States compare?