Deck 9: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation

Question 1

Punishers _________ behavior and reinforcers __________ behavior.

A) decrease, increase
B) increase, decrease
C) decrease, decrease
D) increase, increase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement best summarizes the differences between reinforcers and incentives?

A) Reinforcers affect feelings while incentives affect behavior.
B) Reinforcers are actual consequences of behavior while incentives are expected consequences.
C) Reinforcers increase behaviors while incentives decrease behavior.
D) Reinforcers refer to anticipated gains while incentives refer to actual gains.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the relationship between a punisher and an incentive?

A) A punisher is a positive incentive that is impossible to attain.
B) A punisher is the amount of effort necessary to gain an incentive.
C) A punisher is a negative incentive that a person failed to avoid or prevent.
D) A punisher is any aversive consequence regardless whether it changes behavior.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What does the concept of utility refer to?

A) It refers to the intrinsic consequences of behavior.
B) It refers to knives, forks, and spoons.
C) It means that all behaviors require an incentive in order for those behaviors to occur.
D) It refers to the satisfaction, pleasure, or usefulness that an incentive provides.

Question 5

The relationship between money and its utility follows Fechner's Law. Accordingly, as the amount of money increases in constant amounts, then the utility of money

A) increases in smaller and smaller amounts.
B) increases in constant amounts.
C) remains constant.
D) decreases in smaller and smaller amounts.

Question 6

Fechner's law is an expression of the relationship between the objective value and utility of an incentive. If $100 has a utility of 100 utils, then how many utils is $200 worth?

A) 200 utils
B) somewhat less than 200 utils
C) somewhat more than 200 utils
D) negative 190 utils

Question 7

Two students each earn a B grade in a course. This B grade lowers the GPA 0.10 points for one student and raises the GPA 0.10 points for the other student. Which student will experience the greatest subjective change (positive or negative) in satisfaction?

A) GPA changes have no influence on satisfaction
B) student whose GPA increased
C) student whose GPA decreased
D) equally for both students, since GPA changed 0.10 units for both

Question 8

In buying and selling experiments, offer-to-buy-prices (buy prices) are usually smaller than willingness-to-accept prices (sell prices) because

A) buy prices reflect losses and sell prices reflect gains.
B) buy prices reflect losses and sell prices reflect losses.
C) buy prices reflect gains and sell prices reflect gains.
D) buy prices reflect gains and sell prices reflect losses.

Question 9

What does the value-function curve describe?

A) How the objective loss or gain of an incentive equals the subjective value of that loss or gain.
B) How the value of an incentive is based on the appraisal of many individuals.
C) How the value of something is based on whatever amount an individual pays for it.
D) How the effectiveness of a reinforcer depends on its incentive value.

Question 10

What does losses loom larger than gains refer to? People are

A) averse to experiencing gains
B) more motivated to avoid losses than to achieve gains
C) more motivated to achieve gains than to avoid losses
D) equally motivated to achieve gains as they are to avoid losses

Question 11

People are motivated to lock their doors, guard their valued possessions like money, computers, and smartphones. This motivation results from the human tendency of

A) functional autonomy of motives
B) loss fusion
C) loss aversion
D) flow of experiences

Question 12

How are incentives defined or described according to Prospect Theory?

A) Positive and negative incentives are unfulfilled promises and threats.
B) Incentives are those behavioral consequences that a person values positively or negatively.
C) Positive and negative incentives are stimuli that show an increase or decrease in utility
D) Positive and negative incentives are gains and losses from a neutral reference point

Question 13

How does an individual's internal state (hot, cold) influence incentive value?

A) The internal state can raise or lower the incentive value.
B) The internal state has no effect on incentive value.
C) The internal state can only raise the incentive value.
D) The internal state can only lower the incentive value.

Question 14

The phenomenon of incentive contrast means or implies that

A) if incentive magnitude decreases, then motivation remains constant.
B) the value of a prior incentive affects the motivation of a current incentive.
C) with repeated experiences, negative incentives become less aversive or less unpleasant.
D) incentive loss is more unpleasant than an incentive gain is pleasant.

Question 15

According to the law of hedonic contrast

A) positive feelings result from an increase in the amount of a positive incentive.
B) negative feelings result from a decline in the amount of a positive incentive.
C) both answers a and b
D) incentive changes produce changes in behavior but not in feelings or emotions.

Question 16

Based on the concept of contrast, what reinforcer will be valued most? The reinforcer that

A) required little work to attain.
B) was lower in value than a prior reinforcer.
C) was delayed far into the future.
D) required a lot of work to attain.

Question 17

Exams are returned with the grades students earned written on the front. Which student would be the least happy or least satisfied with his/her exam grade? The student who

A) expected an A and received a C
B) expected a C and received an A
C) expected a C and received a B
D) expected an A and received an A

Question 18

Reference pricing is a factor in what concept?

A) the IKEA Effect
B) incentive contrast
C) gains loom larger than losses
D) incentive delay

Question 19

What process does the IKEA Effect describe?

A) Positive incentive induce approach motivation.
B) The incentive value of an object declines after it has been purchased,
C) Self-made objects acquire greater incentive value than that same object made by others.
D) Shopping behavior is an activity that is reinforced when a valued object is purchased at a bargain.

Question 20

What factor(s) are treated in temporal motivation theory?

A) delay interval
B) incentive value
C) intrinsic motivation
D) delay interval and incentive value

Question 21

A person will choose $20 right now over $10 right now. However, a person will choose $10 right now over $20 in 10 weeks. This change from $20 to $10 in what the person chooses is known as

A) preference reversal.
B) delay discounting.
C) delay forcing.
D) fickleness.

Question 22

What is the difference between immediate incentives versus delayed incentives? Compared to immediate incentives, delayed incentives

A) always have lower utility than immediate incentives do.
B) are vague, intangible, and less likely to occur.
C) are concrete, tangible, and more likely to occur.
D) are available sooner.

Question 23

The expected utility of an incentive depends on

A) value of an incentive
B) delay interval of the incentive
C) value of an incentive divided by the delay interval of that incentive
D) value of an incentive + the delay interval of that incentive

Question 24

What is considered the common currency for choosing between a small immediate reward versus a large delayed reward?

A) likelihood or probability of obtaining the rewards
B) time
C) amount
D) pleasure

Question 25

Procrastination is a behavioral strategy that people should avoid because it means

A) to delay goal-directed behavior and the person is worse off as a consequence.
B) to delay goal-directed behavior but the delay has no aversive consequences for the person.
C) to delay fun activities in order to achieve an important goal.
D) that people become really lazy.

Question 26

Students who procrastinate

A) are happier over all
B) have lower GPAs
C) have higher GPAs
D) experience greater well-being at the semester's end

Question 27

The motivation to engage in an activity for the sake of the stimulus consequence of the activity is called _________ while for the sake of the activity itself is called ___________.

A) intrinsic motivation---extrinsic motivation
B) positive motivation---negative motivation
C) extrinsic motivation---intrinsic motivation
D) primary motivation---secondary motivation

Question 28

Which is not a source of intrinsically motivated behavior?

A) to satisfy curiosity
B) to have an effect on the environment
C) to achieve flow
D) to attain a reward

Question 29

According to the means-end fusion model, what describes the intrinsic motivation of behavior?

A) the end-state of the behavior occur simultaneously with the behavior
B) the end-state of the behavior occurs after the behavior
C) the end-state of the behavior occurs before the behavior
D) the end-state of the behavior occurs independently (unrelated to) of the behavior

Question 30

The reward for a behavior can occur immediately or be delayed, such as a good grade on a course paper is delivered the next day or is delivered the next week. What does the means-end-fusion model predict?

A) Either grade delivery equally increases the student's interest in the writing process.
B) The immediate grade raises the enjoyment of the writing process more.
C) The delayed grade raises intrinsic motivation for the writing process more.
D) The means-end fusion model makes no predictions.

Question 31

A child is engaged in an activity that is intrinsically motivating. What effect does an extrinsic reward have on the intrinsic interest of that activity? The extrinsic reward

A) increases the child's intrinsic interest provided the reward is candy.
B) increases the child's interest.
C) decreases the child's interest.
D) has no effect on the child's interest.

Question 32

A student says "Last semester I took a psychology class because it came at a convenient time. But I found it so interesting that I decided to major in psychology." The student's statement illustrates

A) the satisfaction of a curiosity need.
B) extrinsic motivation replacing intrinsic motivation.
C) effectance motivation.
D) the functional autonomy of motives.

Question 33

Comparing extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation, what is the effect of intrinsic motivation on behavior? Intrinsic motivation most strongly

A) increases the quality of behavior
B) decreases the quantity of behavior
C) has no effect on the quantity of behavior
D) decreases the quality of behavior

Question 34

Increased competence comes from exploring, playing, crawling, walking, speaking, and writing. What motivates these behaviors? These behaviors are motivated by

A) the functional autonomy of motives.
B) effectance motivation.
C) amotivation.
D) procrastinated motivation.

Question 35

What is the function of curiosity?

A) Curiosity motivates a child to control her environment.
B) Curiosity is an example of intrinsic motivation and has no function.
C) Curiosity motivates a child to explore and learn about her environment.
D) Curiosity focuses a person's intrinsic motivational orientation.

Question 36

According to the concept of flow,

A) extrinsic motivation can drift into intrinsic motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation can drift into extrinsic motivation.
C) behavior is enjoyed most when it produces increasingly large extrinsic rewards.
D) behavior is enjoyed most when a person's ability matches the difficulty of the behavior.

Question 37

Cognitive evaluation theory tries to explain why

A) extrinsic rewards reduce the intrinsic interest in an activity.
B) delayed incentives are less motivating than immediate incentives.
C) reinforcers can become incentives.
D) a person enjoys doing what she does well.

Question 38

The effects of crowding out results

A) in an increase in intrinsic motivation.
B) in a temporary decrease in intrinsic motivation.
C) in a permanent decrease in intrinsic motivation.
D) in increased self-efficacy of behavior.

Question 39

According to the concept of motivational orientation, when people perform an activity

A) either their extrinsic or intrinsic motivation is high, but not both.
B) it is mostly the result of a complete lack of a motivation orientation.
C) their extrinsic or intrinsic motivation can be both low, high, or any combination.
D) they are either 100% extrinsically motivated or 100% intrinsically motivated.

Question 40

Which student will put forth the most academic effort in a course? A student who

A) is intrinsically motivated and values grades little
B) is not intrinsically motivated and values grades little
C) is not intrinsically motivated and values grades highly
D) is intrinsically motivated and values grades highly

Question 41

a. Differentiate among the following: positive incentives, negative incentives, reinforcers, and punishers.
b. Describe the type or category of behavior motivated by each.

Question 42

a. Describe the idea of losses loom larger than gains.
b. What is the evidence for this idea?

Question 43

What are contrast effects in incentive motivation? Include positive incentive contrast, negative incentive contrast, positive hedonic contrast, and negative hedonic contrast.

Question 44

What is preference reversal and why does it occur?

Question 45

a. What is temporal motivation theory?
b. Define procrastination.
c. How does temporal motivation theory account for procrastination?

Question 46

What are some ways that extrinsic motivation affects intrinsic motivation?

Question 47

Relate curiosity and effectance motivation to both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Question 48

a. What is the effect of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation on the quantity and quality of behavior?
b. What combination of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation would be most beneficial for behavior?