Deck 9: Groups and Identity

Question 1

According to Ito & Urland (2003) at what point in the ERP waveform does the response to black and white faces diverge?

A) 120 msec
B) 20 msec
C) 220 msec
D) 320 msec

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What term denotes 'the sense that we control our own actions and thoughts'?

A) Embodiment
B) Agency
C) Self-fullfillment
D) The forward model

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What was the finding of Lieberman et al. (2005) concerning the perception of Black and White faces by Black and White participants?

A) The amygdala showed a greater response to Black faces only in the White participants.
B) The amygdala showed a greater response to Black faces in the White participants and a greater response to White faces in the Black participants (an out-group effect)
C) The amygdala showed a greater response to White faces in the White participants and a greater response to Black faces in the Black participants (an in-group effect)
D) The amygdala showed a greater response to Black faces in both groups of participants.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What was the finding of the cross-cultural fMRI study of Zhu et al. (2007)?

A) Judgments about the self and judgments about one's mother had a similar profile in the TPJ of Chinese people (but not American people)
B) Judgments about the self and judgments about one's mother had a similar profile in the medial PFC of American people (but not Chinese people)
C) Judgments about the self and judgments about one's mother had a similar profile in the medial PFC of Chinese people (but not American people)
D) Judgments about the self and judgments about one's mother had a similar profile in the TPJ of American people (but not Chinese people)

Question 5

What were the findings of Libet's EEG study into motor intentions?

A) Participants are unable to reliably report their intentions to act.
B) Participants report the intention to act before there is significant activity over the motor cortex.
C) Brain activity in the motor cortex increases before participants report an intention to act.
D) Changes in the motor cortex activity and reports of the intention to act occur at the same time.

Question 6

What were the findings of Lin & Han (2009) regarding priming of different self-concepts?

A) Priming with 'we' increases object recognition whereas priming with 'I' increased scene recognition.
B) Priming with 'I' increases global based processing whereas priming with 'we' increased local-based processing.
C) Priming with 'we' increases global based processing whereas priming with 'I' increased local-based processing.
D) Priming with 'I' increases object recognition whereas priming with 'we' increased scene recognition.

Question 7

What were the results of the studies of Payne (2001) and Amodio et al. (2004) when participants are asked to categorise objects as tools/weapons and the stimulus is preceded by a face?

A) A Black face followed by a tool led to slower responding (and a greater event-related negativity) relative to a Black face followed by a gun.
B) A Black face followed by a gun led to slower responding (and a greater event-related negativity) relative to a Black face followed by a tool.
C) A Black face followed by a tool led to slower responding (and a smaller event-related negativity) relative to a Black face followed by a gun.
D) A Black face followed by a gun led to slower responding (and a smaller event-related negativity) relative to a Black face followed by a tool.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an implicit measure of racism?

A) The IAT
B) Eyeblink startle response (elicited by loud noise) whilst viewing out-group faces
C) Facial EMG during a cooperative task with an out-group member
D) The Modern Racism Scale

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the 'inter-dependent self' is true?

A) There is a strong emphasis on self-discovery and personal achievement.
B) It is linked to attentional biases to objects rather than backgrounds
C) It tends to be found in individualistic cultures
D) It is typical of people in Korea

Question 10

Which of the following statements relating to amnesia is true?

A) People with amnesia have poor knowledge of their culture (e.g. relating to their own religion)
B) People with amnesia have a poor sense of embodiment.
C) People with amnesia have generally good insight into their own personality traits.
D) People with amnesia have good ability at explicitly recalling who has treated them fairly.

Question 11

Who has argued that the temporal lobes may support certain kinds of religious and mystical experiences?

A) Persinger
B) Boyer
C) Guthrie
D) Bulbulia

Question 12

Who is most closely linked to the theory that bodily awareness lies at the core of self-awareness?

A) Dennett
B) Le Doux
C) Damasio
D) Frith

Question 13

Who provides a neuroscience account of the self termed 'The Synaptic Self'?

A) Damasio
B) Le Doux
C) Dennett
D) Frith

Question 14

What term denotes the following 'perceiving items of a given category as possessing various common attributes'?

A) Herding
B) Prejudice
C) Stereotyping
D) Grouping

Question 15

What results were found for the eyeblink startle response in the study of Amodio et al. (2003)?

A) White participants show an increased response to Black and Asian faces but not White faces.
B) White participants show an increased response to White faces but not Asian or Black faces.
C) White participants show an increased response to White and Asian faces but not Black faces.
D) White participants show an increased response to Black faces but not Asian or White faces.

Question 16

According to the study of Moran et al. (2006), the medial prefrontal cortex responds to what kind of stimuli?

A) Judgments that are positively valenced, irrespective of whether they donate self or other
B) Judgments relating to the self but only when they are positively valenced
C) Judgments relating to the self, irrespective of whether they are positive or negatively valenced
D) Judgments that are negatively valenced, irrespective of whether they donate self or other

Question 17

According to theories based on forward models, how is the sense of agency computed?

A) By predicting the sensory consequences of our actions
B) By using knowledge of the location of our limbs in space (proprioception)
C) By monitoring our internal bodily state (interoceptive awareness)
D) By constructing a 'self model'

Question 18

Delusions of control in schizophrenia may be linked to which aspect of the self?

A) Embodiment
B) Agency
C) Social identity
D) Autobiographical memories

Question 19

Gallagher's (2000) theory of the self divides it into two kinds of mechanisms. What are they?

A) Ecological self and extended self
B) Minimal self and extended self
C) Minimal self and narrative self
D) Ecological self and narrative self

Question 20

How did Lenggenhager et al. (2007) create an illusion akin to an out-of-body experience?

A) By synchronously stroking the back of the participant and the back of another person projected in front of them
B) By synchronously stroking the back of the participant and the back of an object projected in front of them
C) By synchronously stroking the back of the participant and the back of another person projected above them
D) By synchronously stroking the back of the participant and the back of an object projected above them

Question 21

In fMRI studies of the IAT test what region is implicated in incongruent relative to congruent trials?

A) Ventral striatum
B) Medial prefrontal cortex
C) Anterior cingulate cortex
D) Superior temporal gyrus

Question 22

In the fMRI study of Phelps et al. (2000) what difference was found between unfamiliar and familiar/well-liked Black faces?

A) Amygdala activity was linked with a racism measure only for the unfamiliar Black faces.
B) Amygdala activity was linked with a racism measure only for the familiar/well-liked Black faces.
C) Amygdala activity was linked with a racism measure for all Black faces.
D) Amygdala activity was unrelated to measures of racism.

Question 23

In the model of Kubota et al. (2012) what is the role of the anterior cingulate in race processing?

A) Race-based evaluations
B) Regulating racial bias
C) Monitoring for racial bias
D) Perception of race from faces

Question 24

In the Stereotype Content Model what is typically the case of those considered to be of low warmth and low competence?

A) They tend to evoke a pity response.
B) They are linked to increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (relative to other groups)
C) They are linked to increased activity in the temporal-parietal junction (relative to other groups)
D) They may evoke a dehumanization response.

Question 25

Judging whether a personality trait applies to you (relative to making the same judgements about a famous individual) is generally associated with activity in which brain region?

A) Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex
B) Medial prefrontal cortex
C) Right temporo-parietal junction
D) Left temporo-parietal junction

Question 26

What does the model of Pleydell-Pierce & Conway (2000) claim about memory and the self?

A) The hippocampus is a central nexus for constructing the self.
B) The neurobiological substrate of the self lies in the unique pattern of synaptic connections.
C) Memory and bodily awareness interact to create a sense of self.
D) Memories are not retrieved as carbon copies but are reconstructed based on current beliefs and motivations.

Question 27

What does the Name Letter Effect (NLE) show?

A) A liking for self-related things
B) A tendency to think categorically
C) An implicit racist bias
D) An attentional bias towards out-groups

Question 28

What is the typical size of the effect in the IAT test of Greewald et al. (1998)?

A) 200 msec
B) 300 msec
C) 400 msec
D) 500 msec

Question 29

Why have people such as Guthrie and Tomasello argued that theory-of-mind is relevant to understanding certain aspects of religion?

A) It explains the pro-social element of religious groups.
B) It explains the tendency to attribute mental states to God(s)
C) It explains the ritualistic aspects of religion.
D) It explains why religion spreads.