Deck 19: Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s

Question 1

The Camp David Accords consisted of what two documents?

A) Conditions for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and a framework for establishing Egyptian-Israeli trade agreements
B) Conditions for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and a framework for settling the broader Middle East conflict
C) Conditions for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and the framework for Egyptian surrender of the Sinai territory
D) Conditions to end the October War and a document to create an alliance among the United States, Egypt, and Israel

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following events did NOT contribute to the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War?

A) The presence of the PLO in Lebanon
B) Christian Lebanese had the majority of political power based on the 1943 National Pact, but Muslims made up the majority of the population and demanded more power.
C) The Saudi intervention in Lebanon in June of 1976
D) The Phalange laid siege to a Palestinian refugee camp outside of Beirut

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT one of Sadat's objectives with the October 1973 War?

A) To restore Egypt's credibility as a military power
B) To occupy the Israeli state
C) To retake portions of occupied Egyptian territory
D) To demonstrate to the superpowers that Israel's military might was not impenetrable

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the October 1973 War?

A) The Soviet Union resupplied military goods to Egypt
B) The Soviet Union resupplied military goods to Syria
C) The United States resupplied military goods to Israel
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true of Sayyid Qutb?

A) He was the ideological inspiration for the militant Islamic organizations in Egypt, al-Takfir wa al-Hijrah and al-Jihad
B) He was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood
C) He was a religious advisor to Gamal Abd al-Nasser
D) He believed the function of government was to ensure the enforcement of religious law

Question 6

Which of the following drove Egyptians to found Islamic opposition movements in the 1970s?

A) Dissatisfaction with Sadat and his lavish lifestyle
B) The treaty with Israel that permitted the continued occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem
C) Resentment over Egypt's isolation from Arab neighbors after the treaty with Israel
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true of the "Peace for Galilee" operation?

A) It was designed to destroy PLO bases in southern Lebanon
B) "Peace for Galilee" caused heavy casualties among the predominantly civilian population of West Beirut
C) It was designed to destroy PLO infrastructure in West Beirut
D) "Peace for Galilee" was the name given to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1972

Question 8

All of the following statements about the inception of Hizbullah are true EXCEPT

A) It means "Struggle for God"
B) It began its operations with funds provided by Iran
C) It called for the establishment of an Islamic state in Lebanon
D) It was a predominantly a Shi'a militant group

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the event known as "the crossing" in the October War?

A) It refers to the defection of hundreds of Israeli soldiers as they faced a mounting attack by Egyptians
B) It refers to one particular diplomatic talk between Israeli and Egyptian leaders in Washington
C) It was a military triumph of the Egyptians over the Israelis when Egyptian forces launched an attack across the Suez Canal
D) None of these answers is correct

Question 10

To what does the Egyptian slogan, "O hero of the crossing, where is our breakfast?" refer?

A) It is protesting Sadat's canceled import deals with European countries
B) It refers to Sadat's reduced or canceled subsidies on food items
C) It refers to the disenfranchisement of Egyptian farmers and peasantry, who engaged in a three-month-long strike
D) It is protesting the Egyptian military funding cuts

Question 11

Which of the following is an accurate description of the elements of the October War that made it in part a proxy war?

A) The Cold War led the US and the Soviet Union to provide direct, substantial military support to Israel and Egypt and Syria, respectively
B) There was a clear patron-client relationship between the superpowers and the regional powers
C) The role of the US and the Soviet Union exacerbated the level and costs of the conflict
D) All of these statements capture the elements of the October War that made it in part a proxy war

Question 12

Which of the following best captures Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy?

A) The US's special relationship with Israel increased at the overall expense of US relations with Arab states in the region
B) The US's negotiations of an agreement between Israel and Egypt which provided for withdrawal of Israeli forces from western Sinai was viewed as a US betrayal of Israeli interests
C) The US contributed to the reconstruction of the Suez Canal, beginning a close political relationship between the US and Egypt that would last until at least 2011
D) US peacemaking efforts between Israel and Egypt amounted to major gains for both countries: Israeli withdrawal from western Sinai and reconstruction of the Suez Canal as well as major increases in US military aid to Israel

Question 13

Which of the following best describes Sadat's "revolution of rectification"?

A) Sadat's overthrow of the Nasser regime
B) Economic and political liberalization
C) Sadat's push for democracy, thus rectifying the authoritarianism of Nasser
D) Sadat's attempt to decrease ties with the US, thus rectifying Egypt's exploitation by the West

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a reason why al-Infitah failed to succeed?

A) Foreign investors were wary of investing in the Egyptian economy, thus choosing low-risk investments such as construction of apartment or office buildings and luxury hotels
B) As under Nasser, Egypt faced a costly defense budget and high inflation
C) The IMF loans Sadat relied on demanded highly unpopular cuts to social welfare programs
D) Religious parts of Egyptian society were opposed to capitalism, seeing it as un-Islamic

Question 15

Which of the following did NOT occur as result of the Camp David Accords and the Egyptian-Israeli treaty signed in Washington?

A) Israel could deal with the occupied territories as it saw fit
B) Egypt was expelled from the Arab League and league headquarters were transferred to Tunis
C) The framework for peace was never implemented, despite protests and urgings from both the US and Egypt
D) Israel began a staged withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 1980

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT accurately portray the reason for the distance between Sadat and the Egyptian people?

A) Sadat downplayed his Muslim faith more so than Nasser
B) Sadat lived much more luxuriously than did Nasser
C) The public role of Sadat's wife, Jehan, was offensive to some sectors of Egyptian society
D) None of these answers is correct

Question 17

Which of the following most accurately depicts the membership in the militant Islamic organizations al-Takfir and al-Jihad?

A) Semi-literate slum dwellers upset over rising food prices
B) Rural peasants upset with shrinking agricultural revenue
C) Pan-Arab socialists
D) Recent university graduates in demanding secular fields such as engineering and medicine

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT a goal of Jumblatt's National Movement?

A) Administrative reform
B) Abolition of confessional basis of politics
C) Freedom of action for Palestinian commandos
D) Shar‛iah law in Lebanon

Question 19

Which of the following accurately describes the significance of Bashir Gemayel?

A) He became the instrument through which Israel sought the reconstruction of the Lebanese state
B) He was a Shi‛a leader who helped found Hizbullah
C) He was president of Syria when Syria intervened on behalf of the Christians
D) He was a Sunni Arab leader in Lebanon aligned with the PLO and committed to helping the Palestinians

Question 20

What was the most crucial factor in the public's acceptance of the lackluster regime of Mubarak?

A) The regime's ability to offer employment
B) The regime's appeasement to Islamist demands through reviewing the conformity of laws with shari‛ah
C) The regime's successful co-optation of the traditional religious establishment
D) The salvaging of the state's international reputation through its re-admittance to the Arab League

Question 21

In an attempt to demonstrate to the United States his independence from the Soviet Union, in 1972 Sadat expelled from Egypt 20,000 members of the Soviet military mission.

Question 22

The October War demonstrated that as long as the Arab-Israeli conflict persisted, the potential for superpower conflict was present.

Question 23

The Taif Accord recognized the changed composition of the Lebanese population and, accordingly, rearranged power sharing within parliament among Lebanon's main religious communities.

Question 24

One of the main causes of the Lebanese Civil War was that Muslims believed they did not have their fair share of power in the Lebanese parliament.

Question 25

Sabra and Shatila were the two militant organizations created by the dispossessed Shi'a community in Lebanon in the decade following the Israeli invasion.

Question 26

__________________, specifically its production and availability, was a major incentive for Washington's intensive efforts to seek a peaceful settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Question 27

Sayyid Qutb believed that once governments ceased to base their legislation on the shari'ah, they were __________________, ignorant of Islam.

Question 28

__________________, Sadat's vice president, became the third president of Egypt in 1981.

Question 29

The Islamist group called __________________ took over southern Lebanon after the Israelis established a military presence there.

Question 30

Although the Egyptian regime prohibited any religious organization from becoming a recognized political party, some members of the __________________ gained parliamentary seats by running as independents.

Question 31

How can the October 1973 War be considered an "instrument of diplomacy" for Egypt?

Question 32

Provide some of the reasons for greater US involvement in Middle East peacekeeping after October 1973.

Question 33

In what ways did the religious resurgence in Egypt differ from that in Iran?

Question 34

What was Begin's goal in invading Lebanon in 1982?

Question 35

Why did Sadat seek to break the diplomatic stalemate with Israel?

Question 36

In what way did al-Infitah undermine the principles of the Egyptian revolution?

Question 37

Briefly explain how the implementation of al-Infitah might be seen as connected with changing regional and international relations for Egypt?

Question 38

Why and how did Sadat's treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood differ from that of Nasser?

Question 39

How did the Muslim Brotherhood fare under Mubarak? Briefly describe the trajectory of political Islam during this period.

Question 40

Briefly describe the effects the Lebanon war had on the PLO.

Question 41

What different factors, taken together, led to the rise of Islamism in Egypt under Sadat? Be sure to examine both domestic factors (within Egypt) as well as international reasons.

Question 42

In what ways might the Taif Accord of 1989 be seen as a way of reworking yet ultimately reinforcing problematic legacies of French rule in Lebanon? What other factors may have reinforced the problems of French colonial legacies in Lebanon during the 1970s and 1980s?