Deck 5: Somatic and Dissociative Disorders

Question 1

The predominant neurobiological model of pain is the:

A) Gate Control Theory.
B) Trauma Theory.
C) Conversion Theory.
D) Somatoform Theory.
E) Diathesis-Stress Theory.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cognitive-behavioural models of the somatisation process centre on:

A) the hormonal stress-response system.
B) the cycle of increasing somatosensory amplification.
C) direct representations of traumatic events through bodily memory.
D) personality characteristics that predispose the person to developing somatoform disorders.
E) the interaction between interpersonal stressors and pain.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the DSM-5, somatic symptoms and related disorders comprise all of the following except:

A) conversion disorder.
B) illness anxiety disorder.
C) factitious disorder.
D) somatic symptom disorder.
E) somatoform disorder.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Dissociative disorders all involve which of the following?

A) the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states
B) hallucinations and delusions
C) somatosensory amplification
D) motor or sensory neurological disturbance, with a sudden onset after an episode of psychological stress
E) disconnection of normally integrated mental functions

Question 5

Explanations of the apparently increasing prevalence of dissociative disorders include which of the following?

A) Many apparently new cases are incorrectly diagnosed.
B) More cases are being detected by new and valid assessment tools.
C) It is a culture-bound syndrome in North America, where most prevalence studies are conducted.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 6

Most individuals with dissociative identity disorders also meet criteria for:

A) schizophrenia.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
D) all of the given options are correct.
E) none of the given options are correct.

Question 7

Munchausen's by proxy refers to:

A) a factitious disorder.
B) a disorder whereby an individual, usually a parent, induces illness in a child.
C) a type of child abuse.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 8

Somatic disorders and dissociative disorders both involve:

A) dissociative processes.
B) medically unexplained symptoms or illness.
C) dissociative processes and medically unexplained symptoms or illness.
D) neither dissociative processes nor medically unexplained symptoms or illness.
E) hallucinations and delusions.

Question 9

The main difference between somatic disorders and psychosomatic disorders is that:

A) somatic disorders are deliberately feigned.
B) psychosomatic disorders are deliberately feigned.
C) for psychosomatic disorders there is a physiological explanation linking the stress and the symptom.
D) for psychosomatic disorders there is no physiological explanation linking the stress and the symptom.
E) somatic disorders do not include dissociative processes.

Question 10

A common feature of a conversion disorder is a lack of concern about the loss of bodily functioning. This is known as:

A) repression.
B) supression.
C) denial.
D) la belle indifference.
E) conversion amnesia.

Question 11

Illnessanxiety disorder is defined by the DSM-5 as:

A) a fear of having (or belief that one has) a serious medical illness, for which clinical evidence is lacking.
B) a motor or sensory neurological disturbance, with a sudden onset after an episode of psychological stress.
C) a history of at least eight physical symptoms in at least four specified organ systems, not better explained by other physical or mental disorder(s).
D) the deliberate feigning of illness, with symptoms either inaccurately reported or self-induced.
E) fear of experiencing unexpected panic attacks.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of the finding that symptoms of anxiety and depression are common among people with medically unexplained physical symptoms?

A) It supports the theory that psychological distress is converted into somatic symptoms.
B) It challenges the theory that psychological distress is converted into somatic symptoms.
C) It confirms that the traditional physical model of illness is well-suited to managing these disorders.
D) It challenges that the traditional physical model of illness is well-suited to managing these disorders.
E) None of the given options is correct.

Question 13

Psychological intervention for chronic somatic symptoms:

A) is rarely effective.
B) is often requested by patients.
C) requires agreement that the problem is psychological.
D) requires a strong therapeutic relationship.
E) None of the given options is correct.

Question 14

The 'memory wars' debate centres on:

A) whether dissociative amnesia only occurs in wartime.
B) whether 'recovered' memories of trauma are accurate and valid.
C) whether hypnotherapy is the best treatment for amnesia.
D) the ethics of laboratory research on children's memories.
E) whether individuals with somatoform disorders have impaired memory.

Question 15

The most common acute somatic symptom is:

A) conversion disorder.
B) somatisation disorder.
C) hypochondriasis.
D) body dysmorphic disorder.
E) pain.

Question 16

The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation guidelines for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder emphasise all of the following treatment components except:

A) hypnosis.
B) confronting traumatic memories.
C) establishment of a safe environment.
D) integration.
E) rehabilitation.

Question 17

Attribution theory suggests that people initially tend to explain bodily symptoms in terms of:

A) physical causes.
B) psychological causes.
C) situational causes.
D) cultural causes.
E) interpersonal causes.

Question 18

In comparison with chronic somatic disorders, acute somatic disorders are:

A) characterised by stronger illness conviction.
B) more difficult to treat.
C) more likely to involve multiple symptoms.
D) more responsive to a 'reattribution' intervention.
E) less responsive to a 'reattribution' intervention.

Question 19

There has been one addition in the DSM-5 to the criteria used in diagnosing dissociative identity disorder. What is it?

A) Imaginary playmates are included.
B) Religious beliefs are included.
C) Pathological possession is included.
D) Pathological daydreaming is included.
E) Pathological fantasising is included.

Question 20

The dissociative disorder with the largest body of treatment literature is:

A) dissociative identity disorder.
B) dissociative amnesia.
C) dissociative fugue.
D) depersonalisation disorder.
E) catatonic disorder.

Question 21

The disorder with the most overlap with dissociative identity disorder is:

A) schizophrenia.
B) somatic disorder.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) hypochondriasis.
E) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 22

According to the Iatrogenic Theory, dissociative identity disorder is the product of:

A) emotional abuse in childhood.
B) physical abuse in childhood.
C) lack of social contact.
D) therapy or the popular media.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 23

Pathological dissociation may involve all of the following except:

A) depersonalisation.
B) derealisation.
C) amnesia.
D) identity confusion.
E) excessive daydreaming.

Question 24

What percentage of patients presenting to their general practitioners have symptoms that remain medically unexplained?

A) 5 per cent
B) 10 per cent
C) 15 per cent
D) 20 per cent
E) greater than 20 per cent

Question 25

The more physical symptoms an individual experiences the more likely it is that:

A) they will be depressed.
B) they will be anxious.
C) they will be both depressed and anxious.
D) they will be neither depressed nor anxious.
E) they will have psychosomatic complaints.

Question 26

Which answer best describes factitious disorder?

A) An individual deliberately feigns illness.
B) An individual deliberately feigns illness for an obvious gain.
C) An individual deliberately feigns illness for no obvious gain.
D) None of the given options are correct.
E) All of the given options are correct.

Question 27

People with somatic disorders have been found to have higher levels of:

A) alexithymia.
B) anhedonia.
C) anxiety sensitivity.
D) None of the given optionsare correct.
E) All of the given options are correct.

Question 28

The posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder argues that most individuals with this disorder show the following except:

A) a reported history of childhood trauma and abuse.
B) post traumatic stress disorder.
C) high trait anxiety.
D) None of the given options are correct.
E) All of the given options are correct.

Question 29

Brief experiences of depersonalisation are:

A) rare in the general population.
B) common in the general population.
C) a sign of depersonalisation disorder.
D) a sign of derealisation disorder.
E) more common in those with dissociative identity disorder.

Question 30

Treatments for chronic somatic symptoms and related disorders include all of the following except:

A) relaxation.
B) exploring unconscious thoughts.
C) graded exposure.
D) distraction.
E) challenging unhelpful thinking.

Question 31

Factors that help to identify somatic symptom disorder as a mental disorder rather than a medical condition include all of the following except:

A) the persistence and number of symptoms.
B) bodily preoccupation.
C) presence of anxiety and depression.
D) illness worry.
E) constant seeking of medical help.

Question 32

The most common precipitants of depersonalisation include all of the following except:

A) amnesia.
B) anxiety.
C) substance abuse.
D) stress.
E) depression.

Question 33

Brain activation associated with amnesia implicate:

A) the cerebellum.
B) the occipital lobes.
C) the basal ganglia.
D) the prefrontal cortex.
E) increased activation in the hippocampus.

Question 34

Cognitive behavioural models of somatisation emphasis all of the following except:

A) sensitivity to physical sensations.
B) the presence of avoidance behaviours.
C) catastrophic attributions around symptoms.
D) preoccupation around illness and disease.
E) the presence of high anxiety and depression.

Question 35

According to the fantasy model of dissociative identity disorder:

A) highly dissociative individuals are highly fantasy prone.
B) highly fantasy prone individuals easily dissociate.
C) highly dissociative persons have difficulty fantasising.
D) None of the given options are correct.
E) All of the given options are correct.