Deck 8: Relationships

Question 1

According to Bartels and Zeki (2000, 2004) what might provide a neural basis for the unconditional nature of love, measured by comparing neural activity to a loved one relative to a familiar other person?

A) Deactivation of the 'mentalizing' network together with activation of reward centers
B) Activation of the 'mentalizing' network together with deactivation of reward centers
C) Deactivation of the 'mentalizing' network together with deactivation of reward centers
D) Activation of the 'mentalizing' network together with activation of reward centers

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What name is often used to denote the process of attachment in birds?

A) Reinforcing
B) Lorenzing
C) Imprinting
D) Clinging

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What type of research did Harlow use to study attachment?

A) Studies of children in orphanages
B) Maternal recognition in newborn birds
C) Neurobiology of pair-bonding in prairie voles
D) Separation of mothers and infant monkeys

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What was one of the main conclusions of the fMRI study of adult attachment by Vritcka et al. (2008)?

A) Striatal activity is linked to feedback with an angry face, but more so in participants with an avoidant attachment style.
B) Striatal activity is linked to feedback with an angry face, but more so in participants with an anxious attachment style.
C) Amygdala activity is linked to feedback with an angry face, but more so in participants with an avoidant attachment style.
D) Amygdala activity is linked to feedback with an angry face, but more so in participants with an anxious attachment style.

Question 5

What were the results of the EEG study of infants by Swingler et al. (2010)?

A) Insecurely attached infants have greater amplitudes of perception and attention-related ERP components when shown their mother's face.
B) Securely attached infants have greater amplitudes of perception and attention-related ERP components when shown their mother's face.
C) Securely attached infants have greater amplitudes of perception and attention-related ERP components when listening to their mother's voice.
D) insecurely attached infants have greater amplitudes of perception and attention-related ERP components when listening to their mother's voice.

Question 6

Which of the following hormones have been linked to differences in parenting style and attachment security?

A) Oxytocin and testosterone but not cortisol
B) Oxytocin and cortisol but not testosterone
C) Oxytocin, testosterone, and cortisol
D) Cortisol and testosterone but not oxytocin

Question 7

Which of the following is FALSE concerning carriers of the GG oxytocin receptor polymorphism?

A) They show more sensitive parenting.
B) They are more sensitive to childhood neglect.
C) They score higher on measures of empathic accuracy.
D) They are more likely to have autism.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the hormone oxytocin is true?

A) It is only found in monogamous species.
B) It is only found in mammals.
C) It is only found in females.
D) It is only found during the process of attachment.

Question 9

Which of the following statements concerning prairie voles and montane voles is true?

A) They differ substantially in the amount/distribution of oxytocin.
B) Montane voles form enduring pair-bonds.
C) They differ substantially in the anatomy of the nucleus accumbens.
D) They differ substantially in the amount/distribution of oxytocin receptor types.

Question 10

Which of these has been linked to secure (relative to insecure) attachments?

A) Greater activity in the amygdala when listening to their infant cry
B) Greater activity in the nucleus accumbens when viewing an image of their infant
C) Increased cortisol in the blood stream
D) Higher prevalence of maternal depression

Question 11

Who argued that infant-mother attachment is innate?

A) Bowlby & Harlow
B) Bowlby but not Harlow
C) Harlow but not Bowlby
D) Neither Harlow or Bowlby

Question 12

Who developed the Strange Situation Test?

A) Ainsworth et al. (1978)
B) Bowlby (1969)
C) Harlow (1958)
D) Hazan & Shaver (1987)

Question 13

What evidence has been used to suggest that parents engage in emotion regulation when listening to infant cries?

A) Activity linking prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum
B) Activity in amygdala and insula
C) A slower BOLD response
D) Greater mu suppression

Question 14

What emotion is associated with being in an attachment relationship?

A) Surprise
B) Empathy
C) Disgust
D) Love

Question 15

What did the fMRI study of adult attachment by Lemche et al. (2006) conclude when participants were shown brief statements about negative attachment outcomes?

A) Amygdala activation is related to attachment insecurity.
B) Amygdala activation is related to attachment security.
C) Insula activation is related to attachment insecurity.
D) Insula activation is related to attachment security.

Question 16

According to the review of Uchino et al. (1996) what has a protective effect on cardiovascular-, immune-, and endocrine-related health?

A) Social support
B) Being in love
C) Loneliness
D) Living in a large community

Question 17

According to the study of Master et al. (2009) how does the presence of social support affect pain perception?

A) Presence of a partner (seen or felt) increases pain intensity relative to a stranger or object.
B) Presence of another human (partner or stranger) decreases pain intensity relative to an object.
C) Presence of a partner (seen or felt) decreases pain intensity relative to a stranger or object.
D) Presence of another human (partner or stranger) increases pain intensity relative to an object.

Question 18

Cross-fostering studies of rat maternal behavior on development show that:

A) The effects of maternal behaviour on development are weak and transient.
B) Pups are more sensitive to the quality of care associated with the biological parent than the adoptive parent.
C) Pups are more sensitive to the quality of care associated with the adotive parent than the biological parent.
D) The effects of maternal behaviour on development are strong but transient.

Question 19

How are changes in testosterone levels affected by being in love (according to research by Marazziti & Canale, 2004)?

A) Males have lower levels and females have higher levels but only in the late/companionate phase.
B) Males have higher levels and females have lower levels but only in the early/passionate phase.
C) Males have lower levels and females have higher levels but only in the early/passionate phase.
D) Males have higher levels and females have lower levels but only in the late/companionate phase.

Question 20

How many episodes are in the Strange Situation Test?

A) 7
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 21

In human infants, at what age is an attachment to the mother normally first observed?

A) 7-8 months
B) 0-2 months
C) 4-6 months
D) 10-12 months

Question 22

In rodents, which region of the brain is critically involved in initiating parenting beahviors during pregnancy?

A) Medial pre-optic area (MPOA)
B) Amygdala
C) Ventral striatum
D) Pituatary gland

Question 23

In what way did Churchland & Winkielman (2012) question the role of oxytocin in inter-personal behavior?

A) They questioned whether the effects may be attributable to vasopressin instead.
B) They questioned whether oxytocin affects the nervous system at all.
C) They questioned whether oxytocins role is limited to parent-infant bonding.
D) They questioned whether its effects may have a less-specific basis (e.g. anxiety reduction)

Question 24

On the Strange Situation Test, what kind of infant is characterized by 'high levels of stress on separation and are difficult to console at reunion'?

A) Insecure/avoidant
B) Insecure/anxious
C) Insecure/disorganized
D) Securely attached

Question 25

Secure attachments (in adults) have been linked to greater functional connectivity between which two regions?

A) Prefontal cortex and ventral striatum
B) Amygdala and insula
C) Amygdala and ventral striatum
D) Prefrontal cortex and insula

Question 26

The fact that people are likely to form long-standing relationships with those who are equally attractive as they are is termed what?

A) The similarity hypothesis
B) The attractiveness hypothesis
C) The proximity hypothesis
D) The matching hypothesis

Question 27

Whose research on animal models of separation suggested a key role of or the opioid system?

A) Harlow
B) Panksepp
C) Le Doux
D) Young