Deck 10: Morality and Anti-Social Behaviour

Question 1

According to Moran et al. (2011) people with autism show differences in what kind of moral judgment?

A) They tend to say that attempted harm is permissible.
B) They show differences when the judgment is based on emotion.
C) They show differences when the judgment is based on reasoning.
D) They tend to assign moral blame to accidental harm.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the role of the amygdala in the model of reactive aggression of Siegel et al. (1999)?

A) It increases the likelihood of aggression through excitatory mechanisms
B) It modulates the likelihood of aggression through both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms
C) It decreases the likelihood of aggression through inhibitory mechanisms
D) It has no effect on reactive aggression, only instrumental aggression

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What term is often given to emotions that are elicited via a comparison of a given behaviour to an ideal or normative standard of behaviour?

A) Anger
B) Moral disgust
C) Moral emotions
D) Humanizing/dehumanizing

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What was one of the key observations in Lorenz's (1966) study of animal aggression?

A) Aggressive acts rarely result in actual physical harm.
B) Aggressive acts reflect a 'culture of honor'.
C) There is a distinction between reactive and instrumental aggression.
D) Aggression is not adaptive from an evolutionary perspective.

Question 5

What was the name of the famous case who reported personality change following lesions to the frontal lobes?

A) HM
B) Phineas Gage
C) Dr. P
D) Arthur Brown

Question 6

What were the findings of the study of resting levels of testosterone in army veterans by Dabbs & Morris (1990)?

A) Testosterone levels were related to reports of antisocial behavior and violence and the effect was greater in the high socio-economic status group.
B) Testosterone levels were related to reports of antisocial behavior and violence independently of socio-economic status.
C) Testosterone levels were unrelated to reports of antisocial behavior and violence.
D) Testosterone levels were related to reports of antisocial behavior and violence and the effect was greater in the low socio-economic status group.

Question 7

What were the results of Greene et al.'s (2001) fMRI study on the Trolley and Footbridge Dilemmas?

A) The Trolley Dilemma was associated with greater activity in regions linked to emotional processing and theory-of-mind.
B) There were similar levels of activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex in both dilemmas.
C) There were similar levels of activity in the amygdala in both dilemmas.
D) The Footbridge Dilemma was associated with greater activity in regions linked to emotional processing and theory-of-mind.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show a decrease in heart rate when shown angry faces but not happy faces.
B) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show an increase in heart rate to both angry and happy faces but not neutral ones.
C) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show an increase in heart rate when shown angry faces but not happy faces.
D) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show a decrease in heart rate to both angry and happy faces but not neutral ones.

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding psychopaths is true?

A) They show a normal fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli but less activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.
B) They show a reduced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli but normal activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.
C) They show an enhanced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli but normal activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.
D) They show a reduced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli and less activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.

Question 10

Which region of the brain, when lesioned, is associated with behaviour similar to that found in sociopathy/anti-social personality disorder?

A) Amygdala
B) Lateral prefrontal cortex
C) Orbitofrontal cortex
D) Temporo-parietal junction

Question 11

Which statement is true?

A) Testosterone levels rise after winning and fall after losing if you win/lose but not if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.
B) Testosterone levels fall after winning and rise after losing both if you win/lose and if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.
C) Testosterone levels fall after winning and rise after losing if you win/lose but not if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.
D) Testosterone levels rise after winning and fall after losing both if you win/lose and if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.

Question 12

Who has argued that moral judgments are based on emotion with cognitive reasoning providing only a post hoc justification?

A) Bandura
B) Moll
C) Haidt
D) Kohlberg

Question 13

Who has proposed a neuroscientific approach for understanding the notion of responsibility?

A) Damasio et al. (1990)
B) Suhler & Churchland (2009)
C) DeWall et al. (2007)
D) Decety et al. (2009)

Question 14

Who is most closely associated with the frustration-aggression model?

A) Hawley
B) Lorenz
C) Berkowitz
D) Bandura

Question 15

What is the most common decision on the Trolley Dilemma?

A) Do nothing
B) Kill five, save one
C) Kill one, save five
D) Call for help

Question 16

The Westermarck effect offers a biological explanation for what?

A) Instrumental aggression
B) Psychopathy
C) The incest taboo
D) Reactive aggression

Question 17

According to Siegel et al. (1999) which region, when stimulated in cats, shows a defensive rage reaction?

A) Insula
B) Periaqueductal gray
C) Ventral striatum
D) Ventral tegmental area

Question 18

According to the research of Blair (1995, 1996) which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy are true?

A) Neither group understands the moral/conventional distinction.
B) People with psychopathy understand the moral/conventional distinction whereas people with autism do not.
C) People with autism understand the moral/conventional distinction whereas psychopaths do not.
D) Both groups understand the moral/conventional distinction.

Question 19

According to the studies of van Honk et al. (2001) and Putnam et al. (2004) who is more/less likely to pay attention to angry faces?

A) Those with high-trait angriness pay less attention to angry faces; those with social anxiety pay more attention to them.
B) Those with high-trait angriness pay more attention to angry faces; those with high extraversion pay less attention to them.
C) Those with high-trait angriness pay less attention to angry faces; those with high extraversion pay more attention to them.
D) Those with high-trait angriness pay more attention to angry faces; those with social anxiety pay less attention to them.

Question 20

According to the theory of Moll and colleagues (e.g. Moll et al. 2005), what are moral emotions?

A) An integration of emotional processing with certain kinds of cognitive appraisal
B) A conflict between emotional processing and certain kinds of cognitive appraisal
C) A type of emotional processing in which cognitive appraisal plays no role
D) A type of cognitive appraisal in which emotional processing plays no role

Question 21

From the studies of Koenigs et al. (2007) and Ciaramelli et al. (2007) what can be concluded about the moral reasoning of patients with brain damage to the orbito-frontal/ventro-medial PFC?

A) They are unable to make normal moral judgments in either personal or impersonal scenarios.
B) Their moral judgments appear to rely more on emotional 'gut instincts'.
C) Their problems with moral judgments appear to stem from a problem with theory-of-mind.
D) Their moral judgment appears to be more utilitarian in nature.

Question 22

In the fMRI study of Moll et al. (2002) what results were found for images of moral violations relative to non-moral affective images?

A) Images of moral violations had greater activity in regions such as the amygdala and insula.
B) Non-moral affective images had greater activity in regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex and the right posterior temporal region.
C) Images of moral violations had greater activity in regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex and the right posterior temporal region.
D) Non-moral affective images had greater activity in regions such as the amygdala and insula.

Question 23

Nisbett & Cohen (1996) have studied the 'culture of honor'. What is meant by this term?

A) The sanctioning of violence to obtain a desired outcome
B) The sanctioning of violence against an out-group
C) The sanctioning of violence in the law
D) The sanctioning of violence to 'correct' a perceived wrongdoing

Question 24

On the Trolley and Footbridge Dilemmas what is the utilitarian judgment?

A) Kill one/save five in the Footbridge but kill five/save one in the Trolley
B) Kill one/save five in the Trolley but kill five/save one in the Footbridge
C) Always kill one and save five
D) Always kill five and save one

Question 25

Social norms are typically divided into two types. What are they?

A) Individual and collective norms
B) Moral and conventional norms
C) Psychological and physical norms
D) Reward-based and punishment-based norms

Question 26

The fMRI study of Finger et al. (2006) compared moral and conventional transgression with neutral scenarios in the (implied) presence/absence of onlookers. What results did they find in the lateral prefrontal cortex?

A) For both types of transgression, it was only activated in the presence of onlookers.
B) It was activated for conventional transgressions in both conditions but for moral transgressions only in the presence of onlookers.
C) It was activated for moral transgressions in both conditions but for conventional transgressions only in the presence of onlookers.
D) It was activated for both types of transgressions irrespective of whether onlookers were present.

Question 27

The Footbridge Dilemma is an example of what kind of scenario?

A) A personal scenario
B) An impersonal scenario
C) An antisocial scenario
D) A neutral scenario

Question 28

The lifestory of Temple Grandin (1995) offers a personal insight into what?

A) Anti-social personality disorder
B) Psychopathy
C) Autism
D) The effects of orbito-frontal cortex lesions

Question 29

The low activity (L) variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene is linked to:

A) More grey matter in the amygdala
B) Less sensitivity to maltreatment in childhood
C) More aggressive traits
D) Increased ability to remove neurotransmitters