Deck 9: Experiencing Strangers and the Quest for Public Order

Question 1

Hutter suggests that many sociologists disagree with Wirth's approach to urbanism, which sees the city as…

A)private.
B)open and public
C)alienating and anomic.
D)a center of community

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Hutter argues that for many urban scholars-including Jane Jacobs, Lyn Lofland, and Erving Goffman-strangers in cities are…

A)the main reason for urban disorder and anomie.
B)an important and essential element of urban life.
C)not to be trusted.
D)scary and to be avoided.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the realms of city life examined by Albert Hunter?

A)the private
B)the semi-private
C)the parochial
D)the public

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you focus on a residential community and its local institutions, including stores, schools, churches, and voluntary associations, you would be dealing with Hunter's ________ realm.

A)private
B)homogeneous
C)parochial
D)public

Question 5

Hunter suggests that the three spheres, or social orders, operating in the city can be arrayed on a continuum of decreasing ________ from private, to parochial, to public.

A)privacy
B)density
C)parochialism
D)sentiment

Question 6

Urban enclave is a term frequently applied to Hunter's ________ realm or social order.

A)private
B)urban
C)parochial
D)public

Question 7

Underlying each of Hunter's three realms is a basic social bond.Egalitarian mutual ties of socioemotional support are the underlying basic social bond for the ________ realm.

A)private
B)semi-private
C)parochial
D)public

Question 8

For Lyn Lofland, the underlying dilemma of city life is…

A)interacting with and trusting people that you do not know.
B)interacting with family and friends in close-knit communities.
C)avoiding the disorganization and anomie that she sees as central to urban living.
D)that size, density, and heterogeneity push people to migrate to the suburbs.

Question 9

According to Lofland, the public realm has six functions.Which of the five listed below is NOT one of those functions?

A)an environment of learning
B)a communications center
C)a place that allows the practice of politics
D)the creation of cosmopolitans
E)an integrative space

Question 10

Urban dwellers often become more tolerant by virtue of living in a city, reflecting the public realm function of…

A)an environment of learning.
B)a communications center.
C)a place that allows the practice of politics.
D)the creation of cosmopolitans.
E)a place to enjoy respites and refreshments.

Question 11

If urban dwellers have the ability to put up with differences in people with whom they share a large area but who are segregated within that area, they are exhibiting ________ tolerance.

A)public
B)positive
C)negative
D)cosmopolitan

Question 12

For cosmopolitanism-a positive tolerant atmosphere-to occur, five urban characteristics must be present.Which of the following is one of those characteristics?

A)There must be at least one exceptionally densely populated neighborhood in the city.
B)Mild fear must be integrated with the teaching of tolerance.
C)The diverse population must have no significant differences.
D)The city must be one in which people primarily travel by automobile.

Question 13

Lofland fears that three important aspects of the public realm threaten its existence.They are…

A)size, density, and heterogeneity.
B)negative tolerance, positive tolerance, and cosmopolitanism.
C)first places, second places, and third places.
D)the downtown business district, the zone of workingmen's homes, and the zone of transition.
E)technology, tourism, and timidity.

Question 14

Ray Oldenburg identifies certain neighborhood spots he calls "third" places as the core settings of…

A)the parochial realm.
B)the environment of learning.
C)informal public life.
D)formal public life.

Question 15

Oldenburg's "third" place fits into which of these functions of the public realm?

A)a learning environment
B)a place to enjoy respites and refreshments
C)a communications center
D)a place that allows the practice of politics
E)the enactment of social arrangements and social conflicts

Question 16

The "third" place is where community members interact with each other and come to know…

A)the ties that they share in common.
B)how dangerous their community is.
C)how different from each other they are.
D)the norm of noninvolvement.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a "third" place?

A)a corner store
B)a local Starbucks
C)a local bar
D)a police station

Question 18

Oldenburg suggests that social life requires three places: home, work, and the "third" place.Failure to provide third places can lead to…

A)increasing emphasis on and appreciation of family life.
B)increased attention to work.
C)disenchantment with family and work.
D)increasing negative tolerance.

Question 19

Oldenburg argues that the loss of "third" places contributes to…

A)a decline in grassroots democracy and civic society.
B)increasing individual well-being.
C)increasing positive tolerance.
D)increasing negative tolerance.

Question 20

In Bowling Alone, his study of social capital, Putnam concludes that an overall decline in the levels of trust in government is reflected in…

A)increasing voter turnout, increasing union membership, and increasing membership in other voluntary associations.
B)increasing voter turnout, but decreasing union membership.
C)decreasing voter turnout, decreasing membership in unions, PTAs and churches, and in other voluntary associations.
D)increasing proliferation of third places.

Question 21

Elijah Anderson suggests that our contemporary racially, ethnically, and socially diverse cities are the results of…

A)size, density, and heterogeneity.
B)the private, parochial, and public realms.
C)first, second, and third places.
D)industrialism, immigration, and globalization.

Question 22

Anderson suggests that cities today have become a place of…

A)celebration and joy.
B)weariness and fear.
C)cosmopolitanism and tolerance.
D)bowling alone.

Question 23

For Anderson, the cosmopolitan canopy refers to…

A)places where people are afraid to go because there are strangers.
B)first and second places.
C)the private realm in cities.
D)public spaces where people of different backgrounds intermingle in an atmosphere of civility.

Question 24

Anderson believes that a sense of involvement and trust can develop under the cosmopolitan canopy and promote…

A)an everyday civility.
B)a renaissance of third places.
C)the development of the private realm.
D)anti-urbanism in spite of the sense of trust.

Question 25

Peter Grahame related the cosmopolitan canopy to a discussion of…

A)metropolitan areas.
B)urban imagery.
C)urban impersonality.
D)urban fear.

Question 26

Grahame wonders why all places don't assert imagery of…

A)urbanism
B)exclusiveness.
C)inclusiveness.
D)urban anomie.

Question 27

In addition to focusing on urban imagery, Grahame also suggests the investigation of urban _________ to find out whether some promote or inhibit contact in public places.

A)spaces
B)coffee houses
C)refuges
D)realms

Question 28

To be anonymous in social situations requires rules of social engagement among nonparticipating participants in nonsocial action.People are involved in a form of social interaction that appears to be…

A)rife with social interaction.
B)devoid of social interaction.
C)going on only in the private realm.
D)restricted to third places.

Question 29

For Karp, Stone, and Yoels, the key point in their definition of interaction is acting…

A)in awareness of others.
B)in awareness only of close family and friends.
C)as if no one was around.
D)as one would wish to be treated.

Question 30

To explain strangers' noninvolvement and lack of intervention in the Kitty Genovese murder, Karp, Stone, and Yoels developed the…

A)overload hypothesis.
B)the indifferent bystander hypothesis.
C)the mini-max hypothesis.
D)the norm of noninvolvement.

Question 31

Milgram suggested that bystanders tend not get involved in crisis situations due to…

A)a norm of noninvolvement.
B)urban indifference.
C)urban callousness.
D)obedience to authority.

Question 32

The mini-max hypothesis suggests that people ________ their involvement with others in public, especially strangers, in order to ________ social order.

A)escalate; strengthen
B)maximize; minimize
C)maximize; weaken
D)minimize; maximize

Question 33

Latané and Darley's research suggested that the reason why no one intervened to help Kitty Genovese was not indifference or the callowness of urban dwellers, but was…

A)the norm of noninvolvement.
B)the mini-max hypothesis.
C)the diffusion of responsibility.
D)urban overload.

Question 34

Which of the following believed that in urban public plazas and parks, what most attracts people is other people?

A)Sharon Zukin
B)LeCorbusier
C)Peter Rossi
D)William H.Whyte

Question 35

Disagreeing with city planners who thought that plazas in front of buildings should remain vacant, Whyte believed that…

A)it was important to consider urban ecological views of the use of public space.
B)these plazas should not exist and should be eliminated for more office space.
C)these plazas should be seen as sites for social interaction.
D)buildings did not need such plazas because they drew a bad crowd to the area.

Question 36

Whyte's filmed observations and writings on so-called anonymous social settings demonstrate the pervasiveness of social activity revealing…

A)the underling social order that characterizes these places.
B)that anonymity is truly the rule in such settings.
C)areas where disorganization and anomie are generated.
D)that people will stay away from open, outside areas.

Question 37

Sharon Zukin added ________ dimension(s) to Whyte's analysis of Bryant Park.

A)an ecological
B)a choreographic
C)cultural, economic, and political
D)urban disorganization and anomie

Question 38

Zukin's major concern is how the power of the urban symbolic economy affects…

A)how urban plazas are constructed and used.
B)social inclusion or exclusion.
C)the creation of an image representative of a whole city.
D)urban choreography.

Question 39

The commercialization of Bryant Park can be seen as transforming it from a/an ________ park into a/an ________ park.

A)urban; suburban
B)exclusion; inclusion
C)public; private "theme"
D)commercialized; public

Question 40

Wacquant's research shows how the breakdown of the public sector has lead to the development of a "hyper-ghetto." Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of the development of the "hyper-ghetto"?

A)increasing levels of social capital
B)extreme segregation by both class and race
C)unprecedented levels of hardship and deprivation
D)extreme social isolation and violence

Question 41

In his book, Code of the Street, Elijah Anderson documents how economic and social processes, such as joblessness, racial discrimination, and drug use, lead to…

A)increasing awareness of the necessity for government policies to reverse these processes.
B)increasing awareness on the part of middle class people that structural factors create these situations.
C)psychological feelings of alienation and lack of hope.
D)a dramaturgical, symbolic economy.

Question 42

Hutter suggests that what gives Anderson's research so much value is that he…

A)focuses extensively on suburban poverty.
B)argues that a code of civility dominates inner-city neighborhoods in spite of their poverty.
C)provides the macrolevel context for the microlevel interaction patterns in the street.
D)shows how Bryant Park has increasingly excluded the poor and homeless.

Question 43

Following Goffman and Lofland, Anderson discusses the importance of which of the following types of clues for identifying the stranger and enabling someone to determine whether an interactional encounter is safe or not?

A)ecological and symbolic
B)locational, temporal, behavioral, and appearance
C)streetwise
D)symbolic economic

Question 44

The earliest occurrences of flash mobs…

A)were spontaneous outpourings of people involved in festive activities.
B)involved widespread acts of violence.
C)occurred primarily in suburbs of southern cities.
D)happened in the nineteenth century in Philadelphia.

Question 45

Although some suggest the repression and sentencing of extreme violators is one way to deal with destructive and violent flash mobs, Hutter suggests that ________ might be more effective.

A)anti-flash mob riots
B)alternative community-based activities
C)lessons in being streetwise
D)a code of civility

Question 46

According to Hutter, Wirth's view of urbanism leads to the view that the city is alienating and anomic.

Question 47

Oldenburg suggests that "third" places are essential in maintaining the vitality of community life.

Question 48

Karp, Stone, and Yoels define interaction to include only people explicitly verbally interacting with each other.

Question 49

Applying Whyte's ideas about public spaces to Bryant Park in New York City led to the park becoming a high-crime area.

Question 50

In Code of the Street, Anderson argues that economic and social processes, such as joblessness and racism, lead to psychological feelings of alienation and lack of hope.

Question 51

What are two points on which many sociologists disagree with the Wirthian view of the city as alienating and anomic?

Question 52

Albert Hunter and Lyn Lofland examine urbanism as a way of life by focusing on three different urban realms.Explain the three realms.

Question 53

Hunter suggests that each of the three types of social orders or realms has a basic underlying social bond.What are the basic social bonds of each of the realms?

Question 54

Lofland suggests there are six functions of the public realm.List and define them.

Question 55

For cosmopolitanism to occur, Lofland suggests that five urban characteristics must be present.What are they?

Question 56

What is the cosmopolitan canopy and what is its importance?

Question 57

What is the mini-max hypothesis?

Question 58

What was the battle for Bryant Park?

Question 59

Explain the "doubt-trust" continuum of often-stereotyped age, race, and gender identities for determining who is likely to be safe or dangerous to interact with.

Question 60

What are "flash mobs"?

Question 61

Albert Hunter and Lyn Lofland examine urbanism as a way of life by focusing on three different urban realms.Explain these three realms and the underlying basic social bonds of each.

Question 62

In what sense is the city a "world of strangers," and how does this affect urban life?

Question 63

Explain the cosmopolitan canopy and its significance.